Course Code: 15GN1001

Case Studies for Ecology

Case Studies submitted to

K L University under the partial fulfillment of

B. Tech (1I Year) during 2016-17

By

E. Nandana Priyanka

150030250

Under the guidance of

Dr.M. Sujatha

K.L. UNIVERSITY
Green fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist.522502

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DECLARATION
We declare that the Case Studies entitled

“1. A case study on Rain Water Harvestment.

2. Studies on the ecological impacts of Kolleru lake (Eutrophication).

3 . A case study on Vanasamrakshana programme by Government of Andhra Pradesh

4. A case study on present condition of agricultural lands in Andhra Pradesh capital

region.

5. A case study on tribal evacuation and impact on indigenous knowledge”

was carried out by us during July to November 2016, and this work is not the same as
that of any other and has not been submitted for award of any other degree/diploma

Place: KLU Signature of the Student

Date:

Signature of the Faculty

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express my sincere gratitude to Sri Koneru Satyanarayana garu for encouraging

and guiding us to undertake this Case Studies work.

We express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr.M. Sujatha our beloved course

professor of department for their encouragement.

Place: KLU

Date: 25/9/2016

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Discussion on Case Study (Include Images, Problems, Issues,

Advantages and Disadvantages)

4. Conclusion

5. Your suggestions

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1. A case study on Rain Water Harvestment.

INTRODUCTION

Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from
rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and
pots as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams. The
techniques are the practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and
still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas.

Catchments

The surface that receives rainfall directly is the catchment of rainwater harvesting
system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open ground. The terrace
may be flat RCC/stone roof or sloping roof.

Conveyance system

It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof

becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge
system.

Collection devices

Filters are used fro treatment of water to effectively remove turbidity, color and
microorganisms. After first flushing of rainfall, water should pass through filters. A
gravel, sand and ‘nation’ mesh filter is designed and placed on top of the storage tank.
This filter is very important in keeping the rainwater in the storage tank clean.

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OBJECTIVES

• Increase availability of water mainly during dry seasons: The dry seasons can
consist of weeks or months of little to no rain, it is important to capture during
the rainy season and have it available for use during the dry season. Rainwater
harvesting enables you to store rain when it is prevalent to be used when there
is no rain.

• Reduce Flooding and Erosion: By capturing and storing large amounts of

rainwater in reservoirs, it is possible to reduce the amount of runoff and limit
the impact on the land of large rainfalls. By capturing rainwater you are
basically reducing the amount of water that is flowing across the land, which
reduces flooding chances and the impact of erosion.

• Prevent Overuse of Aquifers: Many municipalities rely upon aquifers deep

below the ground for this water supply. By harvesting rainwater for later use,
the demand on aquifers is reduced, which enables them to remain full.

• Save Money: Pumping water up from underground aquifers can be a fairly

expensive operation. It is estimated that for every one meter rise in water level,
there is a reduction of 0.4 KWH of electricity usage. So by having water closer
to the surface, or at the surface in reservoirs, less electricity is needed to pump
it so less money is spent.

• To Increase groundwater level: By Rainwater harvesting we can increase the

groundwater level.So this water can be used for many purposes like irrigation
and our daily uses.

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MEDIA COLLECTION ABOUT RAINWATER HARVESTMENT:

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVNTAGES

The advantages of rainwater management are:

• 1. Low-cost Maintenance
Once the system is all up and running, you really don’t need to invest much
money in keeping it running. If you intend only to use the collected water for
non-drinking purposes, you don’t even need to purify the water.

• 2. Lower Water Bills

Collecting your own water means spending less on the water companies’
water. Water can be used to flush toilets, wash clothes and dishes, and to water
gardens. On a bigger scale, rainwater harvesting can lead to major savings for
households or small businesses.

• 3. Great for Irrigation

Rainwater is not subjected to any chemicals found in ground water and
therefore is ideal for irrigation as well as for watering plants in the garden.

• 4. Reduces Ground Water Demand

As our population increases, so does the demand for water. In many areas,
ground water is extracted to keep up with demand and this has lead to low
levels of ground water being left over.

• 5. Reduces Soil Erosion and Floods

By keeping rainwater from reaching the ground, it is possible to prevent
flooding if carried out on a large-enough scale. Rainwater harvesting also
reduces soil erosion and keeps surface water from being contaminated with
pesticides and fertilizers from rainwater run-off.

• 6. Multi-Purpose
Rainwater can be used for all sorts of things from flushing toilets, to washing
clothes, cars, and dishes, to keeping the garden freshly watered.

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The disadvantages of rainwater management are:

• 1. Unreliable rainfall
Isn’t it just always the case that right when you need something it suddenly
isn’t there? Rain is no different, and it can’t be relied upon to fall exactly when
it’s needed. However, here in the UK we shouldn’t worry too much. You are
unlikely to spend very long periods of time without plenty of rainwater to use.

• 2. Starting costs
Installing a rainwater harvesting system can be costly, with systems ranging
from the low hundreds to the low thousands in cost. Similarly, to solar panels,
costs can be recovered in 10-15 years depending upon the rainfall and the
system’s sophistication.

• 3. High-energy Maintenance
Rainwater harvesting tanks will take a lot of looking after, and even if this
doesn’t cost much in terms of money it can become a chore. Systems can be
infiltrated by rodents, algae, and insects, and can become breeding grounds for
all sorts of creatures if not properly maintained.

• 4. Chemical roof seepage

Some kinds of roof coverings will seep chemicals which will prove harmful to
plant life if the water is used to sustain it.

• 5. Storage limits
You may find that you cannot store all of the water you would like to, and this
could mean having to tailor your water usage to the capacity of the tank.

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CONCLUSION

It is no denying that sustaining and recharging the groundwater along with judicious
use of the limited fresh water resources is the need of the hour. If sufficient measures
are not taken up immediately, we will face a crisis which will be detrimental to the
very survival of mankind. Efficient management of water resources and education
about judicious utilization of water resources along with measures of harnessing,
recharging and maintaining the quality of water and water bodies has to be taken up on
war footing. One of the most logical steps towards this goal would be acknowledging
the importance of rainwater harvesting. This should not only encompass rooftop
rainwater harvesting but also storm water harvesting systems. Storm water harvesting
is yet to be acknowledged as a better alternative over rooftop water harvesting. One of
the major hurdles in storm water harvesting is the poor state of storm water drain
systems in India. A planned approach is hence needed in order to fully utilize the
potential of rainwater to adequately meet our water requirements. Hence, an equal and
positive thrust is needed in developing and encouraging both the types of water
harvesting systems. We have to catch water in every possible way and every possible
place it falls.

Its efficient because, the organic particles are removed from rainwater by the sand
filter before entering the cistern, the potential for bacterial growth is drastically
diminished. Such a filtration system could be easily implemented into the current
design and will result in significant water quality improvements.

It should be mentioned however, that the elimination of suspended solids does not
equate to water portability. For safe drinking, water samples should be tested by a
certified laboratory. Many owners of rainwater harvesting systems use chlorine, ozone,
or UV purification to ensure that their drinking water is free of pathogens.

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SUGGESTIONS

1. Begin with long and thoughtful observation. Use all your senses to see
where the water flows and how. What is working, and not? Build on what
works.

2. Start small and simple. Work at the human scale so you can build and repair
everything. Many small strategies are far more effective than one big one when
you are trying to infiltrate water into the soil.

3. Slow, spread, and infiltrate the flow of water. Rather than having water run
erosively off the land’s surface, encourage it to stick around, “walk” around,
and infiltrate into the soil. Slow it, spread it, sink it.

4. Always plan an overflow route, and manage that overflow as a resource.

Always have an overflow route for the water in times of extra heavy rains, and
where possible, use the overflow as a resource.

5. Maximize living and organic groundcover. Create a living sponge so the

harvested water is used to create more resources, while the soil’s ability to
infiltrate and hold water steadily improves.

6. Continually reassess your system: the “feedback loop”. Observe how your
work affects the site, beginning again with the first principle. Make any needed
changes, using the principles to guide you.

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2. Studies on the ecological impacts of Kolleru lake

(Eutrophication).

INTRODUCTION

Kolleru Lake is a shallow freshwater wetland, a natural depression, the bed

level being 3 ft below MSL, between the Godavari and Krishna deltaic systems in
Andhra Pradesh. Kolleru still maintains its connection with the Bay of Bengal through
a 60 km long, intricately meandering tidal channel called Upputeru– a typical
characteristic of coastal lagoons. Apparently, this lagoon has progressively fallen
inland with the advancement of the Krishna and Godavari deltas on both sides of it.

The Kolleru has turned into a freshwater body. The lake continued to exist
through thousands of years after its formation, in spite of sedimentation through inland
streams and reduction in the flushing capacity of Upputeru due to the over extension
of its course by progressive advancement of the coastline far away into the sea.

Aquaculture was introduced into this predominantly agriculture and fishing based
economy of the lake by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. A large number of fish
seed hatcheries have been established. It is estimated that the total water-spread area of
fish ponds in the lake. Thousands of fish tanks were dug up inside the wetland
converting the lake into a mere drain. Apart from this the farmers had converted the
land use pattern of the lake. This had a lot of impact in terms of pollution leading to
even difficulty in getting drinking water for the local people. The lake is losing out due
to large-scale reclamation of land for agriculture and construction of a network of fish
ponds and roads. So government directed the state to remove all sorts of encroachment
including the fish tanks. This caused a huge hue and cry among the fishermen
community. From then the government is undertaking many projects to restore back
the glory of the lake.

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OBJECTIVES

• To create high resolution Geo-spatial Data at 1:10000 scale for the catchment
areas, upper catchment areas, surroundings and 1:4000 scale for the Lake area.

• To demarcate scientifically the boundary of the lake.

• To reconstruct the evolutional history of the lake and the associated geometry.

• To document the present status of fauna and flora of the lake and its environs.

• To identify the point and non-point sources of pollution and their influence on
the lake serenity and biodiversity.

• To design and develop strategies for the conservation and restoration of the
ecosystems of the lake.

• To enhance implementation of an Integrated Water Resources Management

(IWRM) approach for the development of a strategic integrated management
action plan for the Kolleru Lake and Upputeru River Estuary ecosystem, with
special emphasis on Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS), modeling, training
and capacity building.

• Develop IWRM enhancing methods to better understand the ecosystem goods

and services of the Kolleru Lake and Upputeru River estuary ecosystem.

• Develop models to predict the long-term effects of rehabilitation measures to

stop degradation of the Kolleru Lake.

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ISSUES

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The main issues concerning the lake are:

1. It is RAMSAR site, there is an International commitment from Govt. of India

to maintain ecosystem of Lake Kolleru.

2. This fragile wetland/estuarial system is under threat due to human

interventions both in the lake itself, in the upstream catchment area (5400 km2)
as well in the downstream Upputeru River estuary system.

3. Approximately 50% of the Lake area has been converted in fish ponds (42%)
and paddy fields (8%).

4. 86,000 ha of the surrounding agricultural land is prone to flooding due to the

reduced storage capacity of the Lake.

5. Pollution with pesticides, fertilizers, sewage and industrial waste, resulting in

an excessive growth of weeds and hyacinth.

6. Straight Cut: Salt water intrusion due to reduced outflow and breached
distributaries in the Upputeru River.

PROBLEMS
The main problems faced by Kolleru Lake are:
1) Encroachment
2) Denudation
3) Weed infestation
4) Deterioration of water quality
5) Loss of biological diversity
6) Flooding problem

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MEASURES TAKEN:

To protect and conserve the fish resources along with its vulnerable, endangered and
rare fish species of the Lake Kolleru the following measures may be undertaken:

(1) Indiscriminate fishing by means of fixed engines should be stopped.

(2) Restrictions on the use of certain nets during the specified times of the year from
April to June (i.e., closed season) as well as mesh size (usually the minimum mesh
size of the nets pennitted is 25 mm. in the Indian waters).

(3) Restrictions on the capture and sale of legal sizes of fry and fingerlings of major
carps to protect the juveniles of the fishes.

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(4) All types of landscapes alterations must be controlled and use of herbicides and
insecticides also to be prohibited in and around this lake. 88 RECORDS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

(5) Mass awareness campaign should be organized to educate about the significance of
the conservation of the fishes in their areas. Since the local fishermen and the people
surrounding this lake are in constant contact with this wetland, they should be told that
they are the real custodian of the flora and fauna of this Kolleru Lake. Destruction,
shrinkage and misuses of this wetland will definitely create their socioeconomic
problems due to the fact that the degradation of the wetlands with their rich faunal
diversity throughout our country is already aligning.

CONCLUSION

It is clearly evident from the information gathered from presently available literature
that freshwater lake management needs committed and focused integrated
management strategies. Unless constant monitoring of various facets of restoration and
post restoration measures is carried out on a regular basis, covering various
components none can ensure sustenance of lake`s health. The outcome of these studies
should be made use of by the district, state and central government administrative
authorities to ensure organized restoration of the fresh water Kolleru Lake and
arresting salinity of the Lake waters. Details included in the present write up need to
be supplemented by ongoing studies by various organizations to have a comprehensive
understanding of freshwater lake ecosystem and its impact on biodiversity

SUGGESTIONS

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The political system in India is not in a position to tackle environmental problems due
to lack of motivation, lack of interest and moreover due to other priorities. India still
practices centralized administration in areas like Railways, Postal and telecom,
Environmental etc. This kind of organizational structure faced problems in
implementing regulation, laws and policies at the regional level, which in turn proved
to be advantageous to the local people to exploit the Lake Kolleru recourses. The
government successfully achieved in enforcing “Operation Kolleru” through non-
violence and resolved the conflict through livelihood enhancement programs designed
to provide alternative earnings to the affected and needy inhabitants.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Awareness Arising Strategies: The government should take up awareness arising

programs and workshops to educate and train the inhabitants to build their capacity.

2. Establishment of field research station: The State Government should establish a

field research station in collaboration with the Andhra University and /or Central
Institute for Fresh Water Aquaculture (CIFA) in order to monitor the activities in and
around the lake and their influence on the lake’s ecology.

3.Working groups of Green NGOs: Green NGOs should take up responsibility in

forming “Green Working Groups” involving educated youth to monitor the lake in
order to stop unwanted activities. Furthermore, these groups would helpful in building
the capacity of the inhabitants.

4. Participatory approaches: The environmental protection in the public interest can be

achieved through participatory approaches inviting public to participate in the
environmental planning and regulation procedures. Therefore, the government should
amend Constitution giving a room for 77 public participation in the decision-making
processes involving the stakeholders and local population.

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5. Environment sections: Establishing environment sections in the other major

ministries like agricultural, mines, rural development, water resources, health, textile,
tourism etc. would be helpful in monitoring environment as a whole.

6. Kolleru Monitoring Cell: Establishment of the Kolleru monitoring cell in the lake’s
premises with decentralization powers through devolution involving the local
inhabitants along with the civil servants in the lake management strategies would be
helpful to protect and conserve the lake’s resources.

7. NGOs as carriers: The NGOs like Nallamalai Foundation and Birdwatchers Club
should take up the responsibility as Policy carriers, in case the government fails to
provide social sustainability to the ongoing livelihood enhancement.

8. Stop aquaculture activities: The government should make sure that all the fishponds
are destroyed and take appropriate measures to discourage aquaculture practices in the
lake.

9. Encourage traditional fishing: Support and encourage the traditional fishing with
modern techniques and subsidized loans.

10. Standards to the industries and municipalities: The State Pollution Control Board
should take measures to control and diminish toxic chemicals and bacterial
contamination in the lake. This can be achieved through setting standards to the
industries and municipalities in releasing their effluents and waste respectively. The
industrial effluents must be treated according to the set standards with acceptable
toxicity; whereas the municipal waste must be treated with water treatment plants in
order to decrease the coli form number to acceptable levels. If industries or
municipalities fail to treat their waste then the polluter should pay for cleaning.

3. A Case Study on Vanasamrakshana programme by

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Government of Andhra Pradesh.

INTRODUCION

The National Forest Policy of 1988 has recognized the need to involve local people in
management of forests for ensuring their effective conservation. The Government of
India has issued detailed guidelines in the year 1990 on the concept of implementing
Joint Forest Management. Accordingly, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has issued
formal orders in 1992 for adopting JFM as a strategy for rehabilitation of degraded
forests. Detailed guidelines were also issued in the year 1993, for taking up JFM
through village level committees called "Vana Samrakshana Samithies" (VSS).

The AP Forests Department have also issued comprehensive guidelines for adopting
Joint Forest Management as a strategy for rehabilitation of degraded forests in the year
1993, through village level committees called "Vana Samrakshana Samithies" (VSS).
Initially, there was lot of skepticism among the foresters about the worthiness of this
strategy as a remedy for protection problems. This type of approach for managing
forests was new to the people also, hence lot of effort was needed to convince the
people also about the assurances of the Government on the returns promised to the
people, if they take up Joint Forest Management.

Keeping in view the tremendous enthusiasm being shown by the people towards this
program and the spectacular improvement in forest regeneration due to their efforts,
the State Government issued orders on giving 100% share of timber and bamboo to the
VSS members. This is a true sign of the confidence imposed in the ability of the
people in managing their forest resources efficiently.

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OBJECTIVES

• To arrest and reverse the trend of forest degradation by making the community
responsible for monitoring removals from the forest

• To provide sustainable employment opportunities to the tribals and other

weaker sections of the population

• To create durable community assets which would contribute to overall village

development

• To involve the forest dependent community in the execution of the program

• For the better implementation of various schemes of the MoEF

• To liaison with other Govt. Dept. and agencies to develop and implement eco-
friendly village development program

MEDIA COLLECTION ON CASE STUDY

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DISCUSSION

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IMPACTS ENVISIONED:

• Increase in annual household income

• Reduction in Urban Migration

• Increase in Dense Forest cover

• Reduction in biotic interference in Forest

• Women empowerment

• Strengthening local institutions

• Sustainable Natural Resource management.

STRENGTHS:

• Situations of conflict to be transformed to situations of cooperation

• FD to be mainstreamed into administration of forest dependent communities

• Restoration of synergy between forest and human development

CHALLENGES:

• Likely conflicts due to regulation of resource use

• Issues regarding Encroachments, Settlement

• Fairly young JFM institutions

• Integration of various sectors into Project

• Sustainability of the project.

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PRESSURE ON THE FORESTS:

• Gap in Demand & Supply

• Biotic pressure

• Encroachment

• Border disputes

• Shifting cultivation

• Insurgency & ethnic strife

• Smuggling

CONCLUSION

Even though it is too early to draw a conclusion on the success of JFM but one can
assess on the basis of the participation of the people in decision making as well as
implementation. The study shows that participation of the members is not only in
decision making but also participation as laborers is less. Starting from the preparation
of micro plan to implementation of different activities along with maintenance of the
records, the Forest Department has a dominant role under broad coverage of
partnership in joint management responsibility. In the village, financial transactions
and cash records have been maintained by the forest officials with or without the
knowledge of VSS president. One can observe that there is little flow of information
below the VSS President. Most of the members of VSS do not know what has been
planned under the programmer. This shows, instead of motivating and making them to
represent their problems and to participate in VSS activities, the Forest Department
merely employing the members as laborers in the name of people's participation. Since
the people's participating is very less in number, the management of VSS can be in the

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hands of few and the possibility of generating vested interests among the tribal, which
may spoil the collective nature of their traditional institutions further.

SUGGESTIONS:

Considering all the above following reforms to JFM/CFM are suggested:

1. Provide legal status by invoking the provisions of Village Forests under the Indian
Forest Act 1927 with appropriate rules to govern and regulate Community Forest
Management. With this JFM/CFM will continue to be the mandate and responsibility
if Forest Department.

2. In states that have State Acts for Forestry, enable suitable amendments on the
above lines.

3. In the rules that would be framed consequent to such legal initiative, ensure that
general body of the JFMC/VSS should represent all adult members of the
habitation/group of habitations in which such JFMC/VSS will be constituted.

4. In scheduled areas where membership of Gram Sabhas and that of JFMCs/VSSs are
likely to be one and the same, identify/recognize the Grama Sabha as the General
Body of JFMC/VSS. The managing committees of JFMCs/VSSs in such cases will be
like sub committees of the Gram Sabha. But responsibility for approval of micro plans
should remain with the Forest Departments.

5. In other areas JFMCs/VSSs should be at individual habitation level and should

have legal status under the respective Forest Acts as stated above.

6. Promote Common Enterprise Groups (CEGs) on the lines of Self Help Groups or
User Groups within JFMCs/VSSs for managing microenterprises and subsequent
marketing and specified tasks grazing regulation, patrolling for forest protection,

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implementing forest conservancy works, skilled forest management jobs like soil and
moisture conservation, nurseries, plantation management, harvesting and post-harvest
operations etc.

7. Promote federations of JFMCs/VSSs at Range level which can then federate

(representative of Range federations) at Division/District level as Forest Development
Agencies. General Body of FDAs should have members from Range level federations
and representative’s federations of CEGs/SHGs. The Chief Executive Officer of the
VSS should be a Forest Officer and the Managing Committee should comprise elected
representatives from the general body of the VSS.

8. There is a need to conduct gender awareness programmes through general body

meetings, group discussions among VSS members, trainings, workshops, about gender
difference and importance of women’s participation in VSS meetings as well as in the
home. Enable and strengthen women’s participation in planning, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of VSS activities.

9. Government, training and research institutions, local and international NGOs all
should play active role in assisting to improvement of forest based livelihoods so as to
forest dependent communities can improve their living conditions.

10. Vana samrakshna Samithis should expand their activities not only just provide
wage employment to the rural communities, but also they should undertake NTFP
marketing interventions, new NTFP plantation, control of forest encroachment,
promotion of saving habits, etc. which can help to forest dependent communities.

4. A case study on present condition of agricultural

lands in Andhra Pradesh capital region.

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INTRODUCTION:

Andhra Pradesh economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock.

Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Tungabhadra flow
through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of population is engaged in
agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the
state. It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as "Rice Bowl
of India”. The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for
mango pulp and vegetables, Krishna district for mangoes, Guntur district for chilies.

Besides rice, farmers also grow jowar, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse grain, many
varieties of pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chili pepper, mango nuts and tobacco.
Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular.
There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development, including Projects
and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.

Amaravati, the new Andhra Pradesh capital, is being planned as a climate-resilient city
that will conserve its water, but its location is causing concern On October 22, 2015
India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of a new city in a
banana grove 13 km southwest of Vijayawada and less than 2 km south of the Krishna
river. The ceremony marked the beginning of a dream project for the Chief Minister of
Andhra Pradesh, N. Chandrababu Naidu, to develop an international class city in
India.

A substantial section of the old state of Andhra Pradesh in southern India was carved
out into a new state, Telangana, on June 2, 2014. Telangana got Hyderabad — the
erstwhile capital of united Andhra Pradesh — as its own capital. The new, smaller,
Andhra Pradesh either had to choose another city for its own capital, or build a new
one. It has chosen to build a city to be called Amaravati.

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It is only the second time in independent India that a state capital is being built from
scratch. The earlier one was Chandigarh, built in 1960, which is now the joint capital
of Punjab and Haryana states. The Amaravati project will also tie in to the current
Indian government’s efforts to promote “smart cities”.

OBJECTIVES:

Our main objective now, is to study about the Present

condition of agricultural lands in Andhra Pradesh capital region.

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DISCUSSION

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Fulfilling both and emotional and practical need

There is an emotional need for an international class capital city and capital region
among a section of the population in Andhra Pradesh. “Amaravati will be the
realisation of dreams and aspirations of our people,” said V.V.M. Krishna, past-
president of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) chapter in the state.
“Historically, the people of Andhra Pradesh are pained at being shunted out of two
state capitals — Chennai [then known as Madras] and now Hyderabad. We need our
own international class capital city.”

To answer this need, the Master Plan of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Regional
Development Authority (APCRDA) states that Amaravati will be a “world class
capital city that respects its roots and people, but at the same time lays the foundation
for a state of art modern city.” It is also being planned as the focus of growth for the
capital region, which comprises Vijayawada and Guntur and nine adjoining towns and
has an area of 8,352.69 sq. km.

Amaravati is to be developed under an Urban Sustainability Framework, which will

look at considerations of capacity, economics, housing, culture and heritage, energy
and resources, and nature. The six key sustainability issues identified in the plan are:
creating jobs, attracting investments, providing housing facilities, preserving nature
and environment, managing floods and conserving the heritage sites.

In addition to the Krishna river abutting the new capital there are streams, hills and
protected forests inside what will become the city area. The planners propose to
preserve them.

Amaravati is expected to have an efficient and effective public transport system, use
renewable energy, conserve water, promote green spaces and clean industries, and
minimise its carbon footprint. To give economies, the city has earmarked special areas
such as government, justice, education and knowledge, finance, electronics, health,

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sports, media and tourism cities. The projection is that the city will be able to generate
up to 1.5 million jobs for a population of 2.5 million by 2050.

“We are looking at sustainability as the city’s longevity,” Nagulapalli Srikanth, the
Commissioner of APCRDA “It should live long, it should not affect the external
environment and internally it should be clean. It should also be resilient to flood. As
part of the Master Plan we have seen to it that it would not be a polluted or a bad city
to live in. It would be a walkable city where people would like to come, work and
settle down.”

To reduce pollution, the plan envisages high-rise buildings near metro and bus rapid
transit system (BRTS) stations. This is to encourage higher population density along
these corridors and encourage the use of public transport for commuting. “To a large
extent we are providing BRTS and bus stations everywhere in Phase 1 and then the
metro stations will come in place as and when the city can afford,” Srikanth said.

CONCLUSION

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Days before the laying of the foundation stone, the banana plants at the site were cut
due to security reasons. This became a symbol of what may happen to the 217 sq. km.
of fertile land. Eminent agricultural scientist M.S. Swami Nathan tweeted his message
of caution on October 23, 2015. “There’s an opportunity to design a new capital after
several decades,” he said. “#Amaravati is in world’s best farming regions. Hope
following principles will be used by the dynamic[N. Chandrababu Naidu] while
shaping Amaravati’s personality.” He followed up with subsequent tweets giving
suggestions for making Amaravati sustainable.

Swami Nathan’s tweets capture the essence of Amaravati’s dilemma. There is the
promise of starting a new city from scratch, which means that there is opportunity to
design it as an engine of economic growth while ensuring that it is more sustainable,
climate resilient and incorporates the best of international practices. On the other hand,
the new city eats into the agricultural economy, thus affecting the livelihood of the
farmers in 31 villages.

SUGGESTIONS

We can use the following facility provided The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region
Development Authority (APCRDA) notified a Draft Perspective Plan for the region.
People are asked to give their suggestions, changes and register their objections within
30 days, from the date of notification of the Draft Perspective plan .

5) A case study on tribal evacuation and impact on

indigenous knowledge.

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INTRODUCTION

Indigenous education specifically focuses on teaching indigenous knowledge,

models, methods, and content within formal or non-formal educational systems. The
growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the
erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge through the processes of colonialism,
globalization, and modernity. [1] Indigenous communities are able to “reclaim and
revalue their languages and [traditions], and in so doing, improve the educational
success of indigenous students,” thus ensuring their survival as a culture.

Increasingly, there has been a global shift toward recognizing and understanding
indigenous models of education as a viable and legitimate form of education. There are
many different educational systems throughout the world, some that are more
predominant and widely accepted. However, members of indigenous communities
celebrate diversity in learning and see this global support for teaching traditional forms
of knowledge as a success. Indigenous ways of knowing, learning, instructing,
teaching, and training have been viewed by many postmodern scholars as important
for ensuring that students and teachers, whether indigenous or non-indigenous, are
able to benefit from education.

MEDIA COLLECTION ABOUT CASE STUDY

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OBJECTIVES:

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a) LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF SETTLEMENT ON HEALTH

b) IDENTITY, FREEDOM AND MENTAL HEALTH

c)HEALTHCARE

1.Cultural context of indigenous learning in the America:

A growing body of scientific literature has described indigenous ways of learning, in

different cultures and countries. The learning styles that children use in their
indigenous schooling are the same ones that occur in their community context. These
indigenous learning styles often include: observation, imitation,
of narrative/storytelling, collaboration, and cooperation, as seen among American
Indian, Alaska Native and Latin American communities. This is a hands on approach
that emphasizes direct experience and learning through inclusion. The child feels that
he/she is a vital member of the community, and he/she is encouraged to participate in a
meaningful way by community

2.Classroom structure:

The structure of indigenous American classrooms that reflect the organization of

indigenous communities eliminates the distinction between the community and
classroom and makes it easier for the students to relate to the material Effective
classrooms modeled off of the social structure of indigenous communities are typically
focused on group or cooperative learning that provide an inclusive environment A key
factor for successful indigenous education practices is the student-teacher relationship.
Classrooms are socially constructed in a way that the teacher shares the control of the
lectures.

3.Escuela Unitaria (One-room one-teacher):

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Escuela Unitaria is a one-room one-teacher style of schooling that is used in some

rural communities, which utilizes ways of learning common in some indigenous or
indigenous-heritage communities in the Americas. The school serves up to six grades
in a single classroom setting with smaller groups (divided by grade level) in the
classroom Community involvement is strongly implemented in the management of the
school. Learning activities are not just inside the classroom but also outside in the
agricultural environment. Children are self-instructed and the content involves the
students’ rural community and family participation. The school is structured to meet
cultural needs and match available resources.

4.Inclusion:

As a main model of learning in some Indigenous heritage communities of the

Americas, children are included in a range of activities where they are expected to
actively contribute to community endeavors. Rather than being separated and directed
away from the “adult work” or given a lesson out of context, the young indigenous-
heritage children are expected to actively participate and pitch in. This incorporation
allows children to learn by simply participating in everyday activities which in turn
allows them to choose activities that are better suited for their individual liking.
Furthermore, a study was done on children who have immigrated from indigenous
communities in rural Mexico

5.Motivation:

In Indigenous American communities, the inclusion of children in communal activities

motivate them to engage with their social world, helping them to develop a sense of
belonging. Active participation involves children undertaking initiative and acting
autonomously.

DISCUSSION

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Relocated indigenous peoples are amongst the poorest of the poor and are often the
most deprived group in the society they are moved into. In Guatemala, for example,
87% of indigenous people live below the poverty line and over 60% live below the
line of extreme poverty.14 Such measures of poverty mean little where indigenous
peoples have their own land and independence; here they are rich in social and natural
resources. But where they have joined – voluntarily or through circumstances beyond
their control – the mainstream economy, without access to resources or land, they
suffer disproportionately from the many health problems associated with poverty,
including TB, water-borne diarrhea diseases, malaria and pneumonia. In addition to
high levels of poverty, the indigenous populations of Canada, America, New Zealand
and Australia have high rates of diseases mostly associated with rich people in wealthy
countries, so-called ‘diseases of affluence’. These include obesity, diabetes, heart
disease, certain cancers, high blood pressure, alcoholism and depression. The
imposition of ‘Western’ society on tribal communities has passed on to them the worst
impacts of this lifestyle, without necessarily bringing them any ‘affluence’.

One important factor that explains the massive increase in health problems among
settled tribal peoples is nutrition. Typical hunter-gatherer diets are high in protein,
fibre, vitamins and minerals and low in sugar, salt and saturated fats – the kind of diet
that doctors advise we all follow. Hunting peoples typically eat a variety of lean, wild
meats, which are much healthier than shop-bought meat products, which tend to be
fatty and less rich in vitamins and minerals.

ISSUES:

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• In December 1993, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the

International Decade of the World's Indigenous People, and requested UN
specialized agencies to consider with governments and indigenous people how
they can contribute to the success of the Decade of Indigenous People,
commencing in December 1994.

• As a consequence, the World Health Organization, at its Forty-seventh World

Health Assembly established a core advisory group of indigenous
representatives with special knowledge of the health needs and resources of
their communities, thus beginning a long-term commitment to the issue of the
health of indigenous peoples.

ADVANTAGES:

1. For indigenous learners and instructors, the inclusion of these methods into
schools often enhances educational effectiveness by providing an education
that adheres to an indigenous person’s own inherent perspectives, experiences,
language, and customs, thereby making it easier for children to transition into
the realm of adulthood.

2. For non-indigenous students and teachers, such an education often has the
effect of raising awareness of individual and collective traditions surrounding
indigenous communities.

3. There is value in including Indigenous knowledge and education in the public

school system.

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4. Students of all backgrounds can benefit from being exposed to Indigenous

education, as it can contribute to reducing racism in the classroom and increase
the sense of community in a diverse group of students. Offer solutions for
current and future social and ecological problems,

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Indigenous peoples who are relocated from their land, or otherwise suddenly
dislocated, do not jump into a world with all the benefits of ‘development’,
even if they live in rich countries. Dental problems affect them more severely
because they do not have access to the healthcare and dentistry of the rich.

2. Expensive toothpastes, traditions of tooth-brushing, access to fluoridated

water, regular dental checkups and orthodontic treatment, all help to protect the
rich from the impacts of their ‘modern’ diets. These resources are unavailable
or unaffordable for relocated indigenous people who are suffering the effects of
sudden dietary change coupled with a sudden loss of self-sufficiency and a
newfound dependence on governmental assistance

3. 4 These groups may be poor in monetary terms, but are rich in many other
ways. They typically have many of the characteristics that have been found to
raise happiness, including strong social relationships, stable political systems,
high levels of trust and support, and religious or spiritual beliefs, which give
their lives meaning. A study exploring happiness and ‘life satisfaction’ found a
high score among a traditional group of Maasai who had resisted colonial
attempts to change their way of life and who had largely avoided the market

4. In many countries indigenous peoples have become a minority with little

influence over policies that affect their lives. Their lands may be taken ‘in the

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national interest’ for dams, mines, conservation projects, and other schemes
which promise ‘development’ but leave the land’s true owners marginalized.
Without a strong voice in political processes or recognition of their inalienable
legal rights to their lands, it can be difficult – if not impossible – for tribal
communities to influence these projects and protect their independence

CONCLUSION

1) There are three vital points that this report has made regarding tribal peoples’
health. Firstly, rights over land and the ability to maintain traditions and ‘cultural-
continuity’ on that land are crucial for good health.

2) Secondly, removal from the land, or other forms of imposed ‘progress’, have
devastating impacts, both initially and in the long-term.

3) Thirdly, whilst external systems of healthcare are necessary to help tribal peoples to
fight introduced diseases, they can cause more damage than good; appropriate health
projects need to be carefully devised with, by, and for the people concerned.

SUGGESTIONS

1.Indigenous knowledge is culture specific.

2.Represents people’s life style.

3.That part remains as the future focus area.

4.Learn indigenous knowledge properly.

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