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(1-1-1) NPTEL - Introduction To Cryogenic Engineering PDF
(1-1-1) NPTEL - Introduction To Cryogenic Engineering PDF
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What is Cryogenics?
• Kryo – Very cold (frost)
• Genics – to produce
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Course outline
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Course outline
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Course prerequisite
• Engineering Mathematics.
• Heat Transfer.
• Thermodynamics.
• Refrigeration.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Points to remember
• Each lecture presentation ends with a self
assessment test based on that particular lecture.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Points to remember
• Assignments are included where ever necessary in
order to have a clear understanding of concepts.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Books/References
Text books/References
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Books/References
Text books/References
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Books/References
Additional Readings
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Books/References
Additional Readings
• Cryogenics Journal.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Course syllabus
• The course syllabus is as follows.
Sr No Topic
Introduction to Cryogenics and its
1
Applications
2 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
Properties of Materials at Cryogenic
3
Temperature
Gas-Liquefaction and Refrigeration
4
Systems
5 Gas Separation
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Course syllabus (contd
(contd))
Sr No Topic
6 Cryocoolers
7 Cryogenic Insulations
8 Vacuum Technology
9 Instrumentation in Cryogenics
10 Cryostat Design
Dilution Refrigerator and Adiabatic
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Demagnetization
12 Safety in Cryogenics
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Space
Space
• Rocket propulsion
• Space simulation
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Space
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Space
• Cooling of IR detectors, Telescopes, Cold probes,
etc. are some of the major applications of
cryogenics.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Space
• The levels of vacuum required in space
simulation chambers are vey high.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Mechanical
Mechanical
• Magnetic Separation
• Heat treatment
• Recycling
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Mechanical
• Magnetic separation technique is used in variety
of applications like enhancing the brightness of
kaolin, improving the quality of ultra-high purity
quartz etc.- Superconducting Magnet ensures
proper separation.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Mechanical
• Cryogenic recycling - turns the scrap into raw
material by subjecting it to cryogenic
temperatures.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Medicine
Medicine
• Cryosurgery
• Cell preservation
• Food preservation
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Medicine
• Cryosurgery is a novel technique in which the
harmful tissues are destroyed by freezing them
to cryogenic temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Medicine
• Preserving food at low temperature is a well
known technique.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Gas Industry
Gas Industry
• Liquefaction
• Separation
• Storage
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Gas Industry
• The transportation of gases across the world is
done in liquid state. This is done by storing the
liquid at cryogenic temperature.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Gas Industry
• Liquid nitrogen is used as precoolant in most of
the cryogenic systems.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
Superconductivity
• NMR, MRI
• Maglev Locomotion
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
rF Coil
• The NMR (Nuclear
Magnetic
Resonance) is
Magnetic
scanning used by the
coil pharmaceutical
industry to study
Magnet the molecular
LHe structure.
LN2
Sample
tube
Sample
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
rF Coil
• It has a
superconducting
magnet (10 T ~25
Magnetic
scanning T) and the
coil accuracy of
measurement
Magnet increases with
LHe field strength.
LN2
Sample
tube
Sample
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
40K shield • The MRI (Magnetic
Cryocooler
Resonance Imaging)
machines are used for
20K body scanning.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
• Maglev Train runs on the principle of Magnetic
Levitation.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Supercond.
• Superconducting
transformers and
LN2 Inlet generators have coils
LN2 Outlet
Cryostat (and cores
sometimes)
maintained at low
Cryocooler temperature to
(LN2 vessel) Core minimize the I2R
(copper) losses.
Winding
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics
High Energy Physics
• CERN
• ITER
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics
• CERN is an European
European organisation for nuclear
research which was founded
fo in 1954.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics
• A liquid nitrogen layer (77 K) is used as shielding
for liquid helium.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – High E Physics
• ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental
Reactor) is an engineering project for nuclear
fusion reactor.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Applications – Summary
Space Mechanical
• Rocket propulsion • Magnetic Separation
• Cooling of IR sensor • Manufacturing
• Space simulation • Heat treatment
Medicine • Recycling
• Cryosurgery High Energy Physics
• Cell preservation • ITER
• Food preservation • CERN
Gas Industry Superconductivity
• Liquefaction • NMR, MRI
• Separation • Maglev Locomotion
• Storage • SC Transformer &
Generator
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay