TOPIC 1: GLOBAL NETWORK

GLOBAL NETWORK

It is any communication network which spans the entire Earth

It refers in a more restricted way to a bidirectional communication networks

and to technology-based networks.

Globalization integrates a global network of economic, political, social and

cultural interdependence or a world wide scale

UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION

GLOBALIZATION is the most powerful force for change in the world today
affecting all societies in the planet. It entails the movement of capital, free
flow of goods and services, the increased mobility of individuals, and the
expansions of multinational corporations and transnational organization.

GLOBALIZATION has integrated the product and financial markets of

economies around the world through the driving forces of trade and capital
flows across borders.

One of the goals of globalization is for the world to become more

independent

LABOR

Labor is the amount of physical, mental and social effort used to produce
goods and services in an economy. It supplies the expertise in manpower and
service needed to turn raw materials into finished products and services. In
turn, laborers receive a wage to buy the goods and services they don’t
produce themselves.

The Duterte administration implemented the “Jobs, Jobs, Jobs”. But they
had only produced 18,000 jobs out of the 2.2 million jobs needed for these
2.2 million unemployed Filipinos, recorded as of October 2018.

MIGRATION
 MIGRATION is said to be as old as human civilization, and there is
clear proof that globalization is inextricably related to it

“According to estimates, more or less 20% of the labor force in the

Philippines want to leave the country in search for a job abroad. Some of
them become victims of illegal recruitment and human trafficking.”

National Geographic defines human migration as the movement of

people from one territory to another for the purposes of taking up either as

WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

People migrate for various reasons, the reasons may fall under four
categories: environmental, political, cultural, and economic. It is
categorized as “push” and “pull”

PUSH FACTOR

Are those that motivate people to move from one place to another because
of difficulty

PULL FACTOR

Those that motivate people to move from their place to another place
because of some desires

TYPES OF MIGRATION

INTERNAL MIGRATION. Look for new residence within their own country.

External migration. Moving in a different country.

Immigration. Moving into a new country.

Forced migration. When the state forces the people to migrate for a
reason.

ASEAN

ASEAN means Association of Southeast Asian Nations with ten member

countries: Brunei Darussalam, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Republic of
Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Union of
Myanmar, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the
Kingdom of Thailand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam calling the
members states to come together to ensure that their young citizens learn
about interconnectedness among cultures, peoples, economies,
governments and ecosystems, and how these are linked to their own lives.

The Philippines’ Digital Boom: Five Key Trends for 2014, Internet access is on
the rise-but still has limited reach between 2008 and 2012, Internet access in
the Philippines grew by over 500%, the fastest rate in all of Southeast Asia.

2. Mobile penetration now exceeds 100% but smartphone penetration

remains low. Mobile penetration topped 100% for the first time in 2012.Yet
smartphone penetration remained at 15% in 2013.

3. Social media usage rates are off the charts- but this does not guarantee
conversions. Ninety-six percent of Filipino netizens use social media, which
accounts for a 42% of total screen time in the country.

4. Filipinos are brand-friendly and ready to buy--but this will not last long.
The Philippines has some of the highest levels of brand openness and
engagement in the world.

5. Innovative startups show disruptive potential—but this is no silicon

valley.

Some of these startups are:

Kalibrr

House of Serafina

Lenddo

Payroll Hero
TOPIC 2: PLANETARY NETWORK: CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate Change

- Climate change is any significant long-term change in the expected

patterns of average weather of a region (or the whole earth ) over a
significant period of time.

- Climate Change occurs when changes in Earth’s climate system result

in new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for
millions of years.

- Climate Change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes

in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth’s natural processes.

Effects of Climate Change in the Philippines

More Intense El Nino

The El Nino phenomenon occurs when the surface of ocean waters in

the southern Pacific becomes abnormally warm. The energy created by this
warming is so great that it can create an imbalance in the weather in
different parts of the world. In southeast Asia, it can lead to abnormally dry
conditions.
Sea surface temperatures to rise

Sea surface temperatures are expected to rise by 1 to 4 degrees

Celsius. This can lead to more powerful storms because storms get their
strength from heat rising from the sea. In the Philippines, 4- and 5-degrees
Celsius spike above the normal sea surface temperature have been recorded.

Ocean acidification

The shift in the Philippine levels of our ocean can lead to widespread
coral reef death. Because of the imbalance, shrimps are not able to develop
skins. Oysters cannot develop shells. Fish larvae may not be able to develop
bones. This further endangers food security and the livelihood of fishermen.

Sea levels to rise by 4 to 6 meters

Current data shows an increase in sea surface heights. Scientists say

this due to the melting of ice sheets in northern portions of the globe like
Antartica and Greenland. Sea levels rise by 4 to 6 meters can submerge low-
lying communities like Tacloban City which stands only 3 meters above sea
levels.

Tropical cyclones to intensity

The creation of tropical cyclones is already being recorded in areas

where the phenomenon had never been observed. On Nov. 08, 2013, Super
Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), said to be the strongest storm in recorded history,
devastated cities in the Visayas.

Rainfall, River flow, and Flooding to intensify

Monsoon rainfall in the Philippines will reach new highs and lows.
Some parts of the country will experience an upward trend in rainfall while
other parts will experience an intensification of drought. These two extreme
poles of weather will make it more difficult for agriculture sectors which are
highly dependent on weather.

EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION PATTERNS TO CLIMATE

CHANGE

Food Consumption and production have a considerable impact on the

environment.
To be good, food needs to be responsibly sourced and consumed, as well as
healthy.

Consumption

- It deals with buying, using goods and services to satisfy our human
needs.

- It is a major concern of economics in which the different activities of

man depend.

Production

- Is the act of producing goods and services.

- It must respond to what will buy and use

- Consumption cannot be separated from production, which depends

entirely on consumption.

- If there is no consumption, there is no production since they

complement to each other.

- The success of consumption is also a success of production.

It affects in some ways namely:

eutrophication and acid rain as well as depletion of biodiversity.

It is also a considerable drain on other resources, such as nutrients, land

area, energy and water.

Steps to address the problem of climate change

Conserve Electricity

Unplug chargers for cellphones and other appliances when not in use

Get in habit the of turning lights and appliances off

Vacuum the coils on the back of the fridge monthly

Change to compact fluorescent bulbs

Make your next computer a laptop

Install timers or motion sensors on outdoor lights

Conserve in the Car

Plan ahead – do several errands on a single trip

Walk or bike. It’s healthier anyway

Clean out the junk in the trunk. Lighter cars get better mileage

Make sure your engine is properly tuned

Keep your tires properly inflated

Carpool or ride the school bus

Support public transportation

Consider a smaller car or a hybrid for your next vehicle

Reduce Waste

Recycle and buy recycled products

Choose products that have less packaging

Reuse, repair, or donate

Don’t buy it unless you really need it

Carry cloth bags when shopping

Use a refillable travel mug or water bottle

Give your time instead of material gifts , or donate to a charity in the

recipient’s name

TOPIC 3: Democratic Interventions

Democratic Interventions

is a military intervention by external forces with the aim of assisting

democratization of the country where the intervention takes place

Interventionism
A policy of non-defensive activity undertaken by a nation-state or other geo-
political jurisdiction of a lesser or greater nature to manipulate an economy
and/or a society

What is Democracy?

In its truest sense, a democracy is a community in which all members have

an equal say in the running of that community.

Derived from the Greek words “demos” which means people and “kratos”
which means rule.

A system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.

Main Features of Democracy

Respect for human rights

A multi-party system

A democratic voting system

Respect for rule of law

Democratic governance

Citizen participation

POLITICAL CORRUPTION

the use of powers by government officials or their network contacts for

illegitimate private gain

This includes the ff:

Bribery - is the act of giving or receiving something of value in exchange for

some kind of influence or action in return, that the recipient would otherwise
not offer.

Extortion (also called shakedown, and, in a legal sense incorrectly,

exaction) - is obtaining benefit through coercion.

Cronyism - is the practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other

advantages to friends or trusted colleagues, especially in politics and
between politicians and supportive organizations.
Nepotism - is the granting of jobs to one's relatives or friends in various
fields, including business, politics, entertainment, sport, religion and other
activities.

Graft- as understood in American English, is a form of political corruption,

being the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain.

Embezzlement - is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of

conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more persons to whom the
assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.

Basic Needs

refers to the things that are necessary to sustain life

Consists of adequate food, shelter, and clothing plus some household

equipment and furniture

Failure to meet basic needs is a common complaint among many societies in

the world today. There was a growing gulf between rich and poor droving the
former to extra-legal activities such as theft and prostitution

Association and Participation

.
Gender Biases

Unequal treatment of men or women because of their gender

Favoritism towards one gender over another

One gender is of higher power than the other gender

Political Participation

Women hold only 15.6 % of elected parliamentary seats in the world

Education Attainment

Girls may be kept out of school to help household chores

Restricted Land Ownership

In some countries such as Chile and Lesotho, women lack the right to own
land

Violence

One in every three women is likely to be beaten, coerced into sex or

otherwise abused in her lifetime

Gender Biases in The Classrooms

The socialization of gender within our schools assures that girls are made
aware that they are unequal to boys. Everytime students are seated or lined
up by gender, teachers are affirming that girls and boys should be treated
differently

Poverty

Not having enough material possessions or income for a person’s needs

may include social, economic, and political elements

Absolute poverty is the complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic
personal needs, such as food, clothing and shelter.

Relative poverty occurs when a person cannot meet a minimum level of

living standards, compared to others in the same time and place

POLITICAL MARGINALIZATION
process in which individuals are blocked from( denied full access to) various
rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of
a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and
observance of human rights

the outcome is that the affected individuals or communities, are prevented

from participating fully in the economic, social and political life of the society
in which they live. This may result to resistance in the form of
demonstrations, protests or lobbying from the excluded people

Racial Inequality

Imbalances in the distribution of power, economic resources and

opportunities. Racial inequalities have manifested in the society in ways
ranging from racial deparities in wealth, poverty rates, housing patterns,
educational opportunities, unemployment rates and incarceration rates

Most minority groups in the United States experience homelessness at higher

rates than Whites, and therefore make up a disproportionate share of the
homeless population

Racism is the belief that some races are better than others, and that can
happen from those beliefs

Cultural Domination

Means culture over another, by a deliberate policy or by economic or

technological superiority

Cultural domination can take formal of an active, formal policy or a general

attitude. A metaphor of colonialism is employed, the cultural products of the
first world, “invade the third world and “conquer” local culture

Also called Cultural Imperialism, Imperialism refers to the creation and

maintenance of unequal relationships between civilizations, flavoring a more
powerful civilization

Many traditional political parties originate the 19th century, and still use the
20th century tools to face the 21st century challenges. This is an increasing
disconnect between citizens and political parties, which is often referred to
as “the crisis of representation”
The digitalization of all aspects of our lives has contributed to dramatically
change the context for inter-personal and political communication, agenda
setting and policy making

Politics of Recognition

It owes its political roots to Georg Hegel who postulated that the individual
identity is constructed through a process of mutual recognition between
different persons or objects

Politics of recognition, as developed by political philosophers including

Charles Taylor and Nancy Fraser, played an important role in the fight for the
rights of marginalized sexual, ethic, linguistic or religious minorities, who
saw themselves as both equal and distinct from the dominant majority within
a nation-state
TOPIC 4: INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(ICT)

ICT - an extended term for Information Technology (IT) which stresses the
role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications

˗ Information and Communications Technology has been used by

academic researchers since the 1980s
˗ the abbreviation ICT became popular after it was used in a report to the
UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997

Benefits of ICT to:

1. Economic

- facilitate economic growth

- increase in the volume and innovation effects
- benefits from international standardization
- positive impact of rapid technological progress

2. Political
- communication technologies emerged as a powerful tool for the politicians
and governments

3. Social
- (in social businesses): made social impact affordable, scalable and enable
new ways to connect to and engage with local communities
4. Cultural
- enables data access from anywhere
- can uplift the level of education and awareness especially in rural area
- propagate instant messaging that can increase people awareness
5. Personal
- can improve the quality of human life (can be used as a learning and
education media)
- promoting and campaigning practical issues (health and social area)
- provides wider knowledge and can help in gaining and accessing
information

Researcher make it clear that ICT advances social improvement by sharing

learning, encouraging social innovativeness, expanding popularity-based
support and upgrading social cohesion. We are challenged to harness the
potential of information and communication technology to promote the
attainment of a more peaceful, just and prosperous world

TOPIC 5: NEURAL AND SOCIAL NETWORKS

NEURAL NETWORKS.

Presented By: R.Geethika Ramani

Retrived from https://www.slideshare.net/geethikaravinutala1/neural-

networks-66384879

Introduction:

• An Artificial Neural Network is an information processing paradigm that is

inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process
information.

• ANN is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing

elements (neurones) working in unison to solve specific problems.

• ANNs, like people, learn by example. An ANN is configured for a specific

application, such as pattern recognition or data classification, through a
learning process.
History of Neural Networks:

• The history of neural networks begins before the invention computer.i.e., in

1943.

• The first neural network construction is done by neurologists for

understanding the working of neurons.

• Later technologists are also interested in this network.

• In recent years, the importance of neural networks was observed.

Working of Biological neuron:

• A biological neuron contains mainly four parts. They are dendrites, cell
body, axon and synapse.

• An artificial neuron also contains dendrites, cell body, axon and synapse.

• In artificial neural networks, the inputs are taken only when threshold value
is satisfied. Otherwise inputs are not taken by the neuron.

• There are two modes of neurons such as, training mode and using mode. s
ynapse

Connections types in Neural networks:

• Neurons are interconnected with each other, for the transferring the data.

• There are two types of hierarchies for connecting the neurons.

1. Static connection- Static(feed forward)

• The feedforward neural network was the first and most simple type
of artificial neural network.

• In this network, the information will move in one direction only.

2. Dynamic connection- Dynamic (feed backward)

• Feed backward is advanced than feed forward.

• In feed backward, looping mechanism is introduced.

Topologies in Neural networks

 • Topology defines how a neuron in neural network connected with another
neurons.

• There are three types topologies that every neural network must follow the
one of the following:

1. single-level topology- The simplest kind of neural network is a

single-layer network, which consists of equal no. of input and output nodes.

2. multi-level topology- In multi-level, each neuron in one layer has directed

connections to the neurons of the subsequent layer

3. recurrent topology- a recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of

artificial neural networks where connections between units form a directed
cycles.

Learning methods of Neuron:

• Neurons in neural networks will learn about the working pattern of

the new task.

• Next time, when the same task is given to perform, it automatically

generates output without wasting of time.

• There are three types of learning methods. They are ( supervised

learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning )

Supervised learning: In supervised learning, each example is a pair

consisting of an input object along with a desired output value.

Unsupervised learning: In unsupervised learning, there is no desired

output is supplied with the input.

Reinforcement learning: Reinforcement learning is an area of machine

learning inspired by behaviorist psychology, concerned with how software
agents ought to take actions in an environment as to maximize some notion
of cumulative reward.

Applications:

• Mobile computing • Forecasting • Character recognition • Traveling

salesman problem • Medical diagnosis • Quality control • Data mining •
Game development • Pattern recognition.

Merits:
 • No need to write any algorithms. • Work by learning. • Work will be
automatically shared. • Robust. • Neural networks work efficiently.

De-merits:

• Needs to understand before working with neural networks. • Requires

high processing time for large neural networks. • Noisy data. • Takes large
time for connecting neurons.

Conclusion:

The computing world has a lot to gain from neural networks. Their
ability to learn by example makes them very flexible and powerful.
Furthermore, there is no need to devise an algorithm in order to perform a
specific task.

SOCIAL NETWORKS

Presented by : - Aitisha Walid - Elammare Bouchaib Academic year :

2015/2016 . Retrived from https://www.slideshare.net/WalidAitisha1/social-
networks-65599056

DEFINITION

We define social network services as web-based services which allow

individuals to Construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded
system, Communicate with other users; and View the pages and details
provided by other users within the system

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF SOCIAL NETWORK

Advantages :

1.Staying Connected

The main purpose of social media is to be able to stay connected to

friends and families in today’s fast paced and ever changing worlds. You are
able to rekindle old friendships, share family photos, and special events in
your life with just about everyone you know, at the same time.
2. Finding People With Common Interests

social networking is also a great way to meet entirely new people. You
can seek out groups that are focused towards your special interests and
hobbies and connect with local people that share the same interests

3.Invaluable Promotional Tool

Companies, artists, and musicians can reach an impossibly large and

diverse amount of people using social network sites. This allows them to
promote and market themselves and their products in a way that has never
been seen before.

4. Information Spreads Incredibly Fast

Breaking news and other important information can spread like wildfire
on social media sites. Important things like recalls, storm information, or
missing children are all communicated and taken seriously very quickly.

5. Helps To Catch And Convict Criminals

People often do not think of the consequences of what they post of

these social sites. Pictures of themselves doing illegal things, or even
bragging posts about crimes they have committed are all things that law
enforcement use to persecute these criminals. They also use these sites to
identify and solve existing cases.

Disadvantages :

1. Perpetuates False And Unreliable Information

Just like stated above, anything can spread to millions of people within
hours or days on social media. This also, unfortunately, includes things that
are false or made up. This information can cause panic and severe
misinformation in society.

2. Causing Major Relationship Problems

Online social interactions with social networking have not only been
starting new relationships, but ending many others. It is very simple to
communicate and share pictures or plans with a person on social media and
keep it completely under wraps. This new temptation has been driving
wedges into people’s real life, offline relationships, often time ending them
for good. Social networking puts trust to the limit.
3. Cyber Bullying Is A Growing Problem

Having access to people’s lives at all times is not always a good thing.
A new trend of cyber bullying is wreaking havoc all across the world. This is
especially true with young kids. They are publicly harassing one another, and
posting mean or slanderous things which are broadcast-ed to the entire
cyber world.

4. Used To Profile and Discriminate In The Job World

Just about everyone has a social media account the shows what
they look like, the type of life that they live, and how old they are. Employers
are using this to their advantages is some very unsettling ways. Jobs that are
looking for a certain criteria of person, but cannot legally express these
criteria, are using social media to prescreen their applicants

5. The Addiction Is Real

One of the biggest problems with the social media craze is that people
are becoming more and more addicted to using it. It is the number one time
waster at work, in school, and at home. All of this has caused people to have
literal withdraws from their social networks.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA & SOCIAL NETWORK

Social Media

Social media is the media (content) that you upload -- whether that's a
blog, video, slideshow, podcast, newsletter or an eBook. Consider social
media as a one-to-many communication method. Although people can
respond and comment, you own the content and have to produce
(write/record/create) the media yourself.

Social Networks

Once you decide what media you are going to use, begin with social
networking sites like Facebook and Twitter to engage with your audience.
Having a Facebook business page for you and your brand is essential
because, as you know, people on Facebook read books and will tell their
friends and colleagues about your book.