Demonstration Project File

PHYSICS

Submitted by: - ROHIT KUMAR HOODA

Class: - XII – A
Roll No.:-
 CERTIFICATE
 This is to certify that ROHIT KUMAR HOODA of
class XII – A has successfully completed the
given task of demonstration project file for the
academic year 2011-2012 and submitted to
Mrs. Anjana (PGT.PHYSICS)

Subject teacher’s sign.

Invigilator’s sign. Principal’s sign.

Demonstration Experiment 1:
AIM: To study the dependence of diffraction pattern on
different factors.

APPARATUS: Screen, iron standing uprights, slits, laser

light, uprights with optical bench.

THEORY:
In diffraction of a single of width ‘a’ the
conditions required for maxima & minima are as
follows.

 For maxima:-
A sin θ = (2n-1) λ/2
 For minima:-
A sin θ = n λ
Fringe width obtained in a single slit for secondary
maxima.
β = D λ/a

 For central minima:-

β =2D λ/a
 METHOD
SR. ACTIVITY QUES. ANS
NO CONCLUSION
PERFORMED ASKED
(I)Laser light is selected Why do we It is a mono- For good
to be used. use laser chromatic diffraction
lights? light of Pattern mono-
1. coherent chromatic&
particles coherent
forming source is
beam. required.

Teacher formed the two Why do we Since it has Blades joined

blades to be used as a use blade? sharp edges & can be used as
Slit. Thus, slits.
2. condition of
diffraction is
fulfilled.

Diffraction pattern is What do we Diffraction Fringe is

obtained on the screen. observe? pattern is obtained on
obtained on screen with
3. screen. central maxima
of maximum
intensity.
 Slit width changed: How does the Fringe width Distance
(i) width increased: pattern decreases. between fringe
change? is inversely
proportional to
‘a’.

(ii)slit width is decreased: What is the Fringe width Fringe is

effect on increases & its increases
4. fringe width? intensity proportional
What is effect decreases. to ‘a’
on the βα1/a
brightness of Iαa
fringe?

(iii) Increasing the What on the Fringe width βαD

distance D. screen pattern decreases.
change?

RESULT
From above demonstration experiment we conclude that if slit
width is comparable to wavelength of light used diffraction
pattern is obtained.

According to the formula for fringe width,

 β = D λ/d

We conclude,

(a) βαD

(b) β α λ

(c) β α 1/d

Diffraction pattern due to single slit:

PRECAUTIONS:-
(i) Experiment should be performed in dark room.

(ii) Alignment of slit, source of light & screen must be

proper.
Demonstration Experiment 2:
AIM:-To study the detailed behavior of logic gates.

APPARATUS: (i) ideal p-n junction. (ii) Battery. (iii) Bulb.

(v) Wire.

THEORY:
Logic gates are digital circuit that produces a single output
voltage from a combination of two or more input voltage.

The level of that output voltage depends upon the level of the
input voltage level of 5v & 0v.

In logic gates, the 5v is refereed as”1”and the 0v is refereed

as”0”.

Various input combination of “1”and”0”produced different

output, according to a logic gate truth table. In this way output
is displayed.
OR GATE:
Represented by ‘+’sign.

Operations:-

 Case 1:

When both A & B are connected to earth, both the diodes do

not conduct and therefore no voltage develops across
resistance. Hence the output y is 0.

 Case 2:

When A is connected to earth& B is connected to positive

terminal of battery 5v, the junction diode does not conduct
while other conduct being forward biased. As we have taken
therefore, the output y will be 1.

 Case 3:

When A is connected to positive terminal of battery & B to

earth, the first diode will conduct while the other does not, so A
will be forward biased. No voltage drop takes place.
Therefore, the output y will be 1.

 Case 4:

When A and B are connected to positive terminal of battery 5v

both the diodes being forward biased, they will conduct .since
diode are ideal & connected in parallel, the voltage drop across
resistance cannot exceeds 5v.

Hence output y will be 1.

 Circuit diagram:-
  Truth Table for OR gate:-

In OR GATE:

The output of an OR gate assumes 1-if one or more input

assume 1. The truth table of OR gate which combine the input
A&B to given output y.

Off - > 0

On - > 1

The input is introduced through the switch A & B.

The lighting of the bulbs is the output.

Here we find that the bulb glows when lither switch A is closed
or B is closed or both the switches are closed the bulb remains
off only when both the switches A and B are open.
 NOT GATE:-
REPRESENTED BY: ‘~’

OPERATIONS:-

 CASE 1:

When A is earthed the base of the transits or also get earthed.

Now, base emitter junction is not forward biased but base-
collector junction is reversed biased. As the emitter current is
zero, the base current is also zero. Under these conditions the
transistor is said to be in cut off mode and voltage will be +5v
w.r.t earth due to battery in collector circuit.

Hence the output y is 1.

 CASE 2:

When A is connect to positive terminal of battery 5v the base-

emitter junction gets forward biased. There will be emitter
current, base current and collector current. The value of
resistance is so adjusted, a lager collector current flows. In this
situation, the transistor is said to have gone to situation state.
The voltage drop across resistance due to forward biasing of
emitter is just equal to 5v.

Therefore, the output y is o.

 Circuit diagram for NOT gate:

 Truth table:
NOT GATE:

The output of a NOT gate is 1 if input is 0 and vice versa.

Off - > 1

On -> 0

In this gate, off corresponds to 0 and on corresponding to 1. The

input is introduced through the switch A. the lighting of the
blubs glows only when switch A is open or off and blub does not
glow when switch A is close.

 AND GATE:
REPRESENTED BY ‘.’

OPERATIONS:-

 CASE 1:

When both A&B are connected to earth, both the diode get
forward biased & hence conduct. The diodes being ideal, no
voltage drop take place across either diode. Therefore a voltage
drops of 5v thus the output y is 0.

 CASE 2:

When A is earthed and B is connected to positive terminal of

battery 5v, the first diode will conduct while the second dose
not since diode are ideal, no voltage drop of 5v take place
across resistance now the output y is 0.

 CASE 3:

When A is connected to positive terminal of battery 5v, B is

connected to earth. The first diode will not conduct while the
second will conduct. Since diodes are ideal, no voltage drop of
5v takes place across resistance.

Now the output y is 0 (zero).

 Case 4:
When A & B both are connected to positive terminal of
the battery 5v, none of the diode will conduct. There will
no current through resistance.

Hence the output is 1.

  Circuit diagram:-

 Truth table:-

In AND gate:
The output of an AND gate assume 1 only if all the inputs
assume the inputs assume 1. The truth table of AND gate which
combines the inputs A & B to give output y is represented by:

Y=A.B

OFF-> 0
ON-> 1

The inputs are introduced through the switches A & B. The

lighting of the bulb is the output.

Here we find that the bulb glows only when both the switches A
& B are closed. The bulb remains off when either switch A or
switch B or both are open.

 NAND GATE:
This gate is made by connecting the output of AND gate to the
input of a NOT gate.

Represented by (A.B)’

The truth table of NAND gate can be obtained by logically using

the truth table of AND & NOT gates.

 Truth table for NAND gate:

 NOR gate:-
This gate is made by connecting the output of NOT
gate & OR gate.

Represented by- (A+B)’

The truth table of NOR gate can be obtained by logically using

the truth table of OR and NOT gates.
  Truth table for NOR gate:-

Result:-
The output of the logic gates follows the truth table of
gates.

Precautions:-
 Connections should be clean & neat.
 Connections should be tight.