COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXPRIMENT NO. 1
PCM ENCODING

ELECTIVE 2: WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS - LAB

WEDNESDAY/ 12:00 PM-3:00PM /ROOM 116

SUBMITTED BY:
GAERLAN, MAC RONALD
BSECE-V

INSTRUCTOR:
ENGR. EDISON BENGCO

DATE: AUGUST 14, 2019

RATING
I. Theory
The input to the PCM ENCODER module is an analog message. This must be
constrained to a defined bandwidth and amplitude range. The maximum
allowable message bandwidth will depend upon the sampling rate to be
used. The Nyquist criterion must be observed.
The amplitude range must be held within the ± 2.0 volts range of the TIMS
ANALOG REFERENCE LEVEL. This is in keeping with the input amplitude
limits set for all analog modules.
A step-by-step description of the operation of the module follows:
 the module is driven by an external TTL clock.
 the input analog message is sampled periodically. The sample rate is
determined by the external clock.
 the sampling is a sample-and-hold operation. It is internal to the module,
and cannot be viewed by the user . What is held is the amplitude of the
analog message at the sampling instant.
 each sample amplitude is compared with a finite set of amplitude levels.
These are distributed (uniformly, for linear sampling) within the range ±
2.0 volts (the TIMS ANALOG REFERENCE LEVEL). These are the system
quantizing levels.
 each quantizing level is assigned a number, starting from zero for the
lowest (most negative) level, with the highest number being (L-1), where L
is the available number of levels.
 each sample is assigned a digital (binary) code word representing the
number associated with the quantizing level which is closest to the sample
amplitude. The number of bits ‘n’ in the digital code word will depend
upon the number of quantizing levels. In fact, n = lo2(L).
 the code word is assembled into a time frame together with other bits as
may be required (described below). In the TIMS PCM ENCODER (and
many commercial systems) a single extra bit is added, in the least
significant bit position. This is alternately a one or a zero. These bits are
used by subsequent decoders for frame synchronization.
 the frames are transmitted serially. They are transmitted at the same rate
as the samples are taken. The serial bit stream appears at the output of the
module.
 also available from the module is a synchronizing signal FS (‘frame
synch’). This signals the end of each data frame.
II. Objective
To understand the operation theory of pulse coded modulation. We need to
know that PCM is a system for converting analog of 0’s and 1’s. the
conversion process is called encoding.

III. List of Materials and Figures

1 set of PC with DATEx software
1 set of DATEx board trainer
1 set of connecting wires

IV. Laboratory Procedure and Data results

1. Turn on the NI ELVIS II Power switch on.
2. Turn on the PC and let it boot-up.
3. Launch and run NI ELVIS II.
4. Adjust the function generators for a 10kHz output.
5. Launch the DATEx soft front panel.
6. Activate the PCM encoder module and set its soft mode.
7. Launch and run NI ELVIS II Oscilloscope VI.

8. Set the scope.

9. Set the scope timebase.
10. Connect the scope channel 1 input to the PCM encoder.
 11. Draw the waveform two scale.
12. Launch and run the NI ELVIS II Variable Power Supplies VI.
13. Set the Variable Power Supplies two outputs to 0V.
14. Modify the set-up

15. Determine the code on the PCM encoder module’s output.

Table 1

PCM Encoder’s output code PCM Encoder’s input voltage

00000000 2.365

Table 2

PCM Encoder’s output code PCM Encoder’s input voltage

11111111 2.585

V. Test Questions
1. Why does the PCM Encoder module output this code of 0V DC and not
00000000?
 - 11110102, because of the frequency output’s presence.
2. What happens to the Binary number as the input voltage increases in the
direction?
- Increases
3. What happens to the binary number as the input voltage increases in the
positive direction?
- Increases
4. Based on the information in the Table 1& 2. What is the maximum
allowable peak to peak voltage for an AC signal on the PCM encoder
module’s input?
- 4.950 Vpp
5. Calculate the difference between the PCM encoder module’s quantization
level by subtracting the values in table 1&2 and dividing the number by
256?
5.0
- 2.7 – (-2.5) = 2.56 = 20.31 x 10-3

VI. Observation
I observed that encoding is the process of representing the sampled values as
binary number ranged 0 to n. The vaue of n is chosen as a power of 2 ,
depending on the accuracy required. Increasing n reduces the step size
between adjacent and quantization levels hence reduces the noise as well. In
addition, the amount of digital data required representing analogue signal
increases.

VII. Conclusion
I conclude that the digitalization of analog signal is done by the encoder. It
designate each quantized level by a binary code. The sampling done here is
the sample and hold process. These three sections such as LPF, sampler and
quantizer will act as an analog to digital converter. Thus, encoding minimizes
the bandwidth used.