SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
Course Title: Telecommunication Engineering Sessional
Course Code: EEE 4526

Experiment No- 05
Study of PCM Modulator and Demodulator

Objectives:
1. To understand the operation theory of Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM).
2. To understand PCM modulation circuit.
3. To understand PCM demodulation circuit.
4. Measurement and observation of modulated and demodulated waveform.

Equipments:
1. PCM Module
2. Oscilloscope
3. Function Generator
4. Wires and Leads
Theory:
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) is a kind of source coding. The meaning of source is the
conversion from analog signal to digital signal. After conversion to digital signal it is easy to
process, encode, filter, regenerate, store, and transmit. PCM modulation is commonly used in audio
and telephone transmission. The block diagram of PCM modulation is shown below:-

At the beginning, a LPF is placed to remove unwanted noisy signal from the audio signal. Then
the analog audio signal is sampled at greater than the Nyquist rate (FS>2W). In this stage the
signal becomes discrete signal in time domain but amplitude is still continuous.
Then this discrete signal passes through a
quantizer to make amplitude discrete. The
quantized values are then encoded into bit
sequence to obtain the digital signal. At
time of quantization deviation presents in
the quantization level from the actual
analog signal, as a result error occurs. This
error depends on the number of bit or
quantization level. If the bits for PCM is 3,
then the quantization levels is 23=8; if the
bits is 4, quantization levels is 24=16. The
increasing number of bits of PCM modulation will prevent the signal from distortion with the cost of
increasing bandwidth.
PCM Modulator Module Diagram:

PCM Modulator Module Description:

In the module, at the beginning a second order low pass filter is used to remove unwanted signal.
Then it is passed to the IC CW6694 through the resistor R5. This IC contains the sampler,
quantizer and encoder. Master clock is the operation frequency of the system which is 2048 kHz. The
sampling frequency is used 8 kHz which is obtained by using the master clock in divide by 256.
The FS0 (pin 5) and FS1 (pin 7) are the data format selection of PCM modulator. Here, FS0 is
connected to the ground. So, when FS1=0, 8 bit µ-Law and when
FS1=1, 8 bit A-Law non-uniform quantization is performed . Then the output bit stream is passed
through a buffer before transmission.
Procedure:
1. Let J1 short circuit (FS1=0) and give an input 250 mV amplitude and 500 Hz sine wave
frequency to the input terminal (I/P).
2. Observe the output from TP4 (master clock, 2.048 MHz) and TP5 (sampling clock, 8 kHz)
using Oscilloscope.
3. Observe the output form TP1, TP2, and TP3 in Oscilloscope.
4. Connect TP5 and TP6 with Oscilloscope Channel-1 and Channel-2 respectively. Observe
the bit stream of sampled analog audio signal.
5. Observe the PCM O/P using Oscilloscope.
6. Let J2 be the short circuited (FS1=1) and repeat the steps from 2-5.
PCM Demultiplexer Module Diagram:

PCM Demultiplexer Module Description:

In the module, at the beginning a buffer is used. IC CW6694 will decode the input PCM signal at
sampling frequency (8 kHz ~ 0.125 ms), then the decoded quantization value will be sent to the low-
pass filter. Then the reconstructed output signal will be found.
Procedure:
1. Let J1 be the short circuit in both PCM modulator and demodulator module. Connect the
PCM O/P from PCM modulator module with the PCM I/P of PCM demodulator.
2. Observe the output form TP4 and Audio O/P.
 3. Let J2 be the short circuited in both module block. Observe the output form Audio TP4 and
O/P.
Questions:
1. Draw the block diagram and corresponding time domain signal of PCM modulator.
2. What is the advantage of digital signal over analog signal?
3. What is SNR? How SNR can be improved in PCM modulation technique.

Prepared by:

- Md. Pabel Sikder

Faculty Member of EEE Department
School of Science & Engineering
Canadian University of Bangladesh