Circuit Elements

Circuit Elements

Circuit
Elements

Active Passive
Elements Elements

Independent Dependent
Sources Sources
Symbol for independent voltage sources: Symbol for independent
(a) used for time-varying voltage current source.
(b) used for constant voltage (dc)

Symbols for dependent Symbols for dependent

voltage source current source
There are four possible types of dependent sources:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Example
Example: Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element in
the following figure:

Solution:
According to the sign convention for power,
P1 = 20 (−5) = −100 W Supplied power
P2 = 12 (5) = 60 W Absorbed power
P3 = 8 (6) = 48 W Absorbed power
For P4, the voltage is 8V, the same as the voltage for P3.
P4 = 8 (−0.2I) = 8 (−0.2 × 5) = −8 W Supplied power
We should observe that the 20-V independent voltage source and 0.2I
dependent current source are supplying power to the rest of the network,
while the two passive elements are absorbing power. Also,
P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = −100 + 60 + 48 − 8 = 0
That is, the total power supplied equals the total power absorbed.
Example : Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component
of the circuit

Solution:

P1 = 5 x (-8) = -40 W Power supplied

P2 = 2 x 8 = 16 W Power absorbed
P3 = 3 x (0.6 x 5) = 9 W Power absorbed
P4 = 3 x 5 = 15 W Power absorbed

Power supplied = Power absorbed

Example : The following figure shows a circuit with five elements. If P1 = −205
W, P2 = 60 W, P4 = 45 W, P5 = 30 W, calculate the power P3 received or delivered
by element 3.

Solution:

Σ P = 0 → P1 + P2 + P4 + P5 + P3 = 0
-205 + 60 + 45 + 30 + P3 = 0
P3 = 205 – 135 = 70 W
Thus element 3 receives 70 W.
Example : Find the power absorbed by each of the elements in the
given figure.

Solution:

P1 = 30 (-10) = -300 W
P2 = 10 (10) = 100 W
P3 = 20 (14) = 280 W
P4 = 8 (-4) = -32 W
P5 = 12 (-4) = -48 W
Example : Determine Io in the circuit of the given figure.

Solution:

Since Σ P = 0
-20 × 5 + 20 × Io + 12 x 3 + 8 x 3 = 0
-100 + 20 x Io + 36 + 24 = 0
Or, 20 Io = 100 – 60 = 40
Therefore, Io = 2 A
Example : Find Vo in the circuit of the given figure.

Solution:

Since Σ P = 0
-30×6 + 6×12 + 3Vo + 28 + 28×2 - 3×10 = 0
72 + 84 + 3Vo = 210
Or, 3Vo = 54
Vo = 18 V