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Population A well defined collection of objects of interest

Census Availability of desired information about all of the objects in a

population.

Sample A selected subset of objects from the population.

Variable Any characteristic who value might change from one object to
another object in the population.
Also known as feature or attribute.

Categorical variable: Value is a “Category” or “name”. Also known as

nominal variable.
Numeric variable: Value is a number.

Data results from make observations on single variable or simultaneously

on two or more variables.

Observations made on a single variable results in univariate dataset.

Observations made on more than one variable results in multivariate

dataset. A special case is bivariate dataset which contains observations on
two variables.

Branches of statistics

Descriptive statistics contains methods which an investigator can use to

summarize and describe the important features of data.

Graphical summary methods include - histograms, boxplots, scatterplots.

Numerical summary methords include - mean, mode, median, standard

deviation.

Inferential statistics contains methods which can be used to infer

something about the population based on the sample.

Probability vs Statstics

Probability is about finding the characteristics of a sample from well

understood population. Deductive reasoning.

Inferential statistics is about finding (or inferring) the characteristics of the

population based on the understanding of the sample. Inductive reasoning

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