Impregnation is a method of catalyst preparation that involves contacting a solid

with a solution containing the components to be deposited on the surface (Haber, J; Block

J.H. & Delmon, B., 1995). The method involves three steps: (1) soaking the solid with the

impregnating solution for a specified period of time, (2) removal of the liquid from the

solids through drying and (3) catalyst activation through calcination, reduction or other

needed treatment (Perego, C; Villa P.; 1997).

During the impregnation method, many different processes take place at different

rates. Some of the processes are the selective adsorption of species by either coulomb

force, van der Waals forces or H-bonds; ion exchange between the charged surface and

the electrolyte; polymerization or depolymerization of the species attached to the surface;

and partial dissolution of the surface of the solid.

Impregnation can be done through soaking the solid to be modified in an excess

solution. After soaking, the liquid is separated through evaporation or draining. The

amount of active element disposed is never quantitative. The amount of deposition

depends on the solid to liquid ratio. As deposition is slow, the process may require several

hours or days. The distribution of the species is well controlled through the excess solution

impregnation method and high dispersion is obtained. The method works best if ion and

solid interactions are involved (Haber, J; Block J.H. & Delmon, B., 1995).
Scope and Delimitations

This study is restricted only in the analysis of the CO2 uptake of GRZP that can help reduce the

CO2 present in the atmosphere. The study tests the capability of the GRZP to reduce CO2 via

adsorption and carbonation on zeolite and gypsum, respectively.

The study focuses on the pore and surface analysis of the GRZP for the properties that

are a prerequisite in the CO2 uptake. Also, involves the mass ratio variation of zeolite and gypsum

composition of the GRZP for the said process. Carbon capture is simulated and thus measured

using the thermogravimetric method (TGA) for the combined mechanisms of CO 2 uptake for the

composite. Through TGA, it shows the amount of CO2 adsorbed per mass of composite at

constant temperature. The TGA is not done to test the degradation of the composite itself, for

which its thermal stability has already been previously established (Munoz-Boado & Caldona,

2017).

There are different types of air pollutants; volatile organic compounds (VOCs),

carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SOx), particulate matter

(PM), and lead. This research focuses on the ability of zeolite to lessen NOx emission via

SCR.

Zeolites are natural minerals that are mined in many parts of the world, while most

of the ones used commercially are produced synthetically. There are currently around 40

types of naturally occurring zeolites found in nature (Auerbach et al, 2003). The natural

zeolites used in this study are a combination mainly of HEU and MOR, they are obtained

from SAILE Industries in Mangatarem, Pangasinan.

Preparation of catalyst is as very important stage because it affects the activity of

the catalyst during SCR reactions. Copper-zeolites, especially Cu-ZSM-5, are being
studied to use them as NOx removal catalysts (Broeke & Saleh, 2014). This study uses

wet ion-exchange to modify the zeolite.

This study is focused on improving the adsorption and carbonation capabilities of gypsum-zeolite

composite by impregnation of K2CO3.