SYSTEM OF PARTICLES

AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

CLASS XI
Centre of Mass and Centre of Gravity Rotational Motion Axis Axis
R
l The centre of gravity of a body coincides with l Perpendicular distance of each particle
its centre of mass only if the gravitational field remains constant from a fixed line or R
does not vary from one point of the body to point and particle do not move parallel
other. to the line. I = MR2

l Mathematically, l Angular displacement, q =

Angular velocity, w =
Axis Axis
w For discrete body, Angular acceleration, a =

l Equations of rotational motion L R L

w w = w0 + at R

w q = w0t + at 2
w For continuous body,
w w 2 = w02 + 2aq
Axis Axis
l Centre of mass of symmetric body l Torque : Turning effect of the force
about the axis of rotation. R1
w Semi-circular ring, L
R2
l Angular momentum,
w Semi-circular disc, l Work done by torque, W = tdq
l Power, P = tw
Axis Axis

Motion of Centre of Mass Moment of Inertia 2R 2R

l For a system of particles l For a rigid body,

z Spherical shell Solid sphere
y
w Position, l Perpendicular axes theorem :
Iz = Ix + Iy x
(Object is in x-y plane )
w Velocity, Axis Axis
A R
w Acceleration, l Parallel axes theorem :
b
IAB = ICM + Md 2 CM
d a
= 0, then = constant. 2
w If I = MR /2
B

Conservation of Angular Momentum Equilibrium of a Rigid Body Rolling Motion

l If the net external torque acting on a system
is zero, the angular momentum of the
system remains constant, no matter what
changes take place within the system.
= constant; I1w1 = I2w2
(for isolated system)
l A rigid body is said to be in mechanical l For a body rolling without slipping,
equilibrium, if both of its linear momentum velocity of centre of mass
and angular momentum are not changing with
vCM = Rw
time, i.e., total force and total torque are zero.
l Linear momentum does not change implies Kinetic energy,
the condition for the translational equilibrium K = Ktranslational + Krotational
of the body and angular momentum does
not change implies the condition for the =
rotational equilibrium of the body.
 GRAVITATION
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57

 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS
CLASS XI
Young’s modulus RELATION BETWEEN Y, B, G AND s APPLICATION OF ELASTICITY
Bulk modulus, l Y = 3B(1 –2s) l Y = 2G(1 +s) Designing beams for bridges
The depression in rectangular
l l

beam,
Compressibility, k = 1/B
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY l

HOOKE’S LAW
Modulus of rigidity
Stress µ Strain P.E. stored per unit volume of stretched wire,
or Stress = E ´ Strain,
(E = modulus of elasticity)

Poisson’s ratio
s
ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY
STRESS AND STRAIN Elasticity : Ability of a body to regain
l
PROPERTIES its original shape, on removing
OF deforming force.
Plasticity : The inability of a body to
l
SOLIDS regain its original size and shape on
the removal of the deforming forces.

VISCOSITY PROPERTIES OF SURFACE TENSION

Coefficient of viscosity:
FLUIDS Surface tension: The property by
where is the velocity FLUIDS FLUIDS which the free surface of liquid at rest
IN AT tends to have minimum surface area.
gradient between two Surface energy: Work done against
layers of liquid. MOTION REST
the force of surface tension in
forming the liquid surface.
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
Bernoulli’s theorem : For the streamline CAPILLARITY
flow of an ideal liquid, the total energy per PRESSURE The phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid
unit volume remains constant Pascal’s law in a capillary tube is called capillarity.
The pressure is same at all points Height of the liquid within capillary tube
Where, q = angle of contact
inside the liquid lying at the same r = density of liquid
depth in a horizontal plane. a = radius of tube
Stoke’s law : Backward Gauge pressure = P – P0 = hrg.
Basic
dragging force on a In an air bubble
results on ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE Excess
spherical body, F = 6 phrv.
viscosity When a body is immersed fully or Pressure
Poiseuille’s formula partly in a liquid at rest, it loses Inside a soap bubble
some of its weight, which is equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced
Reynold’s number : Determines by the immersed part of the body. Inside a liquid drop
nature of fluid flow Apparent weight
(For fully immersed body)
0 1
273
 SHM IN SPRING FORCE LAW IN SHM GENERAL EQUATIONS OF SHM

DAMPED AND FORCED OSCILLATIONS

SIMPLE PENDULUM ENERGY IN SHM

ELECTRIC FLUX
 ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Magnetic Energy
l Energy stored in an inductor,
l Energy stored in the solenoid,
l Magnetic energy density,
Lenz's Law
l The direction of the induced
current is such that it opposes
the change that has produced it.
l If a current is induced by an
increasing(decreasing) flux, it
will weaken (strengthen) the
original flux.
l It is a consequence of the law of
conservation of energy.
Energy Consideration
in Motional emf
l Emf in the wire, e = Bvl
l Induced current,
l Force exerted on the wire,
I converted into electrical
B
l × v F
R
l Power required to move the
wire,
It is dissipated as Joule’s heat.
CLASS XII
Combination of Inductors
l Inductors in series, L–R Circuit
l Inductors in parallel, l Current growth in L–R
circuit
l If coils are far away, then M = 0.
So, l Current decay in L–R circuit,
Here,
Inductance
l Emf induced in the coil/conductor,
l Coefficient of self induction,
l Self inductance of a long solenoid,
l Mutual inductance,
Induced Electric
l Mutual inductance of two long coaxial solenoids, Field
l It is produced by change in
magnetic field in a region. This
is non-conservative in nature.
l Coefficient of coupling,
For perfect coupling, k = 1 so,
l This is also known as integral
form of Faraday’s law.
Magnetic Flux and Faraday's Law
l Magnetic flux
l Faraday’s law : Whenever magnetic flux linked with a coil
changes, an emf is induced in the coil.
w Induced emf,
w Induced current,
w Induced charge flow ,
Electric Generator
l Mechanical energ y is
energy by virtue of electro-
magnetic induction.
Motional emf l Induced emf,
l On a straight conducting wire, e = Bvl e = NABw sinwt = e0sinwt
l On a rotating conducting wire about one end, l Induced current,
Here, are perpendicular to each other.
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 RAY OPTICS AND
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
CLASS XII
Deviation P
APPLICATIONS OF TIR of red light(dR) A POWER OF LENSES
ligh
t Deviation of (i– r1) (e– r 2)
w Fiber optics communication ible N1 d N2
Vis R violet light (dV)
i e Power of lens :
w Medical endoscopy O
Y F r1 q r2 G f
G
w Periscope (Using prism) Angular B
E N
H Combination of lenses:
I
w Sparkling of diamond spread V Q Power: P = P1 + P2 – dP1P2
Screen R
(d = small separation between the
REFRACTION THROUGH PRISM lenses)
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Relation between m and dm For d = 0 (lenses in contact)
TIR conditions Power: P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...
where,
w Light must travel from denser to rarer. dm = angle of minimum
deviation
w Incident angle i > critical angle ic A = angle of prism THIN SPHERICAL LENS
Relation between m and ic:
Thin lens formula :
or d = m – 1 A (Prism of small angle) f
Angular dispersion Magnification:
REFRACTION OF LIGHT = dV – dR = mV – mR A
Dispersive power,
Snell’s law: When light travels from medium a
to medium b, REFRACTION BY SPHERICAL SURFACE
Refractive index, Relation between object distance (u), image
Mean deviation,
distance (v) and refractive index (m)
(Holds for
any curved
Real and apparent depth spherical
Lens maker’s formula surface.)

f
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL
According to the laws of reflection,
Ði = Ðr
RAY OPTICS MIRRORS
If a plane mirror is rotated by an Mirror formula,
f
angle q, the reflected rays rotates by
an angle 2q. Magnification, m =
OPTICAL
SIMPLE MICROSCOPE INSTRUMENTS COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Magnifying power Magnifying power, M = mo × me
For final image is formed at D For final image formed at D (least
(least distance) distance)
f f f
For final image formed at infinity
For final image formed at infinity

f TELESCOPE f f
Astronomical telescope
For final image formed at D (least
REFLECTING TELESCOPE TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE
f f
Magnifying power distance) f
f For normal adjustment
f f
In normal adjustment, image formed Distance between objective and
f f at infinity M = fo / fe eyepiece d = fo + 4f + fe
Electron orbits and their energy

A. Fission

B. Fusion
 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

BIASING CHARACTERSTICS

APPLICATIONS OF DIODE

APPLICATIONS OF TRANSISTOR

CE(n-p-n) Amplifier