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Investigatoy Project On Application of Biotechnology PDF
Investigatoy Project On Application of Biotechnology PDF
Senior
Secondary School
Investigatory
Project
On
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED TO:
Subhag Singh Mr.
Sandeep Kulshesthra
XII Sci. B
(H.O.D Biology)
Aknowledgement
I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge
my depth to all those who have helped me to put these ideas, well
above the level of simplicity and into something concrete.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my biology
teacher, Mr. Sandeep Kulshesthra as well as our Principal Mrs. Nidhi
Bhatia who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic “Applications of Biotechnology”, which also helped
me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things. I am really thankful to them.
Any attempt at any level can’t be satisfactorily completed without the
support and guidance of my Parents and Friends who helped me a lot
in gathering different information, collecting data and guiding me from
time to time in making this project, despite of their busy schedules, they
gave me different ideas in making this project unique. I am thankful to
them too.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge...
Thanking you
Subhag Singh
XII Sci. B
Certificate
This is to certify that SUBHAG SINGH of class
XII SCI.B of GYAN DEEP SHIKSHA BHARATI
has successfully completed the investigatory
project on the topic “APPLICATIONS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY” under the guidance of
MR. SANDEEP KULSHESTHRA (H.O.D.
Biology) during the session 2015-16 in the
partial fulfilment of Biology Practical
Examination conducted by CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (AISSCE).
___________________
___________________
Mr. Sandeep Kulshesthra External
Examiner
(H.O.D Biology) (C.B.S.E)
Introduction
What is Biotechnology?
History
Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently
altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new
environments and breeding them with other plants - one of the first
forms of biotechnology.
These processes also were included in early fermentation of beer.
In brewing, malted grains (containing enzymes) convert starch from
grains into sugar and then adding
specific yeasts to produce beer. In
this process, carbohydrates in the
grains were broken down into
alcohols such as ethanol. Later
other cultures produced the
process of lactic acid
fermentation which allowed the
fermentation and preservation of
other forms of food, such as soy
sauce. Fermentation was also
used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the
process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur's
work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food
source into another form.
Plants and crops with GM traits have been tested more than any other
crops—with no credible evidence of harm to humans or animals. In fact,
seeds with GM traits have been tested more than any other crops in the
history of agriculture – with no credible evidence of harm to humans or
animals.
Bt toxin
A protein that is toxic to chewing insects and is produced by the soil
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and has long been used as a biological
pesticide. By means of genetic engineering, the genes for Bt toxin can
be isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and transferred to plants.
The Bt toxin dissolve in the high pH insect gut and become active. The
toxins then attack the gut cells of the insect, punching holes in the
lining. The Bt spores spills out of the gut and germinate in the insect
causing death within a couple days.
Even though the toxin does not kill the insect immediately, treated plant
parts will not be damaged because the insect stops feeding within
hours. Bt spores do not spread to other insects or cause disease
outbreaks on their own.
1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores.
Bt Cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) cotton variety,
which produces an insecticide to bollworm. Strains of the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produce over 200 different Bt toxins,
each harmful to different insects. Most notably,
Bt toxins are insecticidal to the larvae of moths
and butterflies, beetles, cotton bollworms and
ghtu flies but are harmless to other forms of life.
The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted
into cotton as a transgene, causing it to produce
this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many
regions, the main pests in commercial cotton
are lepidopteran larvae, which are killed by the
Bt protein in thegenetically modified cotton they
eat. This eliminates the need to use large
amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests. This
spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further
contributes to non insecticide pest management.
Mechanism:
Advantages:
Bt cotton has several advantages over non Bt cotton. The important
advantages of Bt cotton are briefly :
No health hazards
due to rare use of
insecticides.
Disadvantages:
Bt cotton has some limitations
Bt cotton in India:
India approved Bt cotton in 2002; now it accounts for 92% of all Indian
cotton. Average nationwide cotton yields went from 302 kg/ha in the
2002/3 season to a projected 481 kg/ha in 2011/12 — up 59.3% overall.
This chart shows the trends in yields, which took off after Bt was
introduced in 2002. The graphs also show that — and here comes ugly
fact— in the last 4 years, as Bt has risen from 67% to 92% of India’s
cotton, yields have dropped steadily.
Biotechnology in
Medicine
Genetically Engineered Insulin (Humulin)
Insulin is a peptide hormone produced
by beta cells in the pancreas of various
organisms including human beings. It
regulates
the metabolism of carbohydrates an
d fats by promoting the absorption
of glucose from the blood to skeletal
muscles and fat tissue and by causing
fat to be stored rather than used for energy. Insulin also inhibits the
production of glucose by the liver.
Structure:
The original form of the wonder cure for diabetes, these were once the
only type of insulin available, but are now rarely used. Animal insulin
was originally made
from ground-up
animal pancreas
tissue, and then later
was extracted from
healthy animals
(slaughtered pigs &
cows). The
metabolism of cows and pigs was close enough to human metabolism
that their animal insulin also worked well in human bodies. Beef insulin
has 3 differences from human; pork insulin has 1 difference from
human. The use of a mixture of beef and pork insulin was also possible.
It has been shown that human insulin is less immunogenic than animal
insulin. Porcine insulin is most similar to human insulin. The primary
amino acid sequences of bovine and porcine insulin differ from that of
human insulin by three and one amino acid, respectively. This greater
dissimilarity between human and bovine insulin has been postulated to
be the explanation for the greater antigenicity of bovine insulin as
compared with porcine insulin
One of the problems with animal insulin was antibody issues. The
body identifies them and tries to reject them. Pork insulin differs by 1
amino acid and beef insulin by 3 amino acids, so the body's immune
system can sometimes recognize them as foreign. Immunological
complications of insulin therapy have been evident since animal insulin
became available for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in 1922. In
insulin-allergic patients treated with conventional insulin preparations,
the insulin-specific IgE values are often 10- to 20-fold higher than in
patients without allergy. It has been shown that human insulin is less
immunogenic than animal insulin. Porcine
insulin is most similar to human insulin. Cross-
reactivity between human insulin and insulin
of animal origin has been reported. A major
problem is the cross-reactivity that occurs
between anti-insulin antibodies and the
various animal and human insulin preparations
in patients presenting with allergy to animal
insulin.
What is “Proinsulin”?
Humulin:
3. The vector plasmids with the insulin gene are then introduced into
the E. coli bacterial cell. These cells are then allowed to replicate
by mitosis, along with the bacterial cell recombinant plasmid also
gets replicated producing the human insulin.
Humulin is the one and only human protein produced in the bacteria
with identical chemical structure to that of the natural human insulin.
Administration of humulin reduces the possibility of antibody production
and inflammatory response
in diabetic patients. Major
difficulty is the extraction of
humulin from a mixture of
host proteins present in the
fermentation broth.
Now most of the diabetic patients are treated with synthetic human
insulin. Small group of patients claim that episodes of hyperglycaemic
complications have been increased after shifting from animal origin
insulin to humulin. No study till date shows the difference between the
frequency of hyperglycaemic complications in patient using humulin
(synthetic human insulin) and animal origin insulin.
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into
a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease. Gene therapy is an
experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In
the future, this technique
may allow doctors to treat a
disorder by inserting a gene
into a patient’s cells instead
of using drugs or surgery.
Researchers are testing
several approaches to gene
therapy, including:
Replacing a mutated
gene that causes
disease with a healthy
copy of the gene.
The first attempt, albeit an unsuccessful one, at gene therapy (as well
as the first case of medical transfer of foreign genes into humans not
counting organ transplantation) was performed by Martin Cline on 10
July 1980. Cline claimed that one of the genes in his patients was active
six months later, though he never published this data or had it
verified and even if he is correct, it's unlikely it produced any significant
beneficial effects treating beta-thalassemia.
gene therapy
Conclusion
Biotechnology is the new wonder of science. It is truly multidisciplinary
in nature and it encompasses several disciplines of basic sciences and
engineering. The Science disciplines from which biotechnology draws
heavily are microbiology, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, molecular
biology, immunology, cell and tissue culture and physiology. On the
engineering side it leans heavily on process chemical and biochemical
engineering since large scale cultivation of microorganisms and cells,
their downstream processing are based on them. It comes to us as a
great blessing...
Biotechnology utilizes the technique called genetic engineering or
recombinant DNA technology where a microorganism is isolated; its
genetic material is cut, manipulated, sealed, again inserted in an
organism and allowed to grow in a suitable environment under
controlled conditions to get the desired product. It looks easy but is a
very tedious job and it takes years for a research to achieve its goal.
Like every other thing, biotechnology too has some harmful
impacts:
1. Genetic engineering is a very vital part of biotechnology and the
cost of transferring genes from one species to another is very
expensive, which requires a huge amount of capital investment.
The cost of producing genetically- modified plants and
animals are sky- rocketing and the duration of return are also
not predictable.
2. Genetic engineering crosses boundaries of reproduction by
crossing genes of species that are completely unrelated; hence
giving rise to hazardous results as well as also increasing the risk
of harming multiple species.
3. When genetic material from certain viruses is used in the
production of transgenic crops, there are chances that these virus
genes will combine with crop genes to produce more destructive
viruses. The consumption of such crops is hazardous to human
health and can cause several life- threatening ailments. It can also
result in cancer, often malignant as well.
4. Biotechnology also poses a number of environmental threats.
Genetically modifies crops often infect monarch butteries and
other insect species.
Bibliography
http://en.wikipedia.org/biotechnology
http://en.wikipedia.org/insulin
http://www.genewatch.org/sub-568238
http://en.wikipedia.org/humulin
http://www.biotecharticles.com/Others-Article/Human-
Insulin-and-Recombinant-DNA-Technology-70.html
https://isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/34/default.
asp
http://www.sciencedirect.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_deaminase_deficie
ncy
http://www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/animal-insulin.html
Biology textbook (N.C.E.R.T) Class 12th
Contents
Introduction
History
Biotechnology in Agriculture
Genetically Modified Crops
RNA Interference (RNAi)
Bt toxin
Bt cotton
Biotechnology in Medicine
Genetically engineered insulin
(Humulin)
Gene therapy
Conclusion
Bibliography