Name: _____________Key_____________________ Class: _____ Date: ________

General Biology Midterm Exam Review Guide

Part I: Important Vocabulary

Term Definition
1 Polymer Large molecule composed of many repeated subunits (monomers)

2 Monomer A molecule that when combined with other monomers, forms large macromolecules or polymers
A substance that causes a chemical reaction to occur more quickly without being used up in the
3 Catalyst
reaction.
4 Enzyme Biological catalyst

5 Glucose Sugar produced during photosynthesis, a monosaccharide

6 Organic Molecules that contain carbon

Large storage vacuole found in plant cells and some protists that functions in storage of foods
7 Central Vacuole
produced.
8 Glycoprotein Special proteins found in the cell membrane that function in cell recognition.
Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Their role is to provide energy and also serve as
9 Glycolipid
markers for cellular recognition
10 Endocytosis A substance gains entry into the cell without passage through the cell membrane
A process of cellular secretion or excretion in which substances contained in vesicles are
11 Exocytosis
discharged from the cell
12 Pinocytosis A form of endocytosis that involves bringing a liquid into the cell

13 Phagocytosis A form of endocytosis that involves bringing a solid into the cell

14 Hypertonic A solution that contains more solute than solvent ( a cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink)
A solution that contains more solvent than solute ( a cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell or
15 Hypotonic
burst)
A solution that has an equal ratio of solute to solvent (a cell placed in an isotonic solution will remain
16 Isotonic
the same)
17 Selectively Permeable A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but not others

18 Active site The part of the enzyme at which catalysis of the substrate occurs.
Either of the two daughter strands of a replicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and
19 Chromatid
separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes.
ATP (adenosine
20 Energy storage molecule that stores chemical energy for living organisms
triphosphate)
Attracted to water or water loving ( in the cell membrane, the phospholipid head of the molecule is
21 Hydrophilic
attracted to water)
22 Hydrophobic Repelled by water or water hating (in the cell membrane the phospholipid tails are repelled by water

23 Aerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen. This is most efficient

24 Anaerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen, this is not very efficient and can damage cells.
The green pigment of plants and photosynthetic algae and bacteria that traps the energy of sunlight
25 Chlorophyll
for photosynthesis
Part II: Short Answer

1) Explain what is happening in the following graph with regard to enzyme function.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____This graph is a measure of the enzyme activity as a function of temperature. It is showing that optimal temperature
for the turnip enzyme occurs at about 45 degrees celsius.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
What is the independent (manipulated) variable on this graph? ___temperature________________________________
What is the dependent (responding) variable? ________enzyme activity____________________________________
2) Biomolecules: Complete the following table:

Monomer/building blocks Functions

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Energy, storage, structure

High energy, energy storage, waterproofing, insulation,

Lipid Fatty acids & glycerol
protection
Energy, transport, biochemical control, structure, movement,
Protein Amino acids
immunity

Nucleic Acid nucleotides Control of heredity, protein synthesis

3) Please label the following diagram using the terms (enzyme, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, product) Some terms
can be used more than once. Next, in the space below provide a description of the process that is occurring in your own
words.
Substrate Enzyme- Substrate
Complex
products

Enzyme Enzyme

___The reaction starts out with an enzyme and a substrate. The enzyme then combines with the substrate to form the enzyme
substrate complex. The enzyme catalyzes the reaction and then separates from the two products that
result.___________________________________________________________________________________________________
 4) _Temperature______ and ___pH__________ are the two factors that influence the functioning of an enzyme. If they are
not optimal they can cause the enzyme to stop working or work less effectively.
5) Cellular Transport: Complete the following Table

Transport Diagram Description of Process

Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to an

Diffusion area of low concentration. Molecules move WITH the
concentration gradient.

Osmosis Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Molecules move across the cell membrane WITH the

Passive Transport concentration gradient. This requires no energy and can result
from molecules travelling through protein channels.

Molecules move AGAINST the concentration gradient. The

Active Transport
process requires energy and can require carrier proteins.

The movement of large quantities of substances as a result of

Bulk Transport the cell (plasma) membrane folding around and then releasing
into or out of the cell.

Endocytosis Bulk transport into the cell

Exocytosis Bulk transport out of the cell

Pinocytosis Bulk transport of fluids across cell membrane

Phagocytosis Bulk transport of solids across cell membrane

6) Cellular Structure: Complete the following table

Organelle Drawing or Description Function

Plasma Membrane Maintain cell shape, control what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus Control center of the cell

Nucleolus Synthesize (produce) ribosomes

Nuclear Membrane
Protect the nucleus and regulate what enters and leaves.
(envelope)

Vacuole Provide storage for the cell

Contains digestive enzymes used for digestion and waste

Lysosome
disposal in the cell

Rough Endoplasmic With ribosomes attached this organelle is responsible for

Reticulum (Rough ER) transporting newly synthesized proteins throughout the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic With no ribosomes attached this organelle is responsible for

Reticulum (Smooth transporting carbohydrates, lipids and sometimes waste
ER) products.

Golgi Body (Complex

Responsible for packaging and secreting substances
or apparatus)
 they serve as the "backbone" of the cell, and also have a role
Microtubule
in cell locomotion, mitosis, and also in cell transport.

They work with microtubules to form the structure that allows a cell
Microfilament
to hold its shape, move itself, and move its organelles.

Mitochondrion Site of cellular respiration in plants

Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis in plants.

Cell Wall Rigid outer structure found in plant, bacteria and fungal cells.

Flagella Long whip-like projection that is used for motion.

Cilia Short hair-like projections that are used for movement.

Centriole either of two rodlike bodies in most animal cells that form the
(centrosome) poles of the spindle during mitosis

7) Cell Cycle: Complete the following table

Stage Diagram Description

G1 (Interphase) Growth, all regular cell activities, centrioles replicate

S (Interphase) DNA Replication

All other organelles, except the nucleus replicate, final growth and
G2 (Interphase)
activity before mitosis

Nuclear envelope disappears, DNA shortens and thickens, centrioles

Prophase (Mitosis)
move to the poles

Metaphase (Mitosis) Chromosomes line up at the center

Anaphase (Mitosis) Chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase (Mitosis) Nuclear envelope reappears, spindle fibers disappear

Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division, cells divide into two identical daughter cells

8) What is the end result of Mitosis? _________2 diploid (2n) daughter cells_________________________________

9) Meiosis: Complete the following table

Stage Diagram/Drawing Description

Nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers appear, centrioles move

Prophase I
to the poles, crossing over occurs.
Metaphase I Tetrads line up along center of cell.

Tetrad chromosomes begin to move to the poles with half moving to

Anaphase I
each side.

Nuclear envelope reappears, centrioles move back to position near

Telophase I
nucleus.

First cytoplasmic division in meiosis. This can be unequal for females

in the process of oogenesis where the egg gets all of the cytoplasm
Interkinesis
and the first polar body gets none. In spermatogenesis, the division of
the cytoplasm is equal.

In Prophase II the DNA that remains in the cell begins to condense and
Prophase II form short chromosomes. Each chromosome pair has a centromere.
The centrioles also begin their journey to opposite sides of the cell.

In Metaphase II all of the chromosomes line up along the center of the

Metaphase II
cell and the centrioles are in position for the duplication.

the chromosomes split and move to opposite sides of the cell. Each
Anaphase II one splits into two pieces. They don't divide up the DNA between the
new cells; they split the DNA that exists

Telophase II shows the DNA completely pulled to the sides and

Telophase II
the cell membranebegins to pinch.

Cytokinesis The final cytoplasmic division in meiosis that results in 4 haploid cells.

10) Describe the process of crossing over. Two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material
11) During which phase of Meiosis does crossing over occur? ________prophase 1 of meiosis 1_____________
12) What is the significance of the process of crossing over? ____Provides increased genetic variation which ensures that no
two organisms are ever identical._______________________________________
13) What is the end result of Meiosis? __4 haploid cells_____________________________________________
14) What is spermatogenesis, what is the end result of this process? Meiosis that occurs in male organisms. The end result is 4
haploid sperm cells (pollen in plants)
15) What is oogenesis, what is the end result of this process? Meiosis that occurs in female organisms. The end result is 4
haploid cells which are 3 polar bodies (which end up disintegrating) and 1 egg that contains all of the cytoplasm.
16) Why is Meiosis important for the survival of species? Meiosis is reduction division, so chromosome number is reduced(n or
haploid) to ensure that appropriate chromosome number (2n or diploid) be restored at fertilization.
17) Compare and Contrast Meiosis and Mitosis by completing the following Venn Diagram.

Mitosis Both Meiosis

1 division, result 2 diploid Essential to Reduction division, 2 sets of

daughter cells with
chromosome number identical
to parents. Involves 1 parent
and little or no genetic
variation.
reproduction divisions, end product 4 haploid
cells, number of chromosomes
Involve prophase, in daughter cells are ½ of
metaphase, anaphase & parent, results in genetic
telophase variability.

18) What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? _________________________________________________

chlorophyll

_____6CO2 +6H20 + sunlight ------------- C6H12O6 + 6O2______

Reactants Products

19) Label the reactants and the products in the above equation.

20) What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration (metabolism) ____________________________________

_____C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------- _6CO2 +6H20 + ATP________________________________

Reactants Products

21) Label the reactants and the products in the above equation.

22) What gas would be the end result of the process of photosynthesis? _______oxygen______________________

23) What gas would be the end result of cellular respiration? ________carbon dioxide______________________

*Study Tips:
1. clear a space to study, without distractions.
2. use this study guide to guide you, look at a chapter per night, use highlighters (colors)
3. look at old papers to refresh your memory of information, highlight information (colors)
4. study with a friend, “teach to each other”, quiz each other
5. draw diagrams or graphic organizers of information, look at pictures
6. DO NOT wait until the night before, cramming information WILL NOT help you!