Surveying Part 2

Chapter-2
Direct Measurement
Indirect Measurement
Method of linear measurement
Taping corrections
Optical measurement
Tachometry
EDM Measurement
3/12/2018 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 1
2 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018
Methods
 There are 3 methods of making linear measurements.
 1- Direct Method.
 2- Optical Method.
 3- E.D.M Method.

Taping Corrections
 Incorrect length
 Slope
 Temperature
 Sag
 Stretch

Slope
 Trigonometry
Horizontal: h = s*cos()
s
v
 Calculation 
h
C  sh
v 2  s 2  h 2  ( s  h)( s  h)
v2 v2
C 
s  h 2s
Slope Example
s
 If s = 300.00’ v

 = 5°
h
 h = 300 cos(5) = 298.86’
 v = 300 sin(5) = 26.15’
 If you had measured v = 26.15’
 CS = v2/2S = 26.152/600.00 = 1.14’
 h = v – CS = 300.00 – 1.14 = 298.86’

Temperature
Ct  k (T  Ts )( L)
k  .0000065 /  F
 .0000116 / C
Ct  .0000065(T  Ts )( L)

Temperature Example
 Tape calibrated to 100.00’ at 68°F
 Determine Dist AB = 368.50’ at 22°F
 Calculate true distance
 CT = .0000065(22-68)(368.50) = -0.11’
 True Dist AB = 368.50 - 0.11 = 368.39’

Sag and Tension
2 3 2
wL W L
Cs   2

24 P 24 P 2
0.204W AE
P
( P  Ps ) L P  Ps
Cp 
AE W = 2.8, A = 0.015, PS = 12
ESteel  29,000,000 psi Trial and error -> P = 31 lb
If P = 18-lb, PS = 12-lb, L = 100’, A = 0.015 in2,

CP = (18–12)100/(0.015*29,000,000) = 0.0014’
Taping Precision
1/2500 - Poor
1/5000 - Average
1/10,000 - Good

Stadia is a tacheometric form of distance measurement that relies
on a fixed-angle intercept while tacheometry is the procedure
by which horizontal distances and difference in elevations are
determined indirectly using subtended intervals and angles
observed with a transit or theodolite on a graduated rod or scale.

From the previous figure,

Example: HORIZONTAL SIGHTS

Solution:

Inclined Stadia Sights

55
Enhanced Projection on the Rod
Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018
Example: INCLINED SIGHTS

Measuring an angle
 Horizontal angles: use level,

transit, or theodolite
 Vertical angle: use transit or

theodolite
 Either: Both: Principles of Surveying.

2nd ed. C. A. Herubin, 1978
- graduated circles
or
- digital readout

Angles: readability
 Horizontal & vertical circles

typically graduated to 1o for
construction grade
instruments, 5’ or better for
survey instruments
 Vernier improves resolution Principles of Surveying. 2nd ed. C. A. Herubin, 1978
by 10x or better
 Digital readouts to 5”
or better

Electronic Distance Measurement
 Optical: uses parallax.
Inexpensive but error
≥ 1%
 Ultrasonic: mid-priced.
Accuracy ~ 0.1%
 Laser: moderate to very

expensive. Accuracy 1 ppt or
better

Measuring elevations
 Known as “leveling”
 Uses a level (optical or laser)

& a rod
 All measurements are

relative (to a starting
elevation)
 Height of instrument
Both: Elements of Surveying. U. S. Army, TM 5-232, 1971

Optical vs. laser leveling
 Optical leveling requires 2 workers
 Laser leveling can be done alone,

but easiest when rod is equipped
with autodetector (high/low/on
signals)
Top: Principles of Surveying. 2nd ed. C. A. Herubin, 1978

Bottom: Topcon web site

Putting it together
Two ways of mapping a region:

 Traversing – used to locate
specific features
 Triangulation – used to
establish a control network
over a region
Both: Elements of Surveying.

U. S. Army, TM 5-232, 1971
Types of traverses
Allowable “misclosure”
 First order, Class I:

- 4 mm in 1 km
- 127 mm in 1000 km
 Third order:
- 12 mm in 1 km
- 380 mm in 1000 km
 Land surveys: ???
Both: Elements of Surveying.

U. S. Army, TM 5-232, 1971
The total station
 Combines theodolite, EDM, data

logger & surveying software
 Log ~ 8000 points, download data

to computer
 Why doesn’t ES have one???

Topcon web site
Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM): is an instrument
that transmits a carrier signal of electromagnetic energy from its
position to a receiver located at another position
 Quick and precise measurements.
 Save time and money
 Automatically display direct readout measurements.
 Mistakes are reduced
 EDM instruments are combined with digital theodolites and
microprocessors to produce total station instruments.
 Precise taping is one of the most difficult and painstaking of all surveying
tasks.

Basic Instruments
 An electronic distance-measuring devise
 A reflector consists of several prisms mounted on a tripod
From EDM
To EDM
Measuring unit or
transmitter
Reflector

Types of EDMs
Based on the wavelengths of the electromagnetic energy which they
transmit, there are two types of EDMs.
1. Electro-optical instruments:
• transmit light in short wavelengths of about 0.4 to 1.2 µm.
(laser and infrared)
• This light is visible or just above the visible (laser and infrared).
• Almost all short-range EDMs for measuring up to a few miles
are of the infrared type.
• Laser type are visible
2. Microwave instruments:
• Transmit long wavelengths of about 10 to 100 µm.
• The waves penetrate through fog or rain
• More affected by humidity than are the light-wave instruments.

Wavelength
a) Longer wavelength
b) Shorter wavelength

Principles of electronic distance measurement
 Distance are observed electronically by determine the
number of full and partial waves.
 Knowing the precise length of the wave, the distance can be
determined.

procedure for measuring
1. The EDM device is set up, centred , and levelled at one end
of the line.
2. The prism assembly is placed at the other end of the line
3. The telescope is sighted toward the prism and the power is
turned on.
4. The instrument transmits a signal to the reflector.
5. The reflector returns the signal to the receiver, so it its
travel path is double the distance.
6. The EDM device determines the number of waves in the
double path, multiplied by the wavelength, and divided by 2
to obtain the distance.

 Some fractional part of the wavelength would in general be
expected, therefore the distance between the EDM instrument and
reflector is expressed as:
n  p
L
2
Where L distance between the EDM and the reflector.
λ is the wave length
n is the number of full wavelength
p the length of the fractional part.
•The fractional length is determine by the EDM instrument from measurement
of phase angle of the returned signal.
λ
λ/2
0.375λ
180o
360o
0o 135o
90o 270o
One cycle
86
A wave Alfraihat
Dr.Ahmad length of electromagnetic energy illustrating phase angle 3/12/2018
Example:
Assume that a wavelength is precisely 20.000m. Assume also
that the number of full waves is 9 and phase angle of the
returned signal is 115.7o determine the length of the
distance being measured.
n  p
L
2
Length p would be (115.7/360) x 20.000 =6.428 m
920.000  6.428
L  93.214 m
Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat
2 3/12/2018
87
Errors in the EDM measurements
1. Personal errors
 Not Setting the instrument or reflector exactly over the point.
 Not measuring the instrument height and weather conditions
perfectly.
2. Natural errors
 Variation in temperature, humidity, and pressure.
 For electro-optical instruments, correction for humidity can be
neglected.
 Snow, fog, rain, and dust affect the visibility factor for EDMs.
3. Instrumental Errors
 Very small if the equipment has been carefully adjusted and
calibrated.

Surveying Part 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Surveying Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter-2

8 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

31 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

34 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

35 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

36 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

If P = 18-lb, PS = 12-lb, L = 100’, A = 0.015 in2,

41 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

49 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

51 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

52 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

53 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

54 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

59 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

 Horizontal angles: use level,

 Vertical angle: use transit or

 Either: Both: Principles of Surveying.

68 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

 Horizontal & vertical circles

 Vernier improves resolution Principles of Surveying. 2nd ed. C. A. Herubin, 1978

69 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

 Laser: moderate to very

72 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

 Uses a level (optical or laser)

 All measurements are

Both: Elements of Surveying. U. S. Army, TM 5-232, 1971

 Optical leveling requires 2 workers

 Laser leveling can be done alone,

Top: Principles of Surveying. 2nd ed. C. A. Herubin, 1978

74 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

Two ways of mapping a region:

Both: Elements of Surveying.

 First order, Class I:

 Land surveys: ???

Both: Elements of Surveying.

 Combines theodolite, EDM, data

 Log ~ 8000 points, download data

 Why doesn’t ES have one???

77 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

78 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

79 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

80 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

81 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

83 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

84 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

88 Dr.Ahmad Alfraihat 3/12/2018

You might also like