A

PRESENTATION
ON
WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
TAKEN
AT
PWD, GANGAPUR CITY (SWM)

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Himanshu Singh Sitaram Meena
(HOD, Deptt OF CE ) (12EJJCE099)
 I. INTRODUCTION

• Provision of adequate drainage is an essential part of

pavement design.
– Protection of pavement structure
– Improves road safety
• Can be categorically studied in three parts:
1. Surface Drainage
• Drainage on the adjoining land and roadway
surface
• Side Drainage and Cross Drainage
2. Sub-surface Drainage
 I. INTRODUCTION
• Effects of water on the pavement
structure
• Presence of moisture causes:
o reduction in the stability of the soil mass.
o considerable variation in volume of subgrade in clayey
soils.
o Waves and corrugations failure in flexible pavements.
o Stripping failure in flexible pavements.
o Mud pumping failure in rigid pavements.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• Can be divided into three phases:

i. Estimation of the quantity of water that can
reach any element of the system.
ii. Hydraulic design of each element of the
system.
iii. Comparison of alternative systems and
materials
• Criteria-Lowest annual cost alternative
 II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

1 . Rainfall Intensity
• Runoff is obtained by considering expected sever
storm.
 Return period of 5 , 1 0 , 2 0 , 2 5 , 5 0 , and 1 0 0
years
• Quantity of runoff depends on intensity and duration.
• Duration= Time of Concentration
• The time required for water from the remotest place
to reach a specific point on the drainage system.
• =T1+T2
• T 1 = over land flow time
• T 2 = time of flow in the longitudinal drain
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Source: ERA Manual, 2 0 0 2

II. DESIGN OF SURFACE
DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

Source: ERA Manual, 2 0 0 2

 II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

2 . Computation of Runoff
• Rain water expelled from the road surface
i. Infiltration
ii. Runoff
iii. Evaporation- insignificant
• Infiltration depends on:
• Type and gradation of soil
• Soil covers, moisture content of the soil
• Presence of impervious layers near the surface.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• Infiltration contd.
• Rate of infiltration on bare soil is less than on a
turfed soil.
• Frozen soil is impervious
• Rate of infiltration is assumed to be constant
during any specific design storm.
• Runoff depends on:
• Nature of the ground, degree of saturation, and
slope of the surface
• Rate of runoff greater on smooth surfaces.
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• Rational Formula- accurate way of estimating

runoff up to areas of 0 . 5 km2

Q  0.00278 CIA
C 1 A1  C 2 A 2
C  • If the water shade
A1 A 2
is made up of
different surfaces
• = runoff (m3/sec)
• C =coefficient, representing ratio of runoff to rainfall
• I = intensity of rainfall (mm/hr) for a duration equal to the time
of concentration
• A = catchment area tributary to the design location, ha
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• t c =distance/velocity
of flow
• t c is then used to
determine the rainfall
intensity (I)
II. DESIGN OF SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

• This chart can also

be alternatively used
to determine c .
 III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• THE MANNING’S FORMULA
• Once the quantity of runoff is known, the design of
ditches and similar structures is based on the
principles of open channel flow.
• Mannings’s formula assumes steady flow in a
uniform channel.
1 2/3 1/2
V  R S QV A
n
Where:
• V = mean velocity (m/sec)
• R = hydraulic radius (m)= Area/wetted perimeter
• S = s l o p e of the channel (m/m)
• n=Manning’s roughness coefficient
 III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS

• The Manning’s Formula

III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS

• Capacity of a Trapezoidal Channel

III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS

• Examples:
1 . The maximum quantity of water expected in one of the
open longitudinal drains on clayey soil is 0 . 9
m3/sec. Design the cross section and longitudinal
slope of trapezoidal drain assuming the bottom
width of the trapezoidal section to be 1 . 0 m and
cross slopes to be 1V:1.5H. The allowable velocity
of flow in the drain is 1 . 2 m/sec and Manning’s
roughness coefficient is 0 . 0 2 .
III. DESIGN OF SIDE DITCHES AND OPEN
CHANNELS
• Examples:
2 . The surface water from road s ide is drained to the
longitudinal side drain from across one half a bituminous
pavement surface of total width 7 . 0 m, shoulder and adjoining
land of width 8 . 0 m one side of the drain. On the other side of
the longitudinal drain, water flows across from reserved land
with grass and 2 % cross slope towards the side drain, the
width of this strip of land being 2 5 m. The run off coefficients
of the pavement, shoulder and reserve land with grass surface
are 0 . 8 , 0 . 2 5 , and 0 3 5 respectively. The length of the
stretch of land parallel to the road from where water is
expected to flow to the side drain is about 4 0 0 m. Estimate
the quantity of run-off flowing in the drain assuming 2 5 years
period of frequency.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1. Lowering of Water Table
• Highest level of water table should be below the
subgrade.
• Practically 1 . 0 to 1 . 2 m below subgrade
• Relatively permeable soil-
• Longitudinal drains are mainly used
• Impermeable soils-
• Transverse drains may be necessary in addition
to longitudinal drains
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
1 . Lowering of Water Table

Fig. Symmetrical longitudinal drains used to lower the

groundwater table and to collect water infiltrating the
pavement.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
• Lowering of Water Table

Longitudinal
Drain

Transverse
Drains

Fig. Lowering of water table using

Transverse Drains (Plan View)
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2. Seepage Control
• If seepage zone is at a depth less than
0 . 6 to 0 . 9 m below subgrade level,
• Use longitudinal pipe drain in
trench with filter material to
intercept the seepage flow.
• This phenomenon can be
explained using figures.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . Seepage Control

Fig. Longitudinal interceptor drain used to cut off

seepage and lower the groundwater table.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
 2 . Seepage Control
 Groundwater seeps through the slope where the
water table intersects the land slope, and
 Groundwater flows beneath the pavement while
also entering the pavement foundation materials.

Fig. (A) Illustration of ground water flow along a sloping

impervious layer toward a roadway.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . Seepage Control

Fig. (B) Illustration of interceptor drain on the drawdown of

the groundwater table.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
2 . Seepage Control

Fig. Longitudinal collector drain used to remove

water seeping into the pavement structural
section.
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
3. Control of Capillary Rise
• Capillary rise can be controlled by
 Using a layer of granular material of suitable thickness.
 Using a layer of impermeable capillary cutoff.
 Capillary water should not rise above the thickness of the
granular layer

Granular material

Capillary rise

Highest water

Fig. Gtraabnleularcapillary
cutoff
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
3. Control of Capillary Rise
• Bituminous layer or other geo-textiles can be used
as an impermeable layer.

Impermeable layer

Capillary rise

Highest water table

Fig. Impermeable layer capillary cutoff
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4. Design of Filter Material
• Proper filter material should be used for:
 Subsurface drainage system and backfilling the
drainage trenches and
 Criteria:
 Permeability and Piping
D15 offilter
5 Permeability criteria
D15 of foundation

D 15 of filter
5 Piping criteria
D 85 of foundation
 IV. SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE
4. Design of Filter Material
 D P =size of perforation in drain pipe
 D 8 5 Filter = 2D P
10
0
80
○ 2D P The area between
the two red curves
60 Foundation represents the
soil filler material.
Filter
Percent

40
passing

Material
20
5D 8 ○ ○55 D1
0. 5
0 1. 1.0 0. 0.0 0.00
0 Particle siz1e (mm), l1og scale 1
Fig. Design of Filter Material
• R EFERENCES :
1. Highway Engineering, 7 th Ed. Paul H. Wright and Karen
K. Dixon. Wiley (2004)
2. Highway Engineering, 8 th Ed. S.K. Khanna and C.E.G.
Justo. (2001)
THANK YOU!