Course outline

1. Introduction
2. Preliminary treatment
3. coagulation & flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
6. Disinfection
7. Miscellaneous treatments

2) Met clef & Eddy, wastewater treatment and reuse, 4th edition
 Objectives of water treatment
• The principal objectives of water treatment is to provide potable
water that is chemically and biologically safe for human
consumption. It should also be free from unpleasant tastes and
odours.
• Water treatment objectives is to produce both “potable” and
“palatable”
• Potable- water that can be consumed in any desired amount without
concern for adverse health effects. Potable does not necessarily mean that
the water taste is good.
• Palatable – it is a water that is pleasing to drink but not necessarily safe.

• Water treatment aims at producing water that satisfies a set of

drinking water quality standards at a reasonable price to the
consumers
• Removal of solids (dissolved or suspended) from water. Some of
the dissolved solids should stay at healthy concentration.
Contaminants in drinking water
Quality of untreated water and treatment
methods for water
 Water classification by sources

Surface water sources Ground water sources

•Streams •wells
•Lakes and reservoirs •Galleries
•Springs

Saline water
Sea water Brackish water
Surface water sources •Well water high in TDS
•Rapid changes in water quality as a result of salt water
•Water quality changes during heavy rain intrusion
•Require flexible and reliable treatment
processes Lakes and reservoirs
•Seasonal changes in water
quality: thermal
 Thermal stratification
•Heat transfer in reservoirs and lakes is
controlled by thermal stratification
phenomenon
•Thermal stratification is the change in
the temperature profile of within a lake
system
Surface water contaminants
• Variable composition
• Low mineral content
• Dissolved solids present
• Turbidity and suspended solids
• Colour
• Taste and odour
• Organic matter
• Dissolved gases
• Low hardness
• Iron and manganese
• Pathogenic organism
 Sources water contaminants & treatment technologies used
contaminant source Treatment
Turbidity • Inorganic solid such as clay, silt and Screening
and other soil constituents Coagulation/
suspended flocculation/sedimentation/
matter filtration
colour • Organic debris such as leaves • Coagulation/
• Tannin. Humic acid, humates derived flocculation/sedimentatio
from the decomposition of plant n/ filtration
matter • adsorption
• Suspended matter
Taste and • Nonvolaitle organic metabolic • Chemical oxidation
odour products of blue green algae (commonly ozonaton)
• Dissolved gasses (H2S) prior to coagulation
• Some volaitile organic chemicals • Adsorption
• aeration
 Sources water contaminants & treatment technologies used
contaminant source Treatment
Organic From natural sources: decay products of • Chemical oxidation
matter organic solids, decaying plant parts ozonization followed by
From human activities: wastewater coag./flocc./sedimentation/f
discharges, agricultural activities iltration
• adsorption
hardness Contact of water with mineral deposits • Chemical precipitation
(water softening)
• For low rate (ion
exchange)
Dissolved • From atmosphere (CO2) • Aeration
gasses • From decomposition of organic
matter
Pathogenic • Sewage effluents • disinfection
organisms
Heavy • Industrial discharge • Chemical precipitation
metals • Ion exchange
 Sources water contaminants & treatment technologies used
contaminan source Treatment
t
Iron and • Soluble iron (Fe2+) and • Chemical oxidation
Manganese manganese (Mn2+) (ozonization/precipitation/fil
• Released from the sediments tration)
depending the presence of • Ion exchange
chemicals and condition of water
bodies
 Treatment Methods for water

Chemical unit
Physical unit operations (processes)
operations

Physical unit operations

Treatment operations in which Chemical unit operations (processes)
the treatment is brought Treatment processes that treatment of
through the application of contaminants is done by addition of
physical forces chemicals or chemical reactions.
Examples: Examples:
•Screening •Chemical precipitation
•Aeration •coagulation
•Sedimentation •disinfection
 Conventional Surface Water Treatment

Raw water
Screening Filtration
sludge sludge
Alum
Rapid Mix Cl2 Disinfection
Polymers

Flocculation Storage

Sedimentation Distribution
sludge
Flow diagram for the treatment of turbid surface water
with organics
Ground water sources
• Relatively constant in quality from season to season

• May be highly variable in quality from one well location to another

due to changes in hydrogeological conditions

• Superior in quality with respect to surface water

• Low in (bacteriological content, turbidity, total organic

concentration) due to natural filtration

• Mineral content (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn) may be inferior

• Trace concentration of organic chemicals (E.g. pesticides,

herbicides, solvents)

• Location of landfills, buried underground storage tanks etc. should

be part of ground water quality evaluation
Ground water contaminants
• Constant composition
• High mineral content
• Low turbidity
• Low colour
Ground water & treatment technologies
• Low or no dissolved solids
• Iron and manganese Iron and • Aeration for Fe(2+) oxidation
Manganese • To Fe(2+) in some extent
• Dissolved gases • Chemical oxidation for complete
• High hardness (Calcium & oxidation of Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Mn(2+),
manganese) Mn(4+)
• Volatile organics Dissolved • aeration
• Non volatile organics gases
hardness • Chemical precipitation (water
softening for high flow rates)
• Ion exchange
• Nano filtration
Volatile gasses • Air stripping
Non-volatile • adsorption
organics
Flow diagrams for the treatment of
groundwater contaminated with volatile &
non-volatile organic compounds
Brackish and saline waters
• Considerable interest to desalinate because of increasing water
consumption and depletion of existing water sources

• Cost of potable water production from saline water >> treating

fresh water

Brackish and saline waters

• May be economical where adequate freshwater is not available
• Treatment techniques used:
• Evaporators
• Ion exchange
• Electrodialysis
• Reverse osmosis
Water quality guidelines and standards
Comparison of standards
Ethiopia
GUIDE TO SELECTION OF WATER and wastewater TREATMENT
PROCESSES

Important factors that must be considered when

evaluating and selecting unit operations and
processes
Guidance for a minimum equipment and
process reliability for water treatment
• End