You are on page 1of 36

CHAPTER 3

IN TR
ODU
CT I O
N TO
PROC TR EA
ESSE TME
S NT

By :Zerihun Getaneh
AAiT , School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Objectives of Treatment
 Removal of: dissolved mineral matters, settleable suspended matter and
non‐ settleable colloidal impurities
 To improve the aesthetic quality ‐‐ taste and odor

 To kill the troublesome bacteria.

 Making the water non‐corrosive, suitable for industrial processing, and


recreational uses.
 Softening of water for use in domestic washing laundries and boilers
Treatment Process

 Surface water supplies generally require more extensive treatment than


ground water supplies do.
 The amount of treatment required depends on the:

 Quantity and quality of raw water, and

 Required standards of purified water


Water Classification by Source

Ground Surface

• Constant composition • Varying composition


• Low mineralization
• High mineralization
• High turbidity
• Little turbidity
• Color
• Low or no color • Microorganisms present
• Bacteriological safe • Dissolved oxygen
• Low hardness
• No dissolved oxygen
• Tastes and odors
• High hardness
• Possible chemical toxicity
• H2S, Fe, Mn
Water Classification by Source

Ground Surface

Deep well shallow well Lake reservoir river

Comparison of Classification of Surface Water

Source Turbidity Color Average Alum


(NTU) (Pt – Co units) dose(mg/l)
Reservoir 11 18 16
Lake 16 28 22
river 26 44 29
Water Treatment Methods

Unit operations and Unit processes


 Water treatment plants utilize many treatment processes to
produce water of a desired quality.
 These processes fall into two broad divisions:-
A) Unit operations: (UO)
 Removal of contaminants is achieved by physical forces such
as gravity and screening.
B) Unit processes (UP)
 Removal is achieved by chemical and biological reactions.
Water Treatment Methods

Most common treatment methods


Coagulation and flocculation (UP)
 Softening (UP)
 Reverse osmosis RO (UP)
 electrodialysis (UP)
 ion exchange (UP)
 adsorption (UO)
 Precipitation (UP)
 disinfection (UP)
 sedimentation (UO)
 filtration (UO)
Water Treatment Methods

Unit treatment Function (removal)


Aeration, chemicals use Color, odor, taste
Screening Floating matter
Chemical methods Iron, Manganese etc
Softening Hardness
Sedimentation Suspended matter
Coagulation Suspended matter, a part of colloidal matter and
bacteria
Filtration Remaining colloidal dissolved matter, bacteria
disinfection Pathogenic bacteria, organic matter and reducing
substances
Treatment process vs
contaminant size
Treatment system

 The most common type of treatment of surface water includes


clarification and disinfection
 Clarification is usually accomplished by a combination of coagulation-
floculation, sedimentation, and filtration
 The most common method for disinfection used is chlorination

Conventional
StepAtobrief description ofWater
Conventional unit process
Treatment
Screening
 is retention of a substance by a screen that has a mesh size
smaller than the substance to be retained
Objectives:
 Removal of coarse solids (pieces of woods, plastics, papers,
rags, leaves, roots, etc.)
 Protection of pump, valves, pipe lines, impellers
Classification Based on:
 Opening size: Coarse, Medium, Fine( 5-15cm ,in between,5 -20mm)
 Configuration: Bar screens, Mesh screens
 Cleaning Method: Manual, Mechanical, Raked, Water jet
 Screen surface: Fixed, Moving
The most commonly used bar type screen
Pre-chlorination
 Injecting Cl2, high dosage (2-5 mg/L)
 Avoided in waters with good quality (ground water)
Role of Pre-chlorination
 Oxidation of Fe and Mn - Precipitation
 Kills algae and bacteria (long period of contact time)
 Reduces color and odor problem
 It is not applicable because it is uneconomical
Aeration
 Is the immediate exposure of water and air
 Aeration follows screening and (optional) pre-chlorination and
proceeds coagulation
 Like pre-chlorination ,aeration is an optional procedure used
when problematic components exist in the raw water
 Aeration removes or modifies the constituents of water using
two methods:
 scrubbing action and
oxidation
4Fe+2 + O2 + 10H2O  4Fe(OH)3 + 8H+
Cascade aerator
Coagulation and Flocculation
 Substance that are removed during the process include bacteria , algae ,
viruses , fungi , minerals , and man made chemical pollutants
Sedimentation
 Is a treatment process in which the velocity of the water is lowered
below the suspension velocity and the suspended particles settle out of
the water due to gravity
Filtration
 convection of a water stream through a porus media with the intent to

retain suspended particles within the media


Adsorption
 the attachment of a molecule to an adsorption site provide by an
internal surface of an adsorbent material. Example activated carbon

The filter process operates based on two principles,


1.Mechanical straining
2.Physical adsorption
Biological Treatment
Biological treatment: A reaction between an organic molecule
and a microorganism

2
Disinfection
Inactivation of microorganisms
Treatment process selection

 Water treatment process is a complex task


 Circumstances are likely to be different for each water utility and
perhaps
may be different for each source used by one utility
 Factors that should be included in decisions on water treatment processes
include:
Contaminant removal
 Source water quality
Reliability
 Existing conditions
 Process flexibility
Utility capabilities
Costs
Environmental compatibility
Distribution system water quality
Issues of process scale
Treatment process selection

Treatment required for different sources


Source Treatment required
Ground water and spring fairly free No treatment or chlorination
from contamination
Ground water with chemicals, Aeration, coagulation (if necessary) filtration,
minerals and gases and disinfection
Lakes, surface water reservoirs Disinfection
with less amount of pollution

Other surface waters, such as Complete treatment


rivers, canals and impounded
reservoirs with a considerable
amount of pollution
Location of treatment plant

 It is preferable to locate the plant as near as possible to the area of


distribution, to avoid the risk of water getting contaminated in transit
 If the source is at the lower elevation than the distribution area, the plant
may be locate near the source
 In very large cities, small disinfection units may be installed, scattered over
the city, to guard against possible contamination during conveyance
 Varies units of the plant should be located in a proper sequence, to insure
that water flows by gravity from unit to unit without pumping
The treatment layout should be compact, so that less space and less piping
is required
There should be sufficient space for future expansion
Location of treatment plant

 Provision must be made at the plant for a store and laboratory and shelter
for the working personnel
 The plant should made as hygienic as possible
 The plant must be provided with essential services such as approach
roads, power supply and telephone facilities
Preliminary treatment processes

 Pumping and containment ‐ appropriate materials and constructed to


avoid accidental contamination.
 Screening ‐ remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash and other
large particles.
 Storage ‐ natural biological purification and equalization
 Pre‐conditioning – remove hardness
 Pre‐chlorination ‐ minimize growth of fouling organisms on the
pipe‐work and tanks
 pH adjustment
Plant Layout

 All the unit processes in the correct sequence.

 All the major pipe connections with flow directions.


 All the chemicals that are to be used and the application points of each.
 All the major sampling points.
 The location and size of all major flow meters, valves, and connecting
pipes.
 The location of all major pumps, blowers, and screens.
 The control points for pressure, water level, flow rate, and water quality.
Process flow diagram

 The available land area and topography dictate the plant layout.
Quiz
closed book
1. A raw water source contains mainly minerals (Fe+2 and Mn+2)
and gases (CH4 and H2S). What type of treatment technique will
be effective to remove such kind of materials? Explain the
removal mechanism and principle. You can use the possible
chemical reactions
2. Two water samples were analyzed for BOD5. The DOi for each
sample was 9.0 mg/L. After 5 days the DOf was found to be
0.0mg/L and 8.8mg/L for sample 1 and sample 2 respectively.
Find BOD and give possible explanation about the result.
(Assume dilution factor is 1).

You might also like