1.

CERTIFICATE TO EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. THEORY
5. EXPERIMENT
6. INTERFERENCE PATTERNS
7. DERIVATION
8. OBSERVATION
9. GRAPH
10. CONDITIONS
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT KAPIL A

STUDENT OF CLASS XII “B’’ .HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE
RESERCH ON THE BELOW MENTIONED
PROJECT UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
DR.AJAY S GAHLOT (SUBJECT TEACHER)
DURING THE YEAR 2019-20 IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF PHYSICS PRATICAL
EXAMINATION CONDUCTED BY AISSCE
NEW DELHI.
SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE OF SUBJECT TEACHER

ACKNOELDGEMENT
First I would like to thank my physics teacher Dr. Ajay s gahlot whose
valuable guidance has been ones that helped me to complete this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends

who have helped me with their valuable suggestion and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of this project.

Kapil
XII B
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT


 COHERENT SOURCES
The source of light. Which emit continuous light waves of the
same wavelength, same frequency and in the same phase difference
are called coherent sources.
Conditions to obtain coherent lights :-
1. Two sources should be single source or by same device.
2. Two sources should give monochromatic light.
3. The path difference between light waves from 2 sources
should be small.
INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
It is the phenomenon of redistribution of light energy in a
medium on account of superposition of light from 2 coherent
sources. There are 2 types:-
1. Constructive Interference
2. Destructive Interference
 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Set up the apparatus as in the Figure
1.
The appearance of bright and dark
fringes on screen can be explained on
the basis of interference of light.
According to Huygens principle, the
monochromatic source of light
illuminating the slit S sends out
spherical wavefronts. Let the solid
arcs represent the crests ant the
dotted arcs represents the troughs.
These wavefronts reach the slits A and
B simultaneously which in turn, become
sources of secondary wavelets. Thus
the 2 waves on superposition produce
interference.
The dots (.) represent the positions
of constructive interference, where
crests of one wave falls on crests of
the other and trough falls on trough.
The resultant Amplitude and hence
intensity of light is maximum at these
positions. The lines joining the dots
lead to points C, E, G on the screen.
Similarly, the crosses (x) represent
the positions of destructive
interference, where crest of one wave
falls on trough of the other and vice-
versa. The resultant amplitude and
hence intensity of light is minimum at
these positions. The lines joining the
crosses lead to points D, F on the
screen. Thus we have Bright Fringes at
C, E, and G and Dark Fringes at D and
F. These bright and dark fringes are
placed alternatively and they are
equally spaced. These are called
INTEFERENCE FRINGES.

Interference pattern
Let the waves from 2 coherent sources of light be represented as
y1 = a sinωt…………………………(1)
y2 = b sin (ωt + θ)……………………..(2)
where a and b ate the respective amplitudes of 2 waves and θ is
the constant phase angle by which second wave leads the first
wave.
According to superposition principle, the displacement y of the
resultant wave at time t would be given by
y=y1 + y2 = a sinωt + b sin(ωt + θ)
= a sinωt + b sinωt cosθ + b cosωt sinθ
y = sinωt(a+b cosθ) + cosωt.b sinθ……………..(3)
put a + b cosθ = A cosФ…………….(4)
b sinθ = A sinФ……………..(5)
Therefore y = sinωt.AcosФ + cosωt.AsinФ
= A(sinωt cosФ + cosωt sinФ)
y = A sin (wt +Ф)………………..(6)
Thus the resultant wave is a harmonic wave of amplitude A.
Squaring (4) and (5) and adding
We get,

A = √a2 + b2 + 2ab cosθ ……….(7)

As resultant intensity I is directly proportional to the square of

the amplitude of the resultant wave
Thus I α A2 i.e. I α a2 + b2 + 2ab cosθ…….(8)

Conditions for constructive and Destructive Interference,

Constructive Interference
I should be maximum, for which
Cosθ = max = +1 so, θ = 0,2 π,4π,…..
i.e. θ = 2nπ ; where n = 0, 1, 2……
if x is the path difference, then
x=λθ/2π
x = λ (2n π)/2π i.e. x=nλ

Hence, condition for constructive interference at a point is

that phase difference b/w the 2 waves reaching the point
should be zero or an even integral multiple of π.
Or
Path difference b/w the 2 waves reaching the point should
be 0 or an integral multiple of full wavelength.
So Amax=(a+b)

Destructive Interference
I should be minimum, for which
Cosθ = min = -1 so, θ = π ,3π,5π,…..
i.e. θ = (2n-1)π ; where n = 1,2,3……
if x is the path difference, then
x=λθ/2π
x = λ ((2n-1) π)/2π
x=(2n-1)λ/2
Hence, condition for constructive interference at a point is
that phase difference b/w the 2 waves reaching the point
should be an odd integral multiple of π.
Or
Path difference b/w the 2 waves reaching the point should
be an odd integral multiple of half the wavelength. So
Amin= (a-b)

Looking at Figure 2,

The intensity of light at the point on the screen will depend on the
path difference b/w the 2 waves arriving at that point.the point C is at
equal distance from A and B.therefore, the path difference b/w 2
waves reaching C is 0 and the point C is of maximum intensity. It is
called CENTRAL MAXIMUM.

Consider a point p at a distance x from C. The path difference b/w 2

waves arriving at P,

= BP – AP…….(9)

Let O be the mid point of AB, and

AB = EF = d, AE = BF = D

From the figure,

PE = PC – EC= x-d/2

and PF = PC + CF = x+d/2

By Pythagoras and Binomially,

BP= D[1 + (x + d/2)2/2D2]……..(10)

and AP= D[1 + (x - d/2)2/2D2]………(11)

Putting these values in (9), we get, path difference

BP-AP= D[1 + (x + d/2)2/2D2 - 1 - (x - d/2)2/2D2]

BP - AP= xd/D……………..(12)

For Bright Fringes

Path Difference = xd/D = nλ where n= 0,1,2…

or x=nλD/d ……..(13)

For Dark Fringes

Path Difference = xd/D = (2n-1)λ/2 where n=1,2,3…

or x=(2n-1)λD/2d ……..(13)

Comparison shows that dark interference fringes are situated in b/w

bright interference fringes and vice-versa

Separation b/w the centers of 2 consecutive bright fringes is the

width of dark fringe.

β = xn – xn-1 = nλD/d- (n-1)λD/d

β= λD/d……….(14)

S.No. Wavelengt Distance of Slit Fringe

h screen & Distance Width
λ (cm) source d (cm) β (cm)
D (cm)
Similarly, separation b/w the centers of 2 consecutive bright fringes is
the width of dark fringe.

Β’ = x’n – x’n-1 = [(2n-1)λD/2d]-[(2(n-1)-1) λD/2d]

β = β’= λD/d……….(15)

So, all bright and dark fringes are of equal width.

OBSERVATIONS
1. 7 x 10-5 25 0.1 0.175

2. 7 x 10-5 50 0.1 0.35

Intensity Vs Path Difference

Angular separation of the fringes is just (λ/d). It is independent of the
position on the screen.

Further, at sites of constructive interference,

Imaxα R2max α (a+b) 2 = constant

Hence all bright interference bands have same intensity

At sites of destructive interference,

Imaxα R2max α (a-b) 2 = constant = 0 (at a=b)

Hence all dark interference bands have same (zero) intensity.

Figure 3 represents the intensity of double slit interference pattern

as a function of path difference θ b/w the waves of the screen.

(For Sustained Inerference)

1. The 2 sources of light must be coherent i.e. they
continuous light waves of same wavelength or frequency,
which have either same phase of constant path
difference.

2. The 2 sources should be strong with least background.

3. The amplitudes of waves from 2 sources should

preferably be equal.

4. The 2 sources should preferably be monochromatic.

5. The coherent sources must be very close to each other.

6. The 2 sources should be point and narrow sources.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 SITES
  http://www.google.com
 http://vsg.quasihome.com/interfer
.htm
 BOOKS
 Pradeeps Physics Practical
 Physics N.C.E.R.T textbook.
 Comprehensive physics Practical.