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Instrument Scan
How does the ophthalmoscope function? When the ophthalmoscopy is being done from very close to
Fundamental Optics the eye, the distance is less than f causing a virtual erect image
The ray diagram of the direct ophthalmoscope is shown to be seen.
below. It also depicts the usage of condensing lenses for eyes
with refractive error[2]. (Figure 4) Magnification
To understand how the ophthalmoscope magnifies, we take
the example of an emmetropic eye. First we examine a small
segment of a retinal vessel from 25 cm (the comfortable near
vision distance). Let us suppose it subtended an angle of q0.
We now view the same vessel segment from very close to the
eye. Assuming the eye as a reduced lens of power 60D, we
now are seeing from within the focal length of this lens thus we
see a virtual erect image. On extrapolating this image to 25cm
distance, you can observe that it is much larger and subtends
an angle of q10. Thus we observe an angular magnification
and no linear magnification. M ang= q10/ q0 = distance(d) ×
power(D)= 0.25 × 60.This is equal to 15. (Figure 7)
Image Properties
The image properties depend on the working distance used for
ophthalmoscopy. When done at a distance of 25 cm for distant
direct examination, we observe a real inverted unmagnified 1
image of the fundus as shown in Figure5.