APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

LIST AND USES OF APPARATUS

25 MESH SIEVE ANALYTICAL

BALANCE
-it is used to screen

the chalk to make it -used in

finer weighing of

chalk that will be

used

BRUSH 1000mL

BEAKER
-used to remove the

chalk remains -it is used as a

container for the

water

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SEDIMENTATION 100mL

APPARATUS GRADUATED

CYLINDER
-used as a settling

apparatus in order to -it is the material

measure the height of use to measure

the particles the needed water

STIRRING ROD MORTAR AND

PESTLE
-it is the material use

to mix the chalk and -used to crush

water before settling and grind the

chalk until the

desired particle

size

CHALK DISTILLED

WATER
-it is the material to

be settled in water -used as the

using the apparatus solvent to be

mixed with water

during settling

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 APPENDIX B

DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Gravitational Force – is a type of force that can attract any material having mass

2. Sedimentation – is a type of separation process of settling as a sediment

3. Sediments – are type of matter that settles at the bottom of a liquid

4. Settling Rate – is the rate at which the suspended solids subside and deposited

5. Suspended Solids – are small solid particles that remain in suspension in water

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 APPENDIX C

Computations

Sedimentation A

 Mchalk
𝑀𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑘
0.035 = 𝑀𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑘+1600

Mchalk = 58.03 g

 ρchalk (using volume displacement method)

From Group 3 ; SGchalk = 2.18
ρchalk = 2.18 (1 g/ml)
ρchalk = 2.18 g/ml

 Mslurry
Mslurry = 1600 + 58.03
Mslurry = 1658.03 g

 CL @ t= 1 min, Hi=710mm
 1k g

58.08 g  
 1000 g

CL   
  1k g
 
 58.03 g  
 1000 g
 
   
 g  1000 

   5.05cm
2
  710 
 2.18       
 ml  1   4  100cm   1000  

𝒌𝒈
CL = 40.0560 𝒎𝟑

Solution for computing the theoretical height

@ intial H = 782 mm

Vo  5.05cm 2  782mm  1cm 

4  10mm 

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Vo = 1566.316023 𝑐𝑚3
58.03 g
Co 
58.03 g
 1566.216023cm 3
g
2.18
cm
𝒈
Co = 0.0364 𝒎𝑳

@ final H after 24 hrs = 87 mm


Vu  5.05cm 2  87mm  1cm 

4  10mm 

Vu = 174.257665 𝑐𝑚3
58.03 g
Cu 
58.03 g
 174.2576675cm 3
g
2.18
cm
𝒈
Cu = 0.2889𝒎𝑳

 Hu
CH 0.0364782
Hu  o o   98.5282mm
Cu 0.2889

@tu = 15mins from the graph

m3
17 min  1hr 
5.76
Qt
At  u 
hr  60 min 
Ho  1cm  1m 
782mm  
 10mm  100cm 
At = 2.0870 𝒎𝟑

5.76
m3
782  98.5282 1m 
Qc 
hr  1000mm 
 1m 
782mm 
 1000mm 
𝒎𝟑
Qc = 5.0343 𝒉𝒓
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 H o  H1 782  710mm mm
Velocity    72
t1 1 min min

m3
5.0343
Q hr
Aclarification  c 
v mm  1m  60 min 
72   
min  1000mm  1hr 

Aclarification = 1.1653 𝒎𝟐

Hydraulic Loading Rate

m3
5.76
Q hr
Qh  
At 2.0870m 3
𝒎
QH = 2.7955𝒉𝒓

100% g
pslurry   1.0193
3.5% 100%  3.5% ml

g g
2.18 1
ml ml

  kg 
 
g 
1000 3
m3 
5.76 1.0193  m 
hr  ml  1 g 
  
  ml 
Solids Loading  2
2.0870m

𝒌𝒈
Solids Loading = 2813.2094𝒎𝟐 .𝒉

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 Appendix D

Answers to Questions

1. Why are sedimentation tanks and thickeners commonly employed in removing suspended

solids in water?

Sedimentation tanks and thickeners are commonly employed in removing suspended

solids in water because it is simple, efficient and requires low cost to operate. Sedimentation

tank is used for removing by settling a dispersed liquid phase from another phase while

thickeners are carried out continuously.

2. Name chemical industries (at least 5) that employ sedimentation in treating water.

Cement Industry

Sugar Industry

Paper Industry

Textile Industry

Gold Mining Industry

3. When is the critical point of sedimentation said to be reached.

Critical point of sedimentation is said to be reached when the height at which free settling

stops and hindered settling begins.

4. Describe the effect of each of the following factors upon sedimentation rate

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 a. Concentration of slurry

Rate of sedimentation has an inverse relation with the concentration ofparticles.

Greater the concentration, smaller would be the rate and viceversa.

b. Height of slurry

Initial height of slurry has a negligible effect on rate.

c. Wall of sedimentation tube

Wall effect on rate of sedimentation is negligible provided that the particle size to

tube diameter is 1:100.

5. What data are needed to design the area of sedimentation tanks or thickeners for a certain

purpose?

The data needed to design the area of sedimentation tanks or thickeners are tank type. If

it is rectangular; depth, length, width, and flight travel speed must consider. If it is circular;

depth, diameter, bottom slope and flight travel speed must consider.

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 Appendix E

Documentation

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