Intended Learning Outcomes:

• Learn how to determine the density of various liquids by measuring the relative density
(specific gravity) using universal hydrometer.
• Learn how to measure the density of a small solid using a pycnometer.
• Learn how to measure the viscosity of various liquids at atmospheric temperature and
pressure using a Falling Sphere Viscometer.
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The apparatus (instruments, devices & materials used for this activity)
Follow the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECTebFZd1C0&t=63s

A. Results: Complete the tables for the three procedures:

Table 1 Density of Liquids
Follow the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9ErNPu6qWo&t=2s

Fluid Fluid Specific Gravity Fluid Density,

Temperature (Scale Reading) (kg/m³)
(°C)
Water 25°C 0.99 990

Glycerin 26°C 1.25 1250

Castor Oil 27°C 0.94 940

Table 2: Density of solids using Pycnometer
Follow the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXiL2mAZuqY&t=50s

Variable Measurement
Mass of steel balls, Ms 0.04 g

Mass of empty pycnometer, Mp 5g

Mass of pycnometer + liquid, Mp+l 25 g
Volume of pycnometer, Vp 50 mL
Mass of pycnometer + liquid + solid, Mp+l+s 25.04 g
Mass of liquid, g 20.04 g
Density of liquid, kg/m³ 400.8 kg/m³
Density of solid, kg/m³ 3206.4 kg/m³
Table 3 Measurement of Viscosity using Falling Sphere Viscometer

Follow the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oeb4MQMPRyI

 Fluid Ball Fluid Fall length Time (s) Average Sphere Average Dynamic
Diameter Temperature (°C) (mm) Fall Velocity (m/s) Viscosity (Pa·s)
(mm)

Glycerin 1.5 mm 26°C 200mm 7s 0.02857 m/s 0.084 Pa·s

3.0 mm 3.6 s 0.05556 m/s 0.173 Pa·s

Castor Oil 1.5 mm 27°C 200mm 5s 0.04 m/s 0.0695 Pa·s

3.0 mm 2.5 s 0.08 m/s 0.139 Pa·s

B. Discussion

Compare the results obtained for density & viscosity against the standard table (check
on the references below) for the liquids tested; and comments on the accuracy of the
results.

Fluid Obtained results Properties in Standard table

Density Viscosity Density Viscosity
Water 990 kg/m³ - 1000 kg/m3 -

Glycerin 1250 kg/m³ (0.084-0.173) 1260 kg/m3 0.950 Pa-s

Pa·s
Castor Oil 940 kg/m³ (0.0695-0.139) 960 kg/m3 0.650 Pa-s
Pa·s
Comments on the accuracy of the results:

The Obtained results is very close and not far from the properties in standard table values and it shows that the
properties in standard table are in or near the range of obtained results.

References: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Castor-
oil https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/753
https://tinyurl.com/y6jzajvy