Soran university

Faculty of engineering
Petroleum engineering department

2nd stage

Reservoir Fluid Properties

Experiment No.: 1st

Title: Determination of density by hydrometer and pycnometer

Name:

Supervisors: Mr. Fuad & Mr. Jamal

Date: 2nd Mar, 2022

Table of Contents:

Aim: ................................................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction: .................................................................................................................................... 1

Procedure: ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Apparatuses: .................................................................................................................................... 3

Calculation: ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Result: ............................................................................................................................................. 4

Discussion & Conclusion:............................................................................................................... 6

Reference: ....................................................................................................................................... 7

List of Figures

Figure 1 (Beaker) .......................................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2 (Hydrometer) .................................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 3 (Funnel) .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 4 (Pycnometer) .................................................................................................................................. 3
Figure 5 (Heater) ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 6 (Thermometer) ................................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 7 (Graduated Cylinder) ...................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 8 (Gasoline) ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 9 (Electronic Balance) ....................................................................................................................... 3

List of Tables

Table 1 (Temperature effect to Density by Hydrometer & Pycnometer) ..................................................... 4

Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to compare density measurements taken in two different ways at
different temperatures.

Introduction:

A material's density is defined as its mass per unit volume. Put another way, density is the ratio
between mass and volume or mass per unit volume, to calculate the density (usually represented
by the Greek letter "ρ") of an object, take the mass (m) and divide by the volume (v):

ρ=m/v

The density of a liquid or solid in the metric system is measured in g/mL or g/cm3. The cm3 volume
unit for solids is numerically equivalent to the mL volume unit for liquids. That is, 1 mL equals
1cm3. In this exercise, you will calculate the density of numerous liquids and compare their
physical qualities. Pycnometer density determination is a highly accurate approach. It employs a
working liquid of known density, such as water or gasoline. A hydrometer is a device that measures
specific gravity using Archimedes' principle. This concept states that an item floating in a liquid
will displace an amount of water equal to the object's weight.

The specific gravity of the liquid is provided via a measured scale on the side of the hydrometer.
A tool used to compare the density of a liquid to that of water. When put in a liquid, a hydrometer
is made up of a calibrated glass tube that ends in a weighted glass sphere that causes the tube to
stand upright. The deeper the tube dips, the lower the density of the liquid. The density-temperature
relationship is inversely proportional.

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Procedure:

⏵ Evaluating the pycnometer when it is empty or when the pycnometer is empty of all weights
or substances.

⏵ Fill the gasoline pycnometer to the specified point.

⏵ Weigh the pycnometer while it is filled with gasoline and determining the weight of the
gasoline.

⏵ Determining the density of the gasoline.

⏵ Filling the gasoline cylinder to the specified level.

⏵ Using a thermometer to measure temperature.

⏵ Transferring gasoline to a beaker and heating the beaker to the temperature specified.

⏵ Moving the gasoline to the pycnometer.

⏵ Repeat a first four methods for different sorts of temperatures.

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Apparatuses:

Figure 1 (Beaker) Figure 4 (Pycnometer) Figure 3 (Funnel) Figure 2 (Hydrometer)

Figure 5 (Heater) Figure 8 (Gasoline) Figure 7 (Graduated Figure 6 (Thermometer)

Cylinder)

Figure 9 (Electronic
Balance)

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Calculation:
Mass of empty pycnometer 𝑚• =29.67g

Volume of pycnometer v = 100mL

Temperature T2 of gasoline = 19 ℃

Mass of full pycnometer 𝑚1 = 11.86 g

Density of gasoline 𝜌1=? g/𝑚𝐿3

Solution:

Mass = 𝑚1 - 𝑚• → = 115.86 – 29.67 → = 86.19g

Density = (115.28 - 29.67) / 100

Density=0.851g/ml

Result:

Table 1 (Temperature effect to Density by Hydrometer & Pycnometer)

Mass of Mass
Pycnometer Hydrometer
empty Volume full of Temperature
Density Density
pycnometer (mL) gasoline (℃)
(g/mL) (g/mL)
(g) (g)

1 29.67 100 115.86 19 0.8619 0.855

2 29.67 100 115.28 25 0.8561 0.851

3 29.67 100 115.1 30 0.8543 0.848

4 29.67 100 114.56 39 0.8489 0.842

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 0.856

0.854

0.852
Density (g/mL)

0.85

0.848

0.846

0.844

0.842

0.84
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperature (oC)

Hydrometer density & Temperature

0.864

0.862

0.86
Drnsity (g/mL)

0.858

0.856

0.854

0.852

0.85

0.848
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperature (oC)

Pycnometer density & Temperature

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Discussion & Conclusion:
This experiment clearly shows that the relationship between density and temperature is inversely
proportional, which means that when temperature increases, density decreases, and when
temperature decreases, density increases. This is proof that density and temperature have an
inversely proportional relationship. The term "temperature" refers to the measurement of heat.
Density is a measure of how closely any given entity is packed, or it is the ratio of the entity's mass
to its volume. The relationship between density and temperature is inversely proportional.

The accuracy of the various apparatus used in the experiment is one of the reasons for different
methods yielding different results. Because lighter liquids are less dense than heavier liquids, the
hydrometer sinks more in lighter liquids than in heavier liquids. A glass pycnometer, for example,
relies on mass to calculate the density value. If an air bubble or contamination from improper
cleaning is present, the mass measured and displayed by the balance will be incorrect. As a result,
the density value is incorrect.

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Reference:

❖ Www.aqua-calc.com. (n.d.). Density of Gasoline in 285 units and reference information.

Available at: https://www.aqua-calc.com/page/density-table/substance/gasoline.

❖ Reserved, M.-T.I.I. all rights (n.d.). Digital Density Meters. www.mt.com. Available at:
https://www.mt.com/us/en/home/library/know-how/lab-analytical-instruments/digital-
density.html.

❖ Bangura, A. (n.d.). Relation Between Density And Temperature - At BYJU’S. BYJUS.

Available at: https://byjus.com/physics/relation-between-density-and-temperature/.

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