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INEQUALITIES
1) WEIERSTRASS 'S INEQUALITY
If a 1 , a 2 ,......... ., a n are positive numbers, less than 1, whose sum is denoted by s n , then
1
1 s n (1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... .......... ....( 1 a n ) (I)
1 sn
and
1
1 s n (1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... .......... ....( 1 a n ) (II)
1 sn
Proof:
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 ) 1 a 1 a 2 a 1 a 2 1 ( a 1 a 2 ) a 1 a 2 1 ( a 1 a 2 )
So, we get
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 ) 1 ( a 1 a 2 ) (1)
Similarly, we have
1 a 3 a1 a1a 3 a 2 a 2 a 3
1 (a1 a 2 a 3 ) a1a 3 a 2 a 3
1 (a1 a 2 a 3 )
So, we get
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 ) 1 ( a 1 a 2 a 3 ) (2)
Similarly, we get,
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 )( 1 a 4 ) 1 ( a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 ) (3)
.....................................................................................
...................................................................................
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 )( 1 a 4 ).......( 1 a n ) 1 ( a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 ...... a n ) 1 s n
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 )( 1 a 4 ).......( 1 a n ) 1 s n (A)
Similarly, if we take,
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 ) 1 a 1 a 2 a 1 a 2 1 ( a 1 a 2 ) (4)
then, we get,
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 ). 1 ( a 1 a 2 a 3 ) (5)
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 )( 1 a 4 ).......( 1 a n ) 1 ( a 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 ...... a n ) 1 s n
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )( 1 a 3 )( 1 a 4 ).......( 1 a n ) 1 s n (B)
Now, if we take
2
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 1 ) 1 a 1 1 (as 0 a 1 1 )
1
1 a1 (6)
1 a1
and
1
1 a1 (7)
1 a1
1
1 a1
1 a1
1
1 a2
1 a2
....................
1
1 an
1 an
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
1
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... (1 a n )
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )........( 1 an )
1
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... (1 a n ) (C)
(1 s n )
1
1 a1
1 a1
1
1 a2
1 a2
....................
1
1 an
1 an
1
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... (1 a n )
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )........( 1 an )
1
(1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... (1 a n ) (D)
(1 s n )
with sn 1.
1
1 s n (1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... .......... ....( 1 a n ) (I)
1 sn
and
1
1 s n (1 a 1 )( 1 a 2 )......... .......... ....( 1 a n ) (II)
1 sn
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
2) Inequalities depend on the fact that the square of a real number is positive. Here, we
discuss some examples based on it.
1
Example 2.1: If a 0 and b 0 , then show that a b ab i.e.
2
2
Proof: a b 0
1
This implies that a b ab
2
that is, Arithmetic mean > geometric mean of two positive numbers
Example 2.2: If a, b, c are positive numbers and not all are equal, then prove that
a b c ab bc ca 9 abc
Proof:
a b c ab bc ca 9 abc
a (b c ) b(a c ) c (b a ) 6 abc
2 2 2 2 2 2
a (b c 2 bc ) b ( a c 2 ac ) c ( b a 2 ab )
2 2 2 2 2 2
a (b c ) b (c a ) c(a b)
2 2 2
0
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
r 1 0 and r n 0
r r nr n 0
2
nr r r n
2
r ( n r 1) n
Here, from,
r ( n r 1) n (5)
Putting r 1, 2 , 3 ,......, n in equation (3), we can prove that each pair in equation (3) is
greater than n , thus we get
n !
2
n . n .......... n n
n
or
n
n! n 2
.
Example 3.2: If a, b, c are positive numbers, where the sum of any two is greater than
the third, then prove that
1 1 1 1 1 1
b c a c a b a b c a b c
Proof: It is given that the sum of any two of three positive numbers greater than the third,
so
a b c , b c a , and a c b , with a , b , c 0 .
With this,
a ( b c a )( a b c ) 0 (1)
So, if we take,
a (b c )
2 2 2
a
( a b c )( a c b )
( a b c )( a c b )
2
or, a
or, a ( a b c a c b ) 2 ( a b c )( a c b )
(a b c a c b) 2
or,
( a b c )( a c b ) a
or, we get
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
1 1 2
(A)
a b c c a b a
Similarly, we get
1 1 2
(B)
a c b b c a c
and
1 1 2
(C)
b c a a b c b
or
1 1 1 1 1 1
b c a c a b a b c a b c
and
a x a
if a b
b x b
or,
a x a
b x b
a x a
Similarly, we get with a b.
b x b
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
Solution: Let
1 . 3 . 5 ......( 2 n 1 )
un (1)
2 . 4 . 6 ......( 2 n )
a x a
By inequality (4), if a b , then ,
b x b
11 1 2 1
for, 1 2, , that is,
2 1 2 3 2
Thus, we get,
2 . 4 . 6 ......( 2 n )
un (2)
3 . 5 ......( 2 n 1 )
or
1
un (A)
2n 1
or
3 5 7 ( 2 n 1)
( 2 n 1) u n . . .... (B)
2 4 6 2n
a x a
Now, from inequality 4), if a b , then
b x b
31 3 4 3
for, 3 2, , that is, .
2 1 2 3 2
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
or
4 6 (2n 2)
( 2 n 1) u n . ........ (C)
3 5 ( 2 n 1)
2 3 5 7 ( 2 n 1) 4 6 (2n 2)
( 2 n 1) u n . . .... . ........ n 1
2
2 4 6 2n 3 5 ( 2 n 1)
or
2
( 2 n 1) u n n 1
2
Thus, we get
n 1 n 1 1
un
2n 1 2n 2 2 n 1
So, we have,
1
un (D)
2 n 1
a 1 b1 a 2 b 2 .... a n b n a 1 a 2 .... a n
2
2 2 2
b 1
2 2
b 2 .... b n
2
In short, it can be written as,
2
2 2
a ibi a i bi
i i i
Proof: Let
2
2 2 2
ai a 1 a 2 .... a n A
i
a i b i a 1 b 1 a 2 b 2 .... a n b n B
i
2
b
2 2 2
i
b 1 b 2 .... b n C
i
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
a a 1 b1 a 2 b 2 a n b n
2 2 2 2
i
bi .........
i
a 1
2
a2
2
.... a n
2
b 2
1
2
b2
2
.... b n
2
2 a 1
b 1 a 2 b 2 .... a n b n
A 2B C 0
2
Taking,
a
2
bi A 2B C 0
2
i
(1)
i
that is,
ai a1 a2 an
....
bi b1 b2 bn
or
C 2B A 0
2
(2)
we should have, discriminant of (2) as
4 AC
2
4B
AC
2
or, B
that is,
2
2 2
a ibi a i bi
i i i
ii) Otherwise,
A 2B C 0
2
This implies,
2
2 2
B A B B
C 2 0
2 2
C C C C
This gives,
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
2
AC B
2
B
C 2 0 (3)
C C
AC B 0
2
For this equation (2) to hold true,
AC
2
or B
or
2
2 2
a ibi a i bi
i i i
6) HOLDER'S INEQUALITY1
If a 1 , a 2 ,......... ., a n and b 1 , b 2 ,......... ., b n be two sets of positive real numbers, where
1 1
1, with p , q 1, then
p q
1 1
p p q q
a ibi ai bi
i i i
(a b ) 4 ab 0
2
(a b ) 4 ab
2
2
a b
ab
2
a b
This implies that ab for two positive numbers, that is, A G.
2
1
Without proof, statement is to be remembered
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
Now, from
2
a b
ab , (1)
2
2
c d
cd , (2)
2
a b c d
where B1 , B 2 ,
2 2
which gives
a b c d 1
abcd 4 (5)
4
a b c d .... k 1
abcd n
n
so that A G.
Case - II: When n is not in power of 2, then, consider the set,
a , b , c ,.... k , , ,......, where occur r times and nr is in power of 2, that is, include
number of 's (arithmetic means), so that the total numbers becomes in power of 2.
In the same way, we get
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
a b c .... k r
a , b , c ,.... k .
r
n r
or
G Α A
n r nr
which implies
A G.
Note: In this inequality, equality holds when all positive numbers are equal.
1 . 3 . 5 ....( 2 n 1 )
n
Example 7.1: Show that n
1 . 3 . 5 .....( 2 n 1 ) n (1)
n
or
1 . 3 . 5 ....( 2 n 1 )
n
n
Solution:
ns s a 1 a 2 ........., an
or
s s .... n times s a 1 a 2 ........., an
or
( s a 2 ) ( s a 3 ) ....... ( s a n ) a1
(1)
n 1 n 1
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IMM2001 MATHEMATICS - II MODULE -1
...........................................
Multiplying all such inequalities, we get the result.
SIMPLE CONTINUED FRACTIONS
The expression of the form
1
a1
1
a3
a 3 .......
is called a simple continued fraction, where a 1 , a 2 , a 3 ...... are positive integers, where a1
may be zero.
The simple continued fraction in more compact from can be written as:
1 1 1
a1 ......... .....
a 2 a 3 ...... an
251
Example: Reduce to a simple continued fraction.
802
1
m 251 802
Solution:
n 802 251
Here, a1 0
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