Formulas and Tables

Fourier series of periodic function f ( x) ( p = 2L )

�
� np np �
f ( x ) = a0 + �� an cos x + bn sin x�
n =1 � L L �
1 L
2L �
a0 = f ( x)dx
-L

1 L np x
an = �f ( x ) cos dx n = 1, 2,3,...
L -L L
1 L np x
bn = �f ( x) sin dx n = 1, 2,3,...
L -L L
1 L 2 L np x
For an even function a0 = � f ( x)dx an = �f ( x) cos dx
L 0 L 0 L

2 L np x
For an odd function bn = �
L 0
f ( x)sin
L
dx

Fourier integral of nonperiodic function f ( x)

�
f ( x) = �
0
[ A( w) cos( wx) + B( w)sin( wx) ] dw
1 � 1 �
p� p�
A( w) = f ( v )cos( wv ) dv B ( w) = f (v) sin( wv)dv
-� -�

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2 ¥
Fourier Cosine Transform Fc f ( x )  º fˆ c ( w ) = ò0 f (x) co s(w x)d x
p
2 �ˆ
p�
Inverse Fourier Cosine Transform f ( x) = f ( w)cos( wx) dw
0 c

2
Fourier Cosine Transform of the first derivative Fc  f �
( x) = wFs  f ( x) - f (0)
p
2
Fourier Cosine Transform of the second derivative Fc  f �
( x ) = - w2 Fc 
� f ( x) - f� (0)
p
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2 �
Fs  f ( x ) �fˆs ( w) =
p�
Fourier Sine Transform f ( x)sin( wx) dx
0

2 �ˆ
p�
Inverse Fourier Sine Transform f ( x) = f ( w)sin( wx) dw
0 s
Fourier Sine Transform of the first derivative Fs  f �
( x ) = - wFc  f ( x )
2
Fourier Sine Transform of the second derivative Fs  f �
( x ) = - w2 Fs  f ( x ) +
� wf (0)
p
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 1 � -iwx
Fourier Transform F  f ( x ) �fˆ ( w) = � f ( x )e dx
2p -�
1 �
Inverse Fourier Transform f ( x) = � fˆ ( w)e iwx
dw
2p -�

Fourier Transform of the first derivative F f �

( x) = iwF  f ( x )
Fourier Transform of the second derivative F f �
( x) = - w2 F  f ( x)
�
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Laplace Transform: General Formulas

f (t ) = L-1  F ( s )
�
L  f (t ) = F ( s ) = �e - st f (t )dt
0

L  af (t ) + bg (t ) = aL  f (t ) + bL  g (t )
L( f �) = sL( f ) - f (0)
L( f �) = s 2 L( f ) - sf (0) - f �
� (0)
L  eat f (t ) = F ( s - a)
L  f (t - a )u (t - a ) = e - as F (s )
L  tf (t ) = - F �
(s)
�f (t ) � �
L � �= �F ( s% )ds%
�t s

1 p
L f  = - ps �
e - st f (t )dt f periodic with period p
1- e 0
t t
( f * g )(t ) = �f (t ) g (t - t )dt = �f (t - t ) g (t )dt Convolution L( f * g ) = L( f ).L( g )
0 0

L  �f (t )dt  = 1s L( f )
t

0
F (s)
w
f (t )

Table of Laplace Transforms sin wt

s + w2
2

F (s) f (t ) s
cos wt
1s 1 s + w2
2

1s 2
t w
e at sin wt
n! (s - a)2 + w 2
t n n = 1, 2,...
s n +1 s-a
1 e at cos wt
at (s - a)2 + w 2
e
s-a a
sinh at
1 t n -1e at s - a2
2

(s - a)n ( n - 1) ! s
cosh at
e - as
s u (t - a) s - a2
2

- a2
a
e - as d (t - a ) e- a s e 4t

2 p t3