INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

TITLE OF THE TRAINING PROJECT

TITLE OF THE TRAINING ORGANIZATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted by:
Name: AYUSH SHARMA Roll No.1602617021

Training period: 13-06-2019 to 26-07-2019

Submitted to:
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SUNDERNAGAR, DISTT. MANDI (H.P.)

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
Certificate by Company/Organization/Institute i
Declaration by the Student ii
Acknowledgment iii
Industrial Practical Training Evaluation Sheet from Organization iv
About the Company/Organization/Institute v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
List of Abbreviations and Symbols viii
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Training Project 1 to ___

1.1 1

1.1.1 ……
Chapter 2: Daily or Weekly Progress Report
2.1
Chapter 3: Technical Content
3.1
3.1.1 ……
Chapter 4: Findings
Chapter 5: Conclusion
70
Appendices
Refrences

2
3
 DECLARATION BY STUDENT

I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report entitled ("Title of the project") is an
authentic record of work carried out by me during the my training at BSNL from 13-
06-2019 to 26-07-2019 under the supervision of my training supervisor ASHISH
KUMAR SINGH(J.E)for the award of degree of B.Tech. in Electronics &
Communication Engineering.

(Signature of student)
AYUSH SHARMA
1602617
021
Date: ____________________

(Signature of Head of Department)

Examined by:

(Signature of Internal Examiner) (Signature of External

Examiner)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The elation and gratification of this training will be incomplete without mentioning all
the people who helped me to make it possible, whose gratitude and encouragement were
invaluable to me.
Firstly, I express my sincere gratitude to S.D.O MANJEEET SINGH Principal of the
BSNL EXCHANGE for his support and guidance.
I also like to thank ASHISH KUMAR SINGH (J.E.) for his support and understanding
the basics of BSNL exchange.
I am also thankful to all other employee of BSNL department and training students of
my class for their support and suggestions.

(Signature of
student)
AYUSH SHARMA
1602617021
Date: ____________________
BSNL(BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED)

INTRODUCTION

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED is the fourth largest department of

Telecommunication Company in Asia and is ranked
today seventh in world. This is one of the most
earning revenue in India. At present more than 4 lakh
engineers are working in BSNL. BSNL is the topmost
telecommunication company and the largest public
sector undertaking of India. Its responsibilities include improvement of the already
impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of telecom services in all villages and
instilling confidence among its customers. Apart from the vast network expansions,
especial emphasis has been given for introducing latest technologies and new services
like I-Net, Internet, Isdn (Integrated Services Digital Network), In (Intelligent Network),
GSM and WLL (Wireless In Local Loop) services etc. Now BSNL has also entered in
mobile communication. It has all the new services send technological advantages, which
are available with any well, developed telecom network anywhere else in the country.
The administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and quite committed to
provide the latest and best telecom services by their continued support and active co-
operation.

Previously there were electro mechanically exchanges in India namely Strowger type
exchange and Cross Bar exchange. These manual telephone exchanges suffered from
some disadvantages. To overcome the disadvantages automatic exchange was introduced
in this system. In 1980’s Pithrotha Ltd introduced “C-DOT” exchange in India. Then
were introduced C-DOT-128, C-DOT-256, C-DOT-512, C-DOT-1024(SBM) exchange,
C-DOT (MBM) exchange and so on.
Now it is “WLL” which proved to be a mild stone in Telecommunication sector. WLL
system which is also a mobile with limited mobility in city & can have
telecommunication facility in that area almost.

PARTS OF THE EXCHANGE :

A typical C-DOT NGN installation can be divided into the following rooms:

1) Switch Room

2) Power Plant

3) Battery Room

4) M.D.F (Main Distribution Frame)

5) Operation & Maintenance Center (OMC) Room

CONNECTIONS IN EXCHANGE :

Schematic Diagram of Connections in Exchange

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE OF TABLE PAGE NO.

NO.
1 COLOUR CODING OF OPTICAL FIBRE 19
2 ADVANTAGE OF FUSION SPLICING VS 23
MECHANICAL SPLICING
3 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF 39
WCDMA
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

NO.
1 MODEM 7
2 DSL 8
3 BROADBAND CONNECTION 9
4 NUMBERING SCHEME FOR C-DOT 11
FAMILY OF EXCHANGE
5 SWITCH ROOM 12
6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 13
7 OTICA; FIBRE CABLE 15
8 PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE 18
9 SPLICING MACHINE 20
10 TOOL KIT 22
11 OTDR WORKING 23
12 BATTERY ROOM 25
13 VRLA BATTERIES
14 BTS
15 MSC
16 GSM
17 TDMA
18 CDMA
19 FDMA
20 WCDMA
21 SC CONNECTOR
22 LC CONNECTOR
23 FC CONNECTOR
24 PIGTAIL
25 PATCH CORD
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SR.NO. ABBREVIATIONS FULL FORM
1 ADP ALARM DISPLAY PANEL
2 ATU ALARM TERMINAL UNIT
3 BME BASE MEMORY EXTENDER
4 BPS BASE PROCESSOR CONTROLLER
5 BSC BASE STATION CONTROLLER
6 BTS BASESTATION TRANSCEIVER SUBSYSTEM
7 BSM BASE STATION MANAGER
8 CDOT CENTRE DEVELOPMENT OF TELEMATICS
9 CACU CENTRAL ACCESS CONTROL UNIT
10 DCDP DC DISTRIBUTION PANEL
11 DDF DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME
12 FDF FIBRE DISTRIBUTION FRAME
13 FSU FIXED SUBSCRIBER UNIT
14 GMSC GATEWAY MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER
15 GPRS GENERAL PACKET RASSSDIO SERVICE
16 HLR HOME LOCATION REGISTER
17 HSS HOME SUBSCRIBER SERVER
18 IOP INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSOR
19 IWF INTER WORKING FUNCTION
20 LAGU LINE ACCESS GATEWAY UNIT
21 LAN LOCAL AREA UNIT
22 LCC LINE CIRCUIT CARD
23 LM LINE MODULE
24 MBM MULTI BASE MODULE
25 MDF MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME
26 MME MOBILE MANAGEMENT ENTITY
27 MPLS MULTIPROTOCOL LEVEL SWITCHING
28 MSC MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER
29 NGN NEXT GENERATION NETWORK
30 NTR NORTHERN TELECOM REGION
31 OCLAN OTHER CITY LOCAL AREA NETWORK
32 OLTE OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
33 ONT OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINATION
34 OTDR OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
35 PSTN PUBLIC SWITCHED TELEPHONE NETWORK
36 PSU POWER SUPPLY UNIT
37 RSU REMOTE SWITCHING UNIT
38 SDH SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACHY
39 SIM SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE
40 STM SYNCHORONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE
41 VLR VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER
42 VRLA VALVE REGULATED LEAD ACID BATTERY
43 WLL WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO THE TRAINING PROJECT

Telecommunication is a technology intensive industry with a high probability of

obsolescence. Our country has witnessed a number of technologies varying from
magneto exchanges to the modern New Technology Digital Switches. We have also
seen changes in the transmission technology starting from carrier systems providing
long distance circuits across the length and breadth of the country.
Telecommunications today is both a public utility and a vital infrastructure. Therefore,
in a house training center is an essential institution for continuous training of the
officers and employees in this key technological field.

Training is a process through which a person enhances and develops his efficiency,
capacity and effectiveness at work by improving and updating his knowledge and
understanding the skills relevant to perform his or her job.
Training also help a person cultivate appropriate and desired behavior ad attitude
towards the work and people. Unless training is provided, the jobs and lives of
employees in organizations are in stake.
It gives people an awareness about the rules and procedures to guide their behavior. It
is an application of knowledge to improve the performance on the current job or to
prepare one for an intended job.

Organization and individual for their survival and attainment of mutual goals should
develop and progress simultaneously, this can be done mainly through training
technique because training is the most important technique and it is a valuable
addition to the organization through human resource development for the
development of the employee. The employee he/she been selected, placed and
introduced in an organization should be provided with training facilities
Practical exposures or doing things makes a person conversant to the technologies
involved in any job. In view of such beliefs importing of vocational training has been
made an integral part of the academic structure.

In B.S.N.L., training is given to engineering aspirants to secure future in the dynamic

world of telecommunication. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.

In this order I have taken 42 days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce modem
configuration, switch room, optical fiber cable, control cards, battery room, BTS, GSM
and WCDMA.
 WEEKLY PROGREES REPORT
WEEK-1

SR. NO. TASK ASSIGNED DATE

1 MODEM CONFIGURATION 13-06-2019

2 DSL(DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER -------

LINE)
3 BROADBAND CONFIGURATION -----

4 IDENTIFICATION OF TEN 19-06-2019

NUMBER

WEEK -2

SR. NO. TASK ASSIGNED DATE

1 SWITCH ROOM 20-06-2019

2 BASE MODULE -----

3 CONTROL CARDS(CACU,LAGU) -----

4 SOFTWARE 26-06-2019
STUDY(CRAM,CLARITY)
 WEEK-3

SR.NO. TASK ASSIGNED DATE

1 OPTICAL FIBRE 27-06-2019

2 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF -----

OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE.
3 PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBRE -----
CABLE
4 TRANSMISSON ROOM 04-07-2019

WEEK-4

SR.NO. TASK ASSIGNED DATE

1 OPTICAL FIBRE JOINT 05-07-2019

TECHNIQUES
2 SPLICING -----

3 OTDR(OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN 11-07-2019

REFLECTOMETER)
 WEEK-5

SR.NO. TASK ASSIGNED DATE

1. BATTERY ROOM 12-07-2019

2. VRLA BATTERY -----

3. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON 18-07-2019

VRLA BATTERY

WEEK-6

SR.NO. TASK ASSIGNED DATE

1. BTS(BASE TRANSCEIVER 20-07-2019

STATION)
2. BSC(BASE STATION -----
CONTROLLER)
3. MSC(MOBILE SWITCHING -----
CENTRE)
4. GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR -----
MOBILE COMMUNICATION)

5. TDMA(TIME DIVISION -----

MULTIPLE ACCESS)
6. CDMA(CODE DIVISION -----
MULTIPLE ACCESS)
7. FDMA(FREQUENCY DIVISION -----
MULTIPLE ACCESS)
8. WCDMA(WIDEBAND CODE -----
DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)
9. OPTICAL FIBER CONNECTOR -----

10. CABLES 26-07-2019

 CHAPTER-3

3.1 MODEM CONFIGURATION

Fig.1. Modem

STEPS TO CONFIGURE:-

1. Connect Modem Ethernet port to PC’s Ethernet port through RJ-45 LAN cable and
DSL port to splitter DSL port through RJ-11 Telephone cable.

2. Ensure that your PC’s TCP/IP connection is configured for DHCP settings so that it
can get IP address from Modem/Router.

3. Power on both Modem and PC.

4. Modem’s all LED indicators except “Internet” LED will start glowing/flashing.

5. Now connect to http://192.168.1.1 from your browser. Both Username and

Password is “admin”. You should be welcome by a small web server running in
Modem/Router.

6. Now let us see the configuration parameter to be input while wizard started. In my
case Setup Wizard not started automatically. You may click “Quick Start” tab to get
“RUN WIZARD” button. If you miss wizard, no worries – feel free to go to tabs
shown on screen to configure the following to get Internet connected.
 3.11 DSL
1. DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the
wires of a local telephone network.
2. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In telecommunication marketing,
the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber line(ADSL), the most commonly installed variety of DSL.
3. DSL service is delivered simultaneously with regular telephone on the same
telephone line.
4. DSL uses a high frequency bands.These frequency bands are subsequently separated
by filtering.
5. The data throughput of consumer DSL service typically ranges from 256kb/s to 20
Mbit/s in the direction to the customer depending upon DSL technology, line
condition, and service level implementation.
6. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction(i.e the direction to service
provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service.
7. In Symmetric Digital Subscriber line (SDSL) Service, the downstream and upstream
data rates are equal.

Fig.2. DSL

3.13 BROADBAND
An “always on” data connection that is able to support interactive services including
internet access and has capability of minimum download speed of 256kbps to an
individual subscriber from POP(Point of presence) of the service provider is called
BROADBAND.

Fig.3. Broadband connection

APPLICATIONS OF BROADBAND:-
1.Basic WWW browsing and Email access.
2.Run Servers (Web/FTP).
3.Buisness tariff, can depend on company
4.Some technologies are asymmetric(cable,ADSL)
5.Video On Demand(VOD)
6.Audio Streams(Internet Radio)
7.Fast File Transfers(Possibilty of downloading large files in short period of time)

3.2 NUMBERING SCHEME

In C-DOT DSS MAX, a common numbering scheme is employed for addressing

functional modules, racks within a functional module, frames within a rack and
card slots within a frame.
The system consists of four types of modules viz. Base Module (BM), Central
Module (CM), Administrative Module (AM) and Input Output Module (IOM). The
number of Base Modules in DSS MAX can vary from 1 to 32. In case of SBM
exchange only one BM i.e. BM-1 is needed.
As shown in the Fig. each BM can grow upto three racks. Each rack consists of 6
frames and each frame consists of 26 card slots. CM and AM are, however, housed in
the same rack.
Thus a card slot is uniquely identified by a combination of the four fields :-

Field 1 : Base Module Number (1 to 32)

This field indicates BM Number in which the circuit is located.

Field 2 : Rack Number within a Base Module (1 to 3)

This field helps in identifying the particular rack of the specified BM in
which circuit is located.

Field 3 : Frame Number within a rack (1 to 6)

This field helps in locating the relevant frame in the rack.

Field 4 : Card Slot Number within a frame (1 to 26)

This field helps in locating the card slot, in which the circuit resides.

Field 5 : Circuit No.

It identifies 1 out of 8 circuits for Lines/Analog trunks, 1 out of 16
service circuits of 1 out of 32 tone circuits or digital trunk channel
 Fig.4. Numbering scheme for C-DOT family of exchange

3.21 TERMINAL EQUIPMENT NUMBER (TEN) TO PHYSICAL

LOCATION TRANSLATION

TEN uniquely identifies a subscriber port/trunk circuit/service circuit. TEN consists

of five fields as follows.
The first four fields uniquely identify the card slot number as explained above.
In case of Line Module a typical TEN can be 1-2-6-22-1. The value 2 for the Rack
No. signifies more than one rack, i.e. BM has been concentrated.

Fig.5. Translating TEN into Physical locations

3.3 SWITCH ROOM

SWITCH ROOM :-
Switch room is basically consist of BM and CM which are basically mounted on
standard switch.These cabinets are fastened to a Switch Room and interconnected
by cables.

Fig.6. Switch Room

The Base Module is the basic growth unit of the system. It interfaces the external world
to the switch. The interfaces may be subscriber lines, analog and digital trunks. Each
Base Module can interface up to 2024 terminations. The number of Base Modules
directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority of call processing
function and in a small exchange application, it also carries out operation and
maintenance function with the help of Input-Output Module.

Basic functions

1. Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks.

2. Interface to digital trunks and digital subscriber.
3. Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module.
4. Communication with the AM via the CM for administrative (i.e. Call processing)
functions.
5. Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. Digital
6. Tones, announcement, MF/DTMF Senders/receivers.
7. Provision for local switching Unit (RSU) as well as in case of Single Base Module
Exchange (SBM_RAX).
3.31 BASE MODULE
Base Module (BM) is the basic building block of C-DOT DSS MAX. It interfaces the
subscribers, trunks and special circuits. The subscribers may be individual or grouped
PBX lines, analog or digital lines. The trunks may be Two Wire Physical, E&M Four
Wire, E&M Two Wire.
The basic functions of a Base Module are –
1. Analog to digital conversion of all signals on analog lines and trunks.
2. Interface to digital trunks and digital subscribers.
3. Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module.
4. Communication with the Administrative Module via the Central Module for
administrative and maintenance functions and also for majority of inter-BM switching
(i.e. call processing) functions.
5. Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. digital tones,
announcements, MF/DTMF senders/receivers.
6.Provision for local switching and metering in stand alone mode of Remote Switch
Unit as well as in case of Single Base Module Exchange (SBM-RAX).

3.32 CENTRAL MODULE (CM):-

1. Central Module (CM) is responsible for space switching of inter-Base Module calls,
2. communication between Base Modules and the Administrative Module, clock
3. distribution and network synchronisation.
4. For these functions, Central Module has a Space Switch, Space Switch Controller
and a Central Message Switch.
5. CM provides connectivity to 16 BMs if it is CM-L and 32 BMs if it is CM-XL.
6. Each BM interfaces with CM via two 512-channel parallel buses as BUS-0 and
BUS-1,
7. Each operating at 4 Mbps.
8. These buses carry voice information of 512 terminations of the Base Module
towards CM.
9. In the reverse direction, after space switching has been done in the Space Switch
under the control of Space Switch Controller (SSC), the same buses carry the
switched voice information for 512 terminations towards BM.
10. Thus, in a 32 Base Module configuration, there are 64 parallel buses carrying the
voice information from Base Modules to the Central Module, and also the switched
information.
 Fig.7. System Architecture

3.33 CONTROL CARDS

1.CACU(CENTRALISED ACCESS FOR CONTROL UNIT)
CACU system consist of following components:-
1.A pair of Network Card
2.A pair of Ethernet-E1 Board.
3.A pair of aggregation slots.
4.A pair of reduntant Shelf Management.
5.Temperature sensor and Fan Tray with Fan Control Card.

2.LAGU(LINE ACCESS GATEWAY UNIT)

1. The Line Access Gateway is the main component for the MAX-NG network
upgradation, which provides the IP domain access to the existing C-DOT MAX
subscriber lines.
2. It acts as Gateway for interfacing to IP network. It caters analog Voice to IP packet
conversions.
3. It is mainly responsible for the conversion of the time division multiplexed(TDM)
voice circuits to the voice packets.

3.34 SOFTWARE ORGANISATION :-

The software is written in high level language ‘C++’ & distributed over various
processors and is structured as a hierarchy of virtual machines. The software features
are implemented by communication processes. The operating system provides
communication facilities such that the processes are transparent to their physical
locations. Resources are identified as ‘global’ or ‘local’ depending upon their
distribution

in the system. The resource which depends upon the number of terminal is provided
within the basic growth module. The basic module processor is provided for handling
call processing locally.Mainly CRAM and CLARITY software are used.
ROLE OF SOFTWARE IN C-DOT DSS

The main feature of the software architecture of DSS-MAX is as:

1. Distributed architecture to ma the distributed control architecture

2. Layered architecture with loosely coupled modules & well defined message
interfaces.
3. Use of high level language
4. Modular design with each layer providing higher of abstraction

3.4 OPTICAL FIBRE

A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers inside an
insulated casing. They're designed for long distance, high-performance data networking,
and telecommunications.

Compared to wired cables, fiber optic cables provide higher bandwidth and can transmit
data over longer distances. Fiber optic cables support much of the world's internet, cable
television, and telephone systems.
3.41 How Fiber Optic Cables Work

A fiber optic cable consists of one or more strands of glass, each only slightly thicker
than a human hair. The center of each strand is called the core, which provides the
pathway for light to travel. The core is surrounded by a layer of glass
called cladding that reflects light inward to avoid loss of signal and allow the light to
pass through bends in the cable.

The two primary types of optical fiber cables are single mode and multi-mode. Single-
mode fiber uses extremely thin glass strands and a laser to generate light, while multi-
mode optical fiber cables use LEDs.

Single-mode optical fiber networks often use Wave Division Multiplexing techniques to
increase the amount of data traffic that the strand can carry. WDM allows light at
multiple different wavelengths to be combined (multiplexed) and later separated (de-
multiplexed), effectively transmitting multiple communication streams through a single
light pulse.

3.42 ADVANTAGES OF FIBER OPTIC CABLES

Fiber cables offer several advantages over long-distance copper cabling.

1. Fiber optics support a higher capacity. The amount of network bandwidth a fiber
cable can carry easily exceeds that of a copper cable with similar thickness. Fiber
cables rated at 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, and 100 Gbps are standard.

2. Because light can travel for much longer distances over a fiber cable without losing
its strength, the need for signal boosters is lessened.

3. A fiber optic cable is less susceptible to interference. A copper network cable

requires shielding to protect it from electromagnetic interference. While this
shielding helps, it is not sufficient to prevent interference when many cables are
strung together in proximity to one another. The physical properties of fiber optic
cables avoid most of these problems.
 Fig.8. Optical fibre cable

Table 1. Colour Coding Of Optical Fibre

3.43 Principle of optical fiber cable operation:-

An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide (nonconducting waveguide)

that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection. The fiber
consists of a core surrounded by a cladding layer, both of which are made of
dielectric materials. To confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive index of
the core must be greater than that of the cladding. The boundary between the core
and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-index fiber, or gradual, in graded-index
fiber.
 Fig.9. Principle of optical fiber cable

3.5 TRANSMISSON ROOM

STM-1 (Optical / Electrical) E1 and Ethernet Multi-Service SDH Transmission Unit is

a modular platform unit with two 155.52Mbps optical / electrical interfaces an ultra
compact cost effective and flexible multi-service platform and Gigabit Ethernet
interface card options along with Engineering Order Wire is available.The equipment
can be used as Terminal Multiplexer (TM) or an Add-Drop-Multiplexer (ADM) to build
a point-to-point, ring and chain (add-drop) transmission network. which may be used in
a point-to-point, chain or ring application to provide. Interface card options include the
8xE1 interface card (120 Ohms [RJ-45] and 75 Ohms [BNC]), 4x100BaseT Ethernet
interface card (1 VCG, 4 Ports 1 Channel), 4x100BaseT Ethernet interface card (4
VCG, 4 Ports 4 Channels) The user removable / replaceable STM-1 Optical / Electrical
interface option makes it easy to meet various and changing user requirements. Orion's
STM-1, E1 and Ethernet over SDH Transmission Equipment provides full capability to
cross-connect at VC-12 level between all tributaries.

Features:-

1.) 10/100BaseT Ethernet management interface

2.) RS232 serial management interface
3.) Remote management interface
4.) Windows XPbased Graphical User Interface (GUI)
5.) Windows 7 based Graphical User Interface (GUI)
6.) Maximum 16 E1 interfaces compliant with ITU-T G.703 (8 E1 interfaces per card)
7.) 120 Ohms E1 and 75 Ohms E1 interfaces options available
8.) 4 x 10/100BaseT Ethernet (electric) interface
9.) 10/100BaseT (FE) Ethernet Interface Options

3.6 SPLICING

What is Fiber Optic Splicing

Fiber optic splicing involves joining two fiber optic cables together. The other, more
common, method of joining fibers is called termination or connectorization. Fiber
splicing typically results in lower light loss and back reflection than termination making
it the preferred method when the cable runs are too long for a single length of fiber or
when joining two different types of cable together, such as a 48-fiber cable to four 12-
fiber cables. Splicing is also used to restore fiber optic cables when a buried cable is
accidentally severed.

There are two methods of fiber optic splicing, fusion splicing & mechanical splicing

3.61 Fusion Splicing Method

As mentioned previously, fusion splicing is a junction of two or more optical fibers that
have been permanently affixed by welding them together
by an electronic arc.

Four basic steps to completing a proper fusion splice:-

Step 1: Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings,

jackets, tubes, strength members, etc. leaving only the bare
fiber showing. The main concern here is cleanliness.

Step 2: Cleave the fiber - Using a good fiber cleaver here is essential to a successful
fusion splice. The cleaved end must be mirror-smooth and perpendicular to the fiber
axis to obtain a proper splice. NOTE: The cleaver does not cut Fig.10. Splicing
Machine

the fiber! It merely nicks the fiber and then pulls or flexes it to cause a clean break. The
goal is to produce a cleaved end that is as perfectly perpendicular as possible. That is
why a good cleaver for fusion splicing can often cost $1,000 to $3,000. These cleavers
can consistently produce a cleave angle of 0.5 degree or less.

Step 3: Fuse the fiber - There are two steps within this step, alignment and heating.
Alignment can be manual or automatic depending on what equipment you have. The
higher priced equipment you use, the more accurate the alignment becomes. Once
properly aligned the fusion splicer unit then uses an electrical arc to melt the fibers,
permanently welding the two fiber ends together.

Step 4: Protect the fiber - Protecting the fiber from bending and tensile forces will
ensure the splice not break during normal handling. A typical fusion splice has a tensile
strength between 0.5 and 1.5 lbs and will not break during normal handling but it still
requires protection from excessive bending and pulling forces. Using heat shrink tubing,
silicone gel and/or mechanical crimp protectors will keep the splice protected from
outside elements and breakage.
3.62 Mechanical Splicing Method:-
Mechanical splicing is an optical junction where the fibers are precisely aligned and
held in place by a self-contained assembly, not a permanent bond. This method aligns
the two fiber ends to a common centerline, aligning their cores so the light can pass
from one fiber to another.

Four steps to performing a mechanical splice:

Step 1: Preparing the fiber - Strip the protective coatings, jackets, tubes, strength
members, etc. leaving only the bare fiber showing. The main concern here is
cleanliness.

Step 2: Cleave the fiber - The process is identical to the cleaving for fusion splicing
but the cleave precision is not as critical.

Step 3: Mechanically join the fibers - There is no heat used in

this method. Simply position the fiber ends together inside the
mechanical splice unit. The index matching gel inside the
mechanical splice apparatus will help couple the light from one
fiber end to the other. Older apparatus will have an epoxy rather
than the index matching gel holding the cores together.

Fig.11. Tool Kit

Step 4: Protect the fiber - the completed mechanical splice provides its own protection
for the splice.

3.63 ADVANTAGES OF FUSION SPLICING VS MECHANICAL

SPLICING

Mechanical
Parameter Fusion Splicing
Splicing

Variable Cost per Splice $0.50 - $1.50 $10 - $30

 Insertion Loss < 0.1 dB 0.2 dB - 0.75 dB

Table 2. Advantages of fusion splicing vs mechanical splicing

1. Lower Cost
a. Fusion splicing typically costs more upfront due to the investment required to add a
fusion splicing machine to your toolkit, but it offers a lower variable cost per fusion
splice: $0.50 to $1.50 per splice.

b. Mechanical splicing doesn’t require a large upfront investment in tools, but it has a
higher variable cost at $10 to $30 per splice. The more splicing you do, the less cost
efficient mechanical splicing will be due to its high variable cost per termination.

c. In the past, some data center installers have been hesitant to try fusion splicing
simply due to the expenses associated with the purchase of fusion splicer tooling. In
recent years, however, we’ve experienced significant cost decreases in splicer tools,
as well as increased availability of low-cost splicer rental options.

2. Superior Performance
a. With mechanical splicing, the typical insertion loss (IL) is higher – between 0.2 dB
and 0.75 dB – because the two fibers are simply aligned and not physically joined.
(Insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a splice in
optical fiber.)

b. Because fusion splicing provides a continuous connection between two fibers, it

offers lower insertion loss and better performance. The typical loss in fusion
splicing is < 0.1 dB, providing better protection against cable failure and weak
signals.

Additional Considerations for Fusion Splicing

Before you deploy fusion splicing instead of mechanical splicing, there are two
important factors to consider:

1. Proper storage of protective heat shrink splice sleeves

By heat shrinking a protective sleeve over the finished splice, the splice is protected
against moisture and other environmental hazards – but the heat shrink splice sleeves
must be stored correctly in order to be effective and protect the fragile joints.

2. Proper slack management for 250µm, 900µm or ribbon fiber

Proper slack management for 250µm, 900µm or ribbon fiber must also be provided to
enable future termination of damaged connector.

3.7 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR):

1. A measurement technique which is far more sophisticated and which finds wide
application in both the laboratory and the field is the use of optical time domain
reflectometry(OTDR).
2. This technique is often called the backscatter measurement method. It provides
measurement of the attenuation on an optical link down its entire length giving
information on the length dependence of the link loss.
3. When the attenuation on the link varies with length, the averaged loss information is
inadequate.
4. OTDR also allows splice and connector losses to be evaluated as well as the rotation
of any faults on the link. It relies upon the measurement and analysis of the fraction
of light which is reflected back within the fiber’s numerical aperture due to Rayleigh
scattering.
5. A block schematic of the backscatter measurement method is shown in Figure 2.13.

Fig.12. OTDR working

6. A pulsating laser generates optical pulses and using optical circular or directional
couplers; these pulses are passing to optical cable.
7. In the optical cable; due to various reasons, the scattering of light takes place.
8. The backscattered light is detected using an avalanche photodiode receiver which
drives an integrator in order to improve the received signal-to noise ratio.
9. The signal from the integrator is fed through a logarithmic amplifier and averaged
measurements for successive points within the fiber are plotted on a chart recorder.

3.8 BATTERY

BATTERY ROOM:-
1. A battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries for backup or
uninterruptible power systems. Battery rooms are found
in telecommunication central offices, and to provide standby power to computing
equipment in datacenters.
2. Batteries provide direct current(DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some
types of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC)
by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment.
3. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days depending on the
electrical system design
4. Batteries often used in battery rooms are the flooded lead-acid battery, the valve
regulated lead-acid battery or the nickel–cadmium battery.
5. Batteries are installed in groups. Several batteries are wired together in a series
circuit forming a group providing DC electric power at 12, 24, 48 or 60 volts (or
higher).
6. Usually there are two or more groups of series-connected batteries.
7. These groups of batteries are connected in a parallel circuit.
8. This arrangement allows an individual group of batteries to be taken offline for
service or replacement without comprom\ising the availability of uninterruptible
power.

Fig.12. Battery Room

3.81 VRLA(VALVE REGULATED LEAD ACID)

BATTERIES
A valve-regulated lead-acid battery (VRLA battery) sometimes called sealed lead-
acid (SLA) or maintenance free battery.
There are three primary types of VRLA batteries, sealed VR wet cell, absorbent glass
mat (AGM) and gel cell. Gel cells add silica dust to the electrolyte, forming a thick
putty-like gel. These are sometimes referred to as "silicone batteries". AGM (absorbent
glass mat) batteries feature between the battery plates which serves to contain the
electrolyte. Both designs offer advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional
batteries and sealed VR wet cells, as well as each other.

VRLA batteries are based on “Starved electrolyte design and Oxygen recombination
principle.”
 Fig.13. VRLA Batteries

The important functional features and advantages are as under.

1. No periodic topping up of electrolyte is required.

2. No spillage of electrolyte as it is sealed.
3. These cells are supplied in fully charged condition, therefore, no initial charging is
required.
4. These have very low self-discharge the order of 20% to 25% of conventional lead
acid batteries.
5. These can be used as either vertically or horizontally. They are available in stackable
steel trays capable of being mounted one over the other. Therefore, they occupy very
less space.
6. They do not emit any toxic, corrosive acid fumes, hence can be installed in the
7. equipment room itself, saving the battery room.
8. They are lighter in weight by about 25% when compared to conventional lead acid
9. batteries.
10. They have 30% to 40% longer life than the conventional lead acid batteries.
3.82 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VRLA BATTERIES:-

1. The lead acid batteries (both conventional as well as VRLA) are normally designed
to give the full rated capacity and the expected life at the operating temperature of
27°C.

2. When the operating temperature is higher than 27°C, the corrosion rate at the
positive grid increases.

3. This is due to Arrhenius principle, which states that, the rate of chemical reaction
doubles for every 10°C rise in the ambient temperature.

4. The effect of increased temperature is more pronounced on VRLA batteries as less

volume of electrolyte is available and also because there is no addition of electrolyte
during the use of the battery.

5. It is said that for every 10°C rise, the reduction in life of VRLA batteries is up to
50%

3.9 BTS , TOWER :-

The Network components are Base Station Controller (BSC), Base station Transceiver
Subsystem (BTS), Fixed Subscriber Unit (FSU), and Base Station Manager (BSM).
Additionally, the system is equipped with inter-working function (IWF) for data service.
 Fig.14. BTS

3.91 Base Station Controller (BSC) :-

The Base Station Controller (BSC) interfaces with the BSC and PSTN LE (Local
Exchange) in order to support the establishment/release of originating/terminating calls.
It performs the trans-coding between QCELP (Qualcomm Code Excited Linear
Predication) in wireless sections, PCM (pulse code modulation) in wire network.

3.92 MSC (MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE) :-

 Fig.15. MSC

1. The Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) is a telephone exchange that makes the
connection between mobile users within the network, from mobile users to the
public switched telephone network and from mobile users to other mobile
networks.

2. The MSC also administers handovers to neighboring base stations, keeps a record
of the location of the mobile subscribers, is responsible for subscriber services and
billing.

3. A mobile switching center (MSC) is the centerpiece of a network switching

subsystem (NSS).

4. The MSC is mostly associated with communications switching functions, such as

call set-up, release, and routing.

5. However, it also performs a host of other duties, including routing SMS messages,
conference calls, fax, and service billing as well as interfacing with other networks,
such as PSTN.

6. The MSC is structured so that base stations connect to it, while it connects to the
PSTN. Because cellphones connect to these base stations, all forms of
communication, whether between two cell phones or between a cell phone and a
landline telephone, travel through the MSC.

7. A small network operator may employ only one MSC, while a large operator
requires multiple MSCs.
8. The MSC plays a significant role in handovers, particularly handovers involving
multiple base station controllers - known as inter-BSC or intra-MSC handovers - as
well as those involving multiple MSCs known as inter-over MSC.

9. The MSC then scans a list of adjacent cells and their corresponding BSCs and
facilitates handover to the appropriate BSC.

10. For this task, the MSC works with a large database known as the home location
register (HLR), which stores relevant location and other information for each mobile
phone.

11. Because accessing the HLR uses many network resources, most operators employ
visitor location registers (VLRs)

12. These are relatively smaller databases, which are integrated with the MSC. Some
carriers deploy one VLR per MSC, while others set up one VLR to serve multiple
MSCs.

3.93 GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION)

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970.
It is widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and
digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates
at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.
GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access
(TDMA) technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data,
then sends it down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in
its own particular time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates.

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella
cells. Each cell varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell
sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. The coverage area of
each cell varies according to the implementation environment.

Time Division Multiple Access: -

TDMA technique relies on assigning different time slots to each user on the same
frequency. It can easily adapt to data transmission and voice communication and can
carry 64kbps to 120Mbps of data rate.

GSM Architecture
A GSM network consists of the following components:

 A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the
display and the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the
network.

 Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and
the network subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains
the radio transceivers and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles. It
also consists of the Base Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver
station and acts as a interface between the mobile station and mobile switching
centre.

 Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile

stations. The basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching
Centre which provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also
consists of the Home Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which
provides the call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the
Equipment Identity Register which maintains an account of all the mobile
equipments wherein each mobile is identified by its own IMEI number. IMEI stands
for International Mobile Equipment Identity.
FEATURES OF GSM MODULE:

 Improved spectrum efficiency

 International roaming
 Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
 Support for new services.
 SIM phonebook management
 Fixed dialing number (FDN)
 Real time clock with alarm management
 High-quality speech
 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
 Short message service (SMS)

Fig.16. GSM Architecture

3.10 TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access)

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):-A digital wireless telephony transmission
technique. TDMA allocates each user a different time slot on a given frequency.
TDMA divides each cellular channel into three time slots in order to increase the
amount of data that can be carried.
TDMA technology was more popular in Europe, Japan and Asian countries, where as
CDMA is widely used in North and South America. But now a days both techologies
are very popular through out of the world.
 Fig.17.TDMA

Advantages of TDMA:
 TDMA can easily adapt to transmission of data as well as voice
communication.
 TDMA has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
 TDMA allows the operator to do services like fax, voice band data, and SMS as
well as bandwidth-intensive application such as multimedia and video
conferencing.
 Since TDMA technology separates users according to time, it ensures that there
will be no interference from simultaneous transmissions.
 TDMA provides users with an extended battery life, since it transmits only
portion of the time during conversations.
 TDMA is the most cost effective technology to convert an analog system to
digital.
Disadvantages of TDMA
 Disadvantage using TDMA technology is that the users has a predefined time
slot. When moving from one cell site to other, if all the time slots in this cell are
full the user might be disconnected.
 Another problem in TDMA is that it is subjected to multipath distortion. To
overcome this distortion, a time limit can be used on the system. Once the time
limit is expired the signal is ignored.
3.11 CDMA(CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): A digital wireless technology that uses
spread-spectrum techniques. CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user.
Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are
encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence. CDMA consistently provides better
capacity for voice and data communications than other commercial mobile
technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the
common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

Fig.18. CDMA

Advantages of CDMA
 One of the main advantages of CDMA is that dropouts occur only when the
phone is at least twice as far from the base station. Thus, it is used in the rural
areas where GSM cannot cover.
 Another advantage is its capacity; it has a very high spectral capacity that it can
accommodate more users per MHz of bandwidth.
Disadvantages of CDMA
 Channel pollution, where signals from too many cell sites are present in the
subscriber. s phone but none of them is dominant. When this situation arises,
the quality of the audio degrades.
 When compared to GSM is the lack of international roaming capabilities.
  The ability to upgrade or change to another handset is not easy with this
technology because the network service information for the phone is put in the
actual phone unlike GSM which uses SIM card for this.
 Limited variety of the handset, because at present the major mobile companies
use GSM technology.

3.12 FDMA(FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is one of the most common analogue
multiple access methods. The frequency band is divided into channels of equal
bandwidth so that each conversation is carried on a different frequency. In FDMA
method, guard bands are used between the adjacent signal spectra to minimize crosstalk
between the channels. A specific frequency band is given to one person, and it will be
received by identifying each of the frequency on the receiving end. It is often used in
the first generation of analog mobile phone.

Fig.19. FDMA

Advantages of FDMA
As FDMA systems use low bit rates (large symbol time) compared to average delay
spread, it offers the following advantages −
 Reduces the bit rate information and the use of efficient numerical codes
increases the capacity.
 It reduces the cost and lowers the inter symbol interference (ISI)
 Equalization is not necessary.
 An FDMA system can be easily implemented. A system can be configured so
that the improvements in terms of speech encoder and bit rate reduction may be
easily incorporated.
  Since the transmission is continuous, less number of bits are required for
synchronization and framing.
Disadvantages of FDMA
Although FDMA offers several advantages, it has a few drawbacks as well, which are
listed below −
 It does not differ significantly from analog systems; improving the capacity
depends on the signal-to-interference reduction, or a signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR).
 The maximum flow rate per channel is fixed and small.
 Guard bands lead to a waste of capacity.
 Hardware implies narrowband filters, which cannot be realized in VLSI and
therefore increases the cost.

3.13 WCDMA(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)

WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) is the radio access scheme used
for third generation cellular systems that are being rolled out in various parts of the
globe. The 3G systems support wide band services like high speed Internet access and
video and high quality image transmission with the same quality as the fixed networks.
In WCDMA systems, the CDMA air interface is combined with GSM based networks.
The WCDMA standard evolved through the Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP), which aims to ensure interoperability between different 3G networks.
The standard that has emerged through this partnership project is based on ETSI’s
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and is commonly known as
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). The access scheme for UTRA is Direct
Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA). The information is spread over
a band of approximately 5 MHz. This wide bandwidth has given rise to the name
Wideband CDMA or WCDMA.
In WCDMA, there are two different modes of operation possible:-
 TDD: In this duplex method, uplink and downlink transmissions are carried over
the same frequency band by using synchronized time intervals. Thus, time slots in a
physical channel are divided into transmission and reception.

 FDD: The uplink and downlink transmissions employ two separate frequency
bands for this duplex method. A pair of frequency bands with specified separation is
assigned for a connection. Since different regions have different frequency allocation
schemes, the capability to operate in either FDD or TDD mode allows for efficient
utilization of the available spectrum.
 KEY FEATURES OF WCDMA:-
The key operational features of the WCDMA radio interface are listed below:
1. Supports high data rate transmission: 384 Kbps with wide area coverage, 2
Mbps with local coverage.
2. High service flexibility: supports multiple parallel variable rate services on each
connection.
3. Both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD).
4. Built in support for future capacity and coverage enhancing technologies like
adaptive antennas, advanced receiver structures, and transmitter diversity.
5. Supports inter frequency hand over and hand over to other systems, including
hand over to GSM.
6. Efficient packet access.

WCDMA TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Multiple Access Scheme DS-CDMA

Duplex Scheme FDD/TDD

Packet Access Dual

mode (Combined and dedicated channel)

Multirate/Variable rate
scheme Variable spreading factor and multi-code

Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps

Carrier Spacing 4.4-5.2 MHz (200 kHz carrier raster)

Frame Length 4.4-5.2 MHz (200 kHz carrier raster)

Inter Base Station FDD: No synchronization neededTDD:

synchronization Synchronization required

Table 3. Technical specification of WCDMA

 Fig.20. WCDMA

3.14 OPTICAL FIBRE CONNECTOR

Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fibers where a connect/disconnect
capability is required. Due to the polishing and tuning procedures that may be
incorporated into optical connector manufacturing, connectors are often assembled onto
optical fiber in a supplier's manufacturing facility. However, the assembly and polishing
operations involved can be performed in the field, for example, to terminate long runs at
a patch panel.
Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone exchanges, for customer premises wiring,
and in outside plant applications to connect equipment and cables, or to cross-connect
cables.
Types Of Optical Fiber Connectors

Following are the major types of Optical Fiber Connectors that are used in fiber
networking.

SC Connector

SC- Square Connector also referred to as Subscriber Connector as these are used at
customer end. They operate with the simple Operation of Push-Pull. SC connectors are
the single mode fiber connectors, that are available in APC and UPC shapes as well. SC
connectors are widely used in video and data applications. The most common use of SC
fiber optic connectors is with an ONT where data and video services are terminated at a
single point.
 Fig.21. SC Connector

LC Connector

LC-Lucent Connector sometimes referred to as Little Connector, these are used in data
centers or normally at places where multiple connectors are involved in a small area.
These are used with transceivers like SFP, SFP+, etc.

Fig.22. LC Connector

FC Connector

FC Fiber connector also called ferrule connector, these are used in industry where high
vibrations are involved.
 Fig.23. FC Connector

3.15 CABLES

PATCH CORDS

Patch cords are made from either single or multi-fiber cables (usually rated for indoor
use) and connected at each end with fiber cable connectors (either single fiber or
multiple-fiber connector). Sometimes patch cords are called jumpers, especially if they
are simplex or dulex. The connectors are selected to mate with the interfacing
equipment or cable connectors. The important idea is that the cable has a connector at
each end. The fiber can be either tight or loose buffered and the cable can be made of
various diameters (1.2 mm to 3.0 mm are common). The patch cord may have one type
of connector (ST FC, SC, LC, etc) on one end and a different connector on the other as
long as all the fibers are connectorized on each cable end – this is a transition jumper.
Patch cords are commonly used to connect ports on fiber distribution frames (FDFs).
The new mpo connecter make it possible to run a singel cable that automatically
terminates 12 fibers in one easy plug in. Compared to common patch cord with ST FC,
SC, LC connetor, MPO cable is a truly innovative and amazing group of products that
really takes fiber optics into the new millennium.
 Fig.24. Patch Cord

PIG TAIL

A pigtail is a cable (like a patch cord or jumper) with only one end terminated with an
optical connector. Patch cords are often cut into shorter lengths to make two pigtails.
Pigtails are found anywhere, but more commonly in optical assemblages or optical
components

Pigtails are installed where they will be protected and spliced,lets say on the inside of
the ODF and that’s why they are normally not sheathed. They have a coating corlour so
that you slice them on the corresponding corlour on the out coming fiber.
On the other hand patch codes are used between the ODF to the WDM MUX or
equipment. If you cut a patch code for use as pigtail then in case of future faulting
where you are dealing with multiple pairs it will be difficult. But still if you need to cut
the patch code check on its characteristics.

In general, the only major physical difference b/w patch cord & pigtail is that patch cord
is a fixed length piece of cable with dual ended fiber connector type may vary & pigtail
is one meter standard OFC core with white white colored jacket. As per standard pigtail
can only be used for OFC termination purpose & patch cord is to be used to connect the
active component with ODF so that means pigtail can not be used at the place of patch
cord.
 Fig.25. Pigtail

FINDINGS
Major findings are summerisd in this section.
MODEM CONFIGURATION
A modem is a network device that both modulates and demodulates analog carrier
signals for encoding and decoding digital information for processing.
The fastest modems run at 57,600 bps, although they can achieve even higher data
transfer rates by compressing the data.

OPTICAL FIBRE
 An optical fiber is a thin fiber of glass or plastic that can carry light from one end to
the other. The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics. It is so efficient, in fact, that
roughly 99.7% of the signal reaches the router in most cases.It can be used
more efficiently in confined underground pipes, and is also much stronger, with eight
times the pulling tension of copper wire.

SPLICING
Fiber optic splicing involves joining two fiber optic cables together.The loss should not
be greater than 0.02db/km during splicing.

BATTERY
This valve regulated lead-acid battery range has a design life of 20 years at
27°C under ideal float condition. The capacity of these batteries ranges from
200Ah to 6000 Ah at 27°C down to 1.75 VPC. The operating temperature range
is -5°C to 40°C.

GSM(GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION)

 Improved spectrum efficiency.

 International roaming.
 SIM phonebook management.
 Fixed dialing number (FDN)
 High-quality speech

WCDMA(WIDEBAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

 Spreading and Scrambling.

 Transport Channel Combining.
 Soft Handover.
CONCLUSION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam limited formed in October 2000 is the world 7th largest
Telecommunication company providing comprehensive range of telecom service in
India:Wired-line,CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier Service,
etc.presently it is one of the largest sector unit in India.
The training was aimed at providing the students with basic knowledge about
telecommunication and the working of telecom exchange.The various aspects regarding
the working of Telecommunication, the various modules in the telecom exchange and
their importance in the exchange process was explained.Both wired and wireless
communication aspects were dealed with Mobile communication including CDMA and
GSM was extensively covered. Also, information about broadband and internet and its
requirement was provided.
Along with technical lecture sessions, practical sessions were conducted.

REFRENCES

1.BSNL in-plant training material

2.www.bsnl.co.in
3.www.wikipedia.org
4.Telecommunication system engineering by Roger L Freeman