CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This Chapter includes different local and foreign literature and

studies that have direct support to the research study. This particular

research study gives the gist of the relevant readings done by researcher,

which related to the present research study. The foreign and local

literature and studies would serve as a guide and support in the

interpretation and analysis of the data gathered.

Foreign Literature

In the Article IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance

Technology by Emily Robinson published on July 06, 2011 that came

from the website www.ezinearticles.comstated, stated that CCTV cameras

are used only in high profile events. Indeed this may be the fact in the

days to come. They are made compulsory by government as to avoid any

miscreant's problems and untowardly incidents. These modern day tools

if properly put into use can do wonders in the area of security.1

This article is related to the present study because the researchers

believe that CCTV is a very useful tool to solve problems in the society

because it serves as credible evidence.

In May 22, 2009, Mr. Andy J. Thompson wrote an article entitled

“CCTV Security Cameras – do they help fight crime” where stated that

“The UK has more CCTV camera coverage than any other country. A

recent study examined the effectiveness of UK security cameras as it

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pertains to crime prevention. CCTV is clearly an effective deterrence to

criminal activity.” It was also stated that CCTV video is often used in

police investigations and the writer believes that most people are

convinced of the effectiveness of video surveillance and may even feel a

certain amount of comfort in knowing that it adds to their sense of

personal safety and they understand that their chances of being a victim

of crime are reduced when they find themselves in an area monitored

with CCTV cameras.2

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV

is a very effective tool to distinguish criminals and secure public places.

Lester J. Hester’s article “CCTV System- The Advantages and

Disadvantages” published in Ezine Articles stated that CCTV is highly

useful for crime prevention as it increases the chance of the perpetrator

being caught, aiding police investigations, preventing theft from the till,

proving innocence by sense of protecting and defending the people in any

accusations, but CCTV does not always works in proper system. It could

not display every single square of your office, banks, stores, and other

areas. Although you set the location of the system in a very careful way,

you still cannot get total guarantee of security level.3

This article is related to the present study because it gives the

people the information that CCTV doesn’t only have its advantages

because at some point it also has its disadvantages.

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In the article “CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety” by Emily

Robinson on March 28, 2011, it was stated that CCTV surveillance is not

only a great way to catch perpetrators after your property has been

broken into, but also a perfect way to prevent them from breaking. This

therefore means that if some criminals might actually be put off of the

thought of trying to break into your property and this in turn would

mean that your belongings were kept.4

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that the

use of CCTV camera is a very effective way to gain safety and security

from criminal actions.

In the article “CCTV actually plays a very important role” written

by Dave Wilkinson Technical Manager of British Security Industry

Association (BSIA) published on September 3, 2009 from the website

www.Public Service.Co.UK.com stated that CCTV plays an important role

in the security of public, in using CCTV it can identify offenders and use

it as an evidence in the criminal justice system. Dave Wilkinson stated

that CCTV is playing a supportive role as part of jigsaw of evidence which

may then culminate in convictions.5

This article is related to the present study because it can give

assurance that using a CCTV that we are safe and it can be use this as

an evidence to the victims.

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Local Literature

In the article, “CCTV in public vehicles proposed” by Rio Rose

Ribaya published on January 29, 2011 issue of Manila Bulletin stated

that Cavite representative proposed the installation of closed-circuit

television (CCTV) camera on public vehicles, terminals and stops offer

public safety and prevent another repeat of the terrorist attack.6

In the relation to the present study, the researchers believe that

the used of CCTV camera is helpful in monitoring and solving crimes.

In the article, “Subdivisions, Establishments Required to Install

Cameras” published on July 17, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer

stated that Cebu City ordinance proposed that no business

establishment, especially those that handle money like banks, lending

firms and pawnshops, should not be allowed to operate without CCTVs.7

In the relation to the present study, the researchers believe that

CCTV cameras would be a useful way to record evidence against crimes.

In the article “CCTV camera installed around Lamitan City by Julie

Alipala published on May 19, 2011 issue of Philippine Daily Inquirer

stated that the city government installed closed circuit television (CCTV)

cameras in the seaport, market areas and in the main business areas

where banks and other commercial establishments and government

offices worth 2.5 million pesos.8

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV

cameras are effective tools in securing certain areas.

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In the article “Security Camera now within reach of many” by

Theresa S. Samaniego published on August 7, 2011 issue Philippine

Daily Inquirer stated that the Compro IP70 enables users to identify

people and objects clearly, at least three times better than the

conventional CCTV camera with a 10x digital zoom.9

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as

days passed by technology get bigger and better. CCTV cameras improve

its qualities in order to solve crimes faster than before.

In the article “QC bank heist captured on CCTV police” by Karen

Boncocan published on July 16, 2011 issued in Philippine Daily Inquirer

stated that CCTV cameras of a bank in Quezon City was robbed Friday

recorded the crime carried out by 15 heavily armed men.10

In relation to the present study, CCTV can easily determine the

people who commit crimes that serves as an evidence against them.

Foreign Studies

According to the study of Aundreia Cameron, Elke Kolodinski,

Heather May and Nicholas Williams on May 5 , 2008 entitled “Measuring

the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los Angeles” stated that

local program characteristics likely affect the overall success of CCTV

programs — which are often very different from one other — in reducing

and preventing crime.11

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In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV

will be effective in conducting crime investigations if real-time monitoring

will be follow.

In the study “Assessing the Impact of CCTV: Home Office Research

Study 292” by Martin Gill and Angela Spriggs, University of Leicester

(United Kingdom) on 2005. It was conferred that CCTV images are being

used for evidential purposes. All schemes passed on some images to the

police, which could be used to identify offenders or eliminate them from

enquiries and to help in the investigation of incidents. Such images could

be used either as evidence in court or to help extract a guilty plea, or to

identify witnesses and victims at a scene of crime.12

In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are big help to

solve crimes because the investigative team can easily distinguish the

people who are involved in the said crime.

In the study of Mark McComb “Library Security” published in San

Francisco on 2004 stated that Video surveillance and closed-circuit

television (CCTV) systems serve as a way to monitor and record security,

deter crime, and ensure safety.13

The researchers believe that this is related to the present study

because CCTV is one of the most economical security and safety tools to

be used in monitoring public areas.

Joseph Akpokodje, Roger Bowles and Emmanuel Tigere conducted

a study entitled “Evidence-based approaches to crime prevention in

 25

developing countries - A scoping review of the literature” published on

November 29, 2002 stated that installing CCTV, for example, entails up-

front capital costs but also continuing expenditure on monitoring and

maintenance.14

This is related to the present study because the researchers believe

that CCTV is an important tool in gathering evidences.

“SOCY 304 Surveillance and Visibility” by David Murakami Wood

is the study by David Mukarami Wood in Queen’s University Department

of Sociology stated that the technologies of surveillance, using particular

case studies of photography (including film, video and CCTV), face

recognition biometrics, and RFID tagging and they argue that these

technological systems in themselves have important social effects, but

that it is their place in political economies, and their social construction,

that makes them powerful.15

This is related to the present study because researchers believe

that CCTV is intimately involved in prevention and maintenance of global

economic order.

Local Studies

The study entitled “The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in

Conducting Investigative Report” by Ramon Asam Epino published on

March 2007 stated that investigative program used hidden camera as an

effective tool to gather accurate report.16

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In relation to the present study, CCTV cameras are used by

Current Affairs program to offer credible evidence pertaining in different

crimes nowadays.

In the study “Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent

Video Surveillance”, by Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co

and PaoloJavier S. Ilustre published on September 2007 stated that

CCTV will not be that effective without the operators. This study suggests

to automate the monitoring process using a computer to analyze the live

feed via digital signal processing techniques.17

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that as go

on with flow of new technology CCTV will be needed innovation.

In the study “Proposed Class Monitoring System using Surveillance

Camera for CAS, ESC” by Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino,

Joemary A. Olanka, Mark Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro

stated that due to increased terrors and crimes, the use of the video

surveillance camera system is increasing and it has been operated for

public interest such as prevention of crimes and fly-tipping by the police

and local government, but private information such as faces or behavior

patterns can be recorded in CCTV. When the recorded video data is

exposed, it may cause an invasion to privacy and crimes.18

In relation to the present study, the researchers believe that CCTV

has its negative impact in regards of privacy exposure.

 27

In the research study entitled “Impact of ABS-CBN’s Investigative

Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society” by Neil

Andrew Nantes Borines published on October 2006 states that the

importance of the use of cameras in exposing the stories being covered in

a certain crime and event. The study also stated that Media is

undoubtedly an extremely powerful and influential tool to reach wide

audience.19

The study is relevant to the present study for it has given helpful

information about the effects of cameras in Media and how media is

important in the lives of the people.

“The Current Situation of Crime Associated with Urbanization:

Problems Experienced and Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines”

is the title of the study by Celia V. Sanidad-Leones which stated that

developing and maintaining safe communities, be they urban or rural, is

central to the issue of good governance. An indicator of success of crime

prevention programmes are their perceived effects on peace and order.20

This study is related because one of the functions of CCTV is to

prevent crimes in order to maintain the security of a certain area.

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REFERENCES

1Emily Robinson, “IP CCTV - The Next Generation's Surveillance

Technology,July 06, 2011”, www.ezinearticles.comstated

2Mr. Andy J. Thompson, “CCTV Security Cameras – do they help

fight crime”May 22, 2009

3Lester J. Hester, “CCTV System- The Advantages and

Disadvantages”,www.ezinearticles.comstated

4Emily Robinson, “CCTV Surveillance for Your Safety”, March

28,2011, www.ezinearticles.comstated

5Dave Wilkinson, “CCTV Actually Plays a Very Important Role”,

September 3, 2009, www.Public Service.Co.UK

6Rio Rose Ribaya, “CCTV in public vehicles proposed”, January 29,

2011 manilabulletin

7Philippine Daily Inquirer, “Subdivisions, Establishments Required

to Install Cameras”, July 17, 2011,inquirer

8Julie Alipala, “CCTV camera installed around Lamitan”, May 19,

2011,inquirer

9Theresa S. Samaniego, “Security Camera now within reach of

many”, August 7, 2011, inquirer

10Karen Boncocan, “QC bank heist captured on CCTV police”, July

16, 2011, inquirer

 29

11Aundreia Cameron, Elke Kolodinski, Heather May and Nicholas

Williams, “Measuring the Effects of Video Surveillance on Crime in Los

Angeles”, USC School of Policy, Planning and Development, May 5 , 2008

12Martin Gill and Angela Spriggs, “Assessing the Impact of CCTV:

Home Office Research Study 292”, University of Leicester (United

Kingdom), 2005.

13Mark McComb “Library Security”, San Francisco, 2004

14Joseph Akpokodje, Roger Bowles and Emmanuel Tigere,

“Evidence-based approaches to crime prevention in developing countries

- A scoping review of the literature”, University of York, November 29,

2002

15David Murakami Wood, “SOCY 304 Surveillance and Visibility”,

Queen’s University Department of Sociology

16“The Effectiveness of Hidden Camera in Conducting Investigative

Report”, Centro Escolar University, March2006

17Timothy John A. Chua, Andrew Jonathan W. Co, Paolo Javier S.

Ilustre, “Real-Time Event Detection System for Intelligent Video

Surveillance”, De La Salle University on September 2007

18Raymart A. Aborque, Rodolfo B. Delorino, Joemary A. Olanka,

Mark Bryan F. Ramirez and Ron Nikko T. Socorro, “Proposed Class

Monitoring System using Surveillance Camera for CAS, ESC” Eulogio

‘Amang’ Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology, College of Arts

and Sciences, 2002

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19Neil Andrew Nantes Borines, “Impact of ABS-CBN’s Investigative

Program Exklusibong, Esplosinbong, Espose (XXX) to the Society” Centro

Escolar University, October 2006

20Celia V. Sanidad-Leones, “The Current Situation of Crime

Associated with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and

Countermeasures Initiated in The Philippines”