Bituminous Materials

contd 2
 Bitumen: visco-elastic behaviour

Flow behaviour: complex (bitumen type,

temp and time of loading)
Normally exhibits non-linear time
dependent stress behaviour
Approx method: assume linearity between
stress and strain
 Van der Poel: nomograms

Stiffness modulus:
S (t,T) = stress/strain
For bitumen: two data: hardness (R&B
temp) and rheological type (PI)
 Heuklom & Klomp: nomograph

S mix/ S bit = ( 1 + (2.5/n)x(Cv/(1-Cv))^n

Cv = vol. concn. of aggregate
= Vol. of agg/ Vol of (agg.+bit.)
n = 0.83 log (4x10^5/S bit)
Limitation: valid for well compacted mixes
with about 3% air voids, Cv = 0.7 to 0.9
For mixes with > 3% air voids
Van Draat and Sommer:
corrected value of Cv’ = Cv/(1+H)

H = Difference between actual air void

content and 3%
 Example
For a bituminous binder the following
data were obtained.
Pen = 58
R&B Softening temp= 88C
Find the stiffness of bitumen binder and
the bituminous mix if test temperature is
60C and air void in mix = 5%.
Assume Cv = 0.85
Adhesion properties
 Loss of adhesion between the
aggregate surface and the asphalt
cement in the presence of water

 Sometimes known as stripping

Initiation and Progression
 Prolonged exposure to water coming
from bottom, sides, or top of the
pavement
 Usually begins at the bottom of layer
and progresses upwards but can start
from the top down
 Bottom of layer in tension
Mechanisms of Stripping
 Detachment
 Separation of asphalt film from aggregate
surface
 Surface tension of H2O less than bitumen
 H2O molecules more polar than bitumen

 Displacement
 Penetration of H2O through breaks in
asphalt film
 Displacement of asphalt film by water
 Spontaneous Emulsification
 bitumen and H2O form inverted emulsion
 Mineral clays as emulsifier
 Reversible
 Hydraulic Scouring
 Occurs on surface courses
 H2O pressed down with tires
 Pore Pressure
 High void mixes saturated with water
 Traffic induces excessive pore pressure
Stripping Potential is controlled By

 Asphalt cement properties

 Aggregate properties
 Mixture characteristics
 Climate
 Traffic
 Construction practices
Tests to measure

Boiling Water Test

 Boiling loose HMA in water (10 min.)

 Percent retained coating

 Highly subjective

 No strength analysis

 Stripping of fines hard to determine

 Initial screening/quality control

Modified Lottman Method
(AASHTO T283)
 TSR of 0.7 to 0.8 specified
 Used in Superpave
Control
 Selection of bitumen & aggregate
 Mix design
 Construction practices
 Pavement design considerations
 Antistrip additives
Liquid Antistripping Agents
 Surface active agents (surfactants) added to
bitumen
 Promotes good coating (reduced interfacial
tension)
 Mostly amines
 Should be heat stable
 Typical dosage – 0.5% to1% by wt. of bitumen
 Aggregate and asphalt specific
Hydrated Lime
 Added to aggregate (powder or slurry)
 Typical dosage: 1 to 1 1/2% by wt. of
aggregate
 Modifies aggregate surface properties
(replaces some surface ions with calcium ions)
 Possible hardening of bitumen at the interface
 May not work on some stripping limestone