PEREZ, JELLIE LENN G.

STM 14

ACTIVE TRANSPORT PASSIVE TRANSPORT

Do not require cellular
Requires cellular energy.
energy.
It circulates from a
It circulates from an area of lower region of higher
concentration to a region of higher concentration to a
concentration region of lower
concentration
Passive Transport is a
Active transport is a dynamic process.
physical process.
It is highly selective. It is partly non-selective
Passive transport is a
Active transport is a rapid process. comparatively slow
process.
Different types of Active Transport are – Different types of Passive
Exocytosis, endocytosis, sodium- Transport are – Osmosis,
potassium pump diffusion, and facilitated
diffusion
BULK TRANSPORT
- The movement of
macromolecules such as proteins
or polysaccharides into or out of
the cell

- There are two types of bulk

transport, exocytosis and
endocytosis, and both require the
expenditure of energy (ATP).
 HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC
A hypotonic solution A cell in an isotonic Hypertonic
has a lower solute solution is in equilibrium solutions have a
concentration than with its surroundings, higher solute
inside the cell. The meaning the solute concentration than
difference in concentrations inside inside the cell. This
concentration between and outside are the causes water to
the compartments same (iso means equal rush out making
causes water to enter in Latin). In this state the cell wrinkle or
the cell. The cell wall there is no shrivel.
helps keep the cell from concentration gradient
bursting. and therefore, no large
movement of water in
or out.

COMPARISON CHART
https://biologydictionary.net/isotonic-vs-hypotonic-vs-hypertonic-solution/ ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC

High level of solutes outside of the cell No No Yes

Low level of solutes outside of the cell No Yes No

Water movement depends on the type of solute No No No

If uncontrolled, may lead to cell death No Yes Yes

Can cause the cell to wrinkle/shrivel No No Yes

Can cause the cell to swell/burst No Yes No

In plants, results in plasmolysis No No Yes

In plants, results in turgor pressure inside the cell No Yes No
Causes water movement via osmosis No Yes Yes
 VESICLES VS. PROTEINS
VESICLES
Some molecules or particles are just too large to
pass through the plasma membrane or to move
through a transport protein. Vesicles or other
bodies in the cytoplasm move macromolecules
or large particles across the plasma membrane.
There are two types of vesicle transport,
endocytosis and exocytosis (illustrated in Figure
below). Both processes are active transport
processes, requiring energy.
PROTEINS
Membrane proteins can act as hormone
binding sites, electron carriers, pumps for active
transport, channels for passive transport and
also enzymes. In addition they can be used for
cell to cell communication as well as cell
adhesion.

PHAGOCYTOSIS VS. PINOCYTOSIS

PHAGOCYTOSIS
It is the internalization of larger, extra-cellular,
solid particles, such as bacteria, from the
surrounding medium. It is sometimes referred to
as 'cell eating'.
A large amount of energy is given off in this
process.
Process in which leukocytes engulf and break
down pathogens and debris.
PINOCYTOSIS
It is the internalization of extracellular fluids
along with its solute molecules from the
surrounding medium. It is sometimes referred to
as 'cell drinking'.
Some amount of energy is generated in the
form of ATP molecules, in the pinocytosis of
smaller lipids.
Type of vesicle transport that occurs when the
plasma membrane folds inward to form a
channel, allowing dissolved substances to enter
the cell.

EXOCYTOSIS VS. ENDOCYTOSIS

EXOCYTOSIS
It results is expelling molecules outside the cell.
This process leads to the destruction of vesicles.
There is a discharge of enzymes, hormones,
proteins, and glucose. All these constituents are
used for the functioning of other body parts.
ENDOCYTOSIS
It helps to ingest molecules towards the cell
interior.
This process leads to creation of vesicles.
By this process, nutrients, food particles, and
proteins are received by the body cells. Apart
from this, some bacteria and pathogens can
also gain entry into the body through this
process.

https://www.ck12.org/biology/exocytosis-and-endocytosis/lesson/Exocytosis-and-Endocytosis-BIO/
https://ibguides.com/biology/notes/membranes/ https://biologywise.com/exocytosis-vs-endocytosis
- The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane or
phospholipid bilayer, is the sack that surrounds cells.
Homeostasis is a state of balanced equilibrium, where
everything is running smoothly. The plasma membrane
maintains homeostasis in the cell by keeping cell contents in
and foreign material out, and by providing controlled avenues
for the transportation of fuel, fluids and waste.
-
- Cells in homeostasis are successfully maintaining the internal
conditions necessary for basic functioning. The plasma
membrane is essential for maintaining these conditions by
separating the inside of the cell from everything else. Plasma
membranes are made up of a phospholipid bilayer, which is a
chain of fatty acids attached to a phosphate group. The fatty
acids form the interior layer of the plasma membrane, and are
hydrophobic, which means they repel water. The phosphate
groups form the exterior layer of the plasma membrane, and
are in contact with water.

- The cell needs to export waste and other molecules, and

import fuels and fluids. Plasma membranes allow water,
oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through by osmosis, or
passive diffusion. For other types of molecules that need to
cross the plasma membrane, cells use transport systems.
Pumps push molecules against a concentration gradient.
Channels open a gate for molecules to flow with their
concentration gradient. Transporters bond to specific types of
molecules and carry them through the membrane.