Lesson 2- Focusing Specimen Using the Compound Microscope

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to familiarize the steps in focusing specimen using the
compound microscope.

Lesson Proper

Focusing Specimen using the Compound Microscope

Since discussions on magnification and how the microscope enlarges a specimen was done, it is
time to learn the steps in focusing specimen using the Compound Microscope so that when you will be in an
actual laboratory, you’d be able to familiarize yourself on how to manipulate it. Familiarity of its parts and
function is necessary in order for you, learner, to utilize the microscope’s efficiency to the fullest. So the big
question for this module is, “How are you going to focus specimen using a compound microscope? It’s easy.
Just follow the steps presented below.
 Cu t out letter ’ e rrom a newsp aper clipping.

Step 2: Pre0ari”ng a Wet Ivlount

A SPECIMEN is a sample Place the cut out lerter 'e'

part of any material such cs plant, animal or even paper and mineml
in a for
qlassexamination
slide.
under the microscopes

›dd a drop of vmter usinq

c drapper or cotton ball. Then position the cover slip 45'^ with one side tou chin g th e edg e o
water and slowly lower the
cover slip until it co vers the ape cimen.
Also, when using a plant or animal specimen, make sure to slice the sample thinly in order for light to pass
through the specimen.

Tap the cover slip g ently by en ercser-end of a pen cil until the bubbles move towards the cover s

Figure 2. Pre paring wet m

Asun cion. Alvie J. e t c I., Science hea m ers Material. DepEd-BLR (P«ig C ity, 2017), 112.
- I bid, 115.
PI a ce the glass slide containing the specimen on the stage direc8y above i ts center hole and set the stage clip in pl ace.
Srep 3: me
e en
A FIELD OF VIEW is the
Uright circle of light under
the microscope. Remember
not to use direct sunlight as
a source to view
specimen because it ccn
permanently damage the
retina of the eyes’.
Look through i:he
eyepiece and adjust the
mirror to find the r/”e/cf of
V/”c•w of the n1i croscop
e. W hen the field of view
is too brig ht
hile watching at Lhe
a side. c areMIIy lower the
body tub e by turning the
coc rse adju tmen t knob
until the
e nd of the LPO
alnost touches the
cover Jip'
This acti on avoids
break in g or the cover
slip whe n starting to find
a
Look through i:he
eyepiece ag ain. S lowly
turn the coarse or fine
adjustment knob upwcrd
to raise the obj+ctive uncl
the letter 'e! appears. C
onrinue
a dju sting until you can see
clearly. This indicate*
that the specime n is in
focu° '.
Fig ure 3. V ie win g th e
specimen
 The microscope is used to enlarge images from its actual size in order to see internal structures of living
things. The ability to enlarge an image of the object’s length in one direction but not changing the actual size is called
magnification8. This means that the specimen increases its area by the square of its magnification. So how are you
able to identify the magnification of an object?

The numeric inscription written in the eyepiece and objective tells us how many times the microscope
actually magnifies an object. The object’s magnification can be computed as multiplying the magnification of the
inscription in the Eyepiece to the magnification inscription of the Objective. Hence,
 °x 1Iago%cañoe oftRe Obenre

Let us put it in an illustrative manner as seen in figure 5:

Specimen

Figure 5. Numeri c inscriptions of the eyepiece end objeCtive

Therefore, if the Eyepiece has 5x magnification and the Objective has 40x
magnification then 5 x 40 = 200x magnification! In other words a specimen seen
under the compound microscope using an Eyepiece with 5x magnification and an
Objective with 40x (HPO) means that the specimen is magnified 200x its actual size
when seen under the microscope! /mag/ne that! Let us take note that x in 5x or 40x
stands for (times). C:an you imagine lhe wonder o/ a microscope ?

Madriaga, Estrelita J et.aI.,Science and Technology II. B|0logy (Quezon City, 1594), 16.
 Lesson 3 – Levels of Biological Organization

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to classify organisms into their level of biological organizations.

Exploration

I want you first to observe carefully the picture. Then, think over and
answer the questions below.

1.What parts of the human body do you see?

2.To which organ systems do these parts belong?
3.What could probably happen if one organ or body
part does not function well?

Go and Learn

Levels of Biological Organization

Organisms are categorized according to the number of cells in the body, either unicellular or
multicellular. A unicellular organism depends upon just one cell for all of its functions while a multicellular
organism has cells specialized to perform different functions that collectively support the organism. As they
grow and develop, they become highly organized and specialized.
Apart from performing the basic life processes, a single cell can protect itself from harmful foreign substances and
also respond to various changes in its environment. Since all living organisms are made of cells, a cell is called the
structural unit of life. It can perform all the basic life processes such as digestion, respiration, excretion, and
reproduction that keep on organism alive and functioning. Therefore, it is also called the functional unit of life.

The different levels of biological organization are described and arranged below from the highest to the lowest or in a
descending order.
1. A cell is a collection of organelles that are functioning together. It is considered as the
basic unit of life that is capable of carrying out all the functions of living things. Cells
have varied sizes and shapes.

2. A tissue is a group of distinct and similar cells that work together to perform a
specific set of functions. Examples of tissues in plants are-parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues. Examples of tissues in animals are-
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

3. An organ consists of different tissues organized together to perform a certain

function. For example, the heart is made up of different tissues that enable it to
perform the task of pumping blood to all parts of the body.

4. An organ system consists of several different organs that work together to perform a
broad spectrum of functions. For example, the excretory system is composed of the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and blood vessels that function by removing wastes
from the various parts of the body, eliminating them through sweating and urination.

5. An organism is a collection of different organ systems that work together to bring

about various life activities. Humans are composed of eleven organ systems. An
organism is an individual belonging to a particular species that has its own distinct
existence as a complex, self- reproducing unit.
6. A population is a group of organisms of the same species occupying any given area.
These organisms freely interact with one another. Populations are sometimes
associated into small groups-a pack of wolves, pride of lions, town of squirrels, herd of
cattle, and colony of termites.

7. A community consists of all the populations of different species of organisms living

together in a given area. These organisms interact with one another.

8. An ecosystem consists of all the community of organisms (biotic components) that

inhabit the same area, as well as the nonliving (or abiotic) components of the area and
the set of interactions that exist between these two components.

A biome pertains to a collection of ecosystems with similar climates and covering a large geographical area.
Grasslands, savannas, deserts, and tropical rainforests are examples of ecosystems that cover a large.
geographical area.

9. The biosphere consists of the totality of the ecosystems on planet Earth. It also
pertains to any part of Earth's sphere where life exists. It is also referred to as the
world of life.
Directions: Use the description provided in your handout. Then classify each picture into what level of organization it
belongs. Write your answers in your Science activity notebook.
 ''' SAN LORENZO 5OU7H, VILLA SEGOVIA, BARANG AY DITA, CITY OF STA. ROSA, LAGUNA

Epithelial II Skelgtal [
12
1D,-

Fpitheliai Tissue i5system

be skeielai IoCatedi$ on thewfy
a rigia framework a wl\ich II\e soffer rlssuas and organs of the body arc atta:hed.
oul si4e of ’ ”*” ”"- *" ! ^ ’ « ,rovides proteCtJon and structurai
well as in the lining Df tioIk›v/ or sur h as lhe bladder. Its purposes
5uppoFt ior the bOd
i \CIuJe Protection and secretly’ Group of organisms of one type that live in the same area

13 15

80ngs Are rigid organs that f0rM part
of the endoskeleton Of vertebrates
They help to move, supp0rt and
protect the body a\ vrell as produ€i«s
led and which blood ‹ells.
In most vertebrate anirrlals. tile brain
is the central organ of the nervous
The animal cell is an It controls lhe other sy sl ems
example of a cell. of lhe body by either
activating MUSCI 8 5 Or
r•°ieasing chemicals
{Source: https:/Mww.rcsdL12.org/cms/Iih04/NY01001156/Centricity/Domain/3641/LeveIsOfOrganization.pdf)
 Lesson 4- Cell Parts and Functions

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to identify the different cell organelles and its functions.

Lesson Proper

Cell is the basic unit of life. All life forms are made up of cell. When Robert Hooke carefully examined a very
thin slice of cork, he thought the close-up view resembled small, empty rooms. He referred this tiny rooms as cells
(from the Latin word Cellulae, which means “small rooms”). A cell is made up of tiny organs called organelles that
perform specific functions. It is called organelle because it is like “little organs” that has its own function.

In 1830, German scientists Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann summarized the findings of many
scientists and concluded that all living organisms are made of cells. This forms the basis of the cell theory. The cell
theory states that:

 All organisms are composed of cells

 The cell is the unit of structure and function of all living things
 Cell arise by division of preexisting cells, and they can be cultured to produced more
cells into two ways: outside the organism or cell (in vitro) or inside the organism or
cell (in vivo)

Types of Cells Found in Living Things

Living things vary in terms of the number of cells they have. Some living things are multicellular or are
made up of many cells. Others are single-celled or unicellular.

Two types of cells compose living things. Some living things as in the case of bacteria and cyanobacteria
have prokaryotic cells (Pro = before; karyon = nucleus). These organisms are called prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells
lack distinct nuclei and with few organelles that are not membrane-bound. In contrast, eukaryotic cells (Eu = true;
karyon = nucleus) have distinct nuclei and contain several membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, fungi, and
protists have eukaryotic cells, and they are called eukaryotes.
 The Parts of a Typical Cell

Cells of eukaryotes are complex and highly organized. This is because of the presence of numerous and
varied structures called organelles. Organelles are small membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions
that make life possible. The functions of the organelles are much like the functions of the different organs in
multicellular organisms. Organelles exist in various shapes and sizes and are embedded or free-floating in the
cytoplasm

Organel Structure Functions

le
Nucleus The spherical body
that is composed The nucleus
of organelles 7 to houses DNA
10. (the hereditary
material) as well
as various
proteins and the
nucleolus.
Considered as
“brain of the cell”
because it
directs all the
activities of the
cell.
Mitochondrion It is a double-
membrane Plural:
structure. The Mitochondria.
inner membrane is Mitochondria are
folded forming some of the
cristae. largest
organelles within
a cell.
Also known as
the
‘powerhouse of
the cell’
It is where the
energy of the
cell, the ATP
(Adenosine
Triphosphate
) is
produced.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are
tiny organelles
(like “dots”) that
contain RNA and
specific proteins
within the
cytoplasm.
Within the cell,
ribosomes are
directly involved
in the
manufacture of
proteins.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The network of

channels is Unlike the
composed of a smooth
single-membrane Endoplasmic
that may be Reticulum (ER),
bumpy if contains rough ER has
ribosomes (RER) ribosome
or (SER) if does attached to its
not contain surface. It is
ribosomes. involved in the
manufacture of
various proteins
in the cell. On
the other hand,
the rough ER is
involved in the
production of
antibodies,
insulin as well as
transportation of
 proteins into
the smooth
ER.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The network of

channels is The smooth ER
composed of a is named so
single-membrane because it lacks
that may be a ribosome on its
bumpy if contains surface. As a
ribosomes (RER) result, it is
or (SER) if does smoother in
not contain appearance as
ribosomes. compared to the
rough ER. It is
involved in the
synthesis of
lipids (e.g.
phospholipids)
and
carbohydrates
that are used to
build the cell
membrane.
Other functions
of the smooth
ER include:
Transportation
of vesicles
Enzyme
production in the
liver
Contraction of
muscle cells in
the muscles
Synthesis of
hormones in
the brain
cells
Golgi Bodies/Golgi Apparatus Stacks of single
membranes that The Golgi
are connected to apparatus is
the plasma responsible for
membrane and transporting,
endoplasmic modifying, and
reticulum. packaging
proteins and
lipids into
vesicles for
delivery to
targeted
destinations.
It is located in
the cytoplasm
next to
 the
endoplasmic
reticulum and
near the cell
nucleus.
While many
types of cells
contain only one
or several Golgi
apparatus, plant
cells can contain
hundreds.

Lysosomes A single membrane

compartment Lysosomes act
containing as the waste
powerful disposal
hydrolytic system of the
enzymes. cell by digesting
obsolete or un-
used materials in
the cytoplasm,
from both inside
and outside the
cell.
Thus, lysosomes
are
also called “suicidal
bags” of the cell.
Vacuoles A compartment
covered by a A vacuole may
single be described as
membrane a space inside
called the cell that does
tonoplast. not contain
cytoplasm. It is
surrounded by a
membrane and
filled with a fluid.
Vacuoles store
various
molecules
including
enzymes,
nutrients, waste
products of the
cell, water, and
even food
material
depending on the
type of cell.
Chloroplast A double-
membrane Chloroplasts
structure that contain the
contains pigment
chlorophyll chlorophyll that
pigments. captures energy
from sunlight for
photosynthesis.
Therefore, the
chloroplast is the
site of
photosynthesis
(the process
through which
plants produce
food)
Animal cell has
no chloroplast,
thus, animal
cannot make
their own food.
Plasma Membrane Flexible and
elastic. It is The plasma
composed of membrane (cell
double layers of membrane) is
phospholipid, the organelle
proteins, that
carbohydrates, encapsulates the
and steroids. contents of the
cell. It is like a
fence or a
gatekeeper that
protects the cell
from the outside
environment. It
also controls
what materials
can go in and
out of the cell.
The plasma
membrane is
made up of two
layers of
phospholipids
(phospholipids
bilayer).
Cell Wall It is a nonliving
component. A cell wall is a
Composed of rigid, semi-
cellulose, a permeable
polysaccharide. protective layer
in some cell
types. This outer
covering is
positioned next
to
the cell
membrane
(plasma
membrane)
 in most plant
cells, fungi,
bacteria, algae,
and some
archaea.
Animal cells
however, do not
have a cell wall.
The cell wall has
many important
functions in a
cell including
protection,
structure, and
support.
Cytoplasm The complex fluid
that fills the cell. It is where all the
The outer organelles are
cytoplasm located, stores
(exosplasm) is gel chemicals, and is
like, while the inner the site for
cytoplasm is fluid reactions.
(sol like). The fluid It has a jelly-
part is capable of like fluid.
streaming
(cyclosis)
Centrioles Two small rods
that lie at right Centrioles are
angles to each tube- like
other. Each rod is structures that
surrounded with aid in cell
tiny microtubes division. They
arranged like the generally are
spokes of a found close to
wheel. the nucleus and
are made up of
nine tube-like
structures that
each have three
tubules.
Centrioles are
found inside the
centrosome.
Centrioles
separate the
chromosomes
during animal
cell division.
Centrioles are
only found in
animal cell.
 Lesson 5- Plant and Animal Cell

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to compare the structure of plant and animal cells.

Lesson Proper

Comparison of a Plant Cell and an Animal Cell

Both plant and animal cells contain nucleus along with similar organelles. One of the distinctive aspects of a
plant cell is the presence of a cell wall outside the cell membrane.

Take note that both cells are eukaryotic and both have several well defined membrane-bound organelles.
Take note further that in the numbered organelles, there are parts/organelles that are specific only to a particular type
of cell. Although the basic structure and most of the features are the same, there are some points of differences
between the two cells.

In terms of size and shape, plant cell is usually larger and has a somewhat fixed shape (polygonal),
whereas an animal cell is smaller and has various shapes. Biologists believe that the more fixed shape of plant cells
is due to the presence of the cell wall. The cell wall maintains the shape of the cell strengthens it and protects it from
mechanical injury and adverse environmental conditions. Animal cells do not have cell walls. The plasma membrane
serves as its outer boundary. The absence of the cell wall makes the animal cell softer, which is the reason why
animal cells can assume different shapes.
 Plants have an added covering called the cell wall. It provides support, protection, and shape to the cell.
The cell containing cellulose.

Plastids are organelles that contain pigments and store food materials. The pigments give the leaves of the
plants their characteristic colors. The most popular among them are the chloroplasts which contain the chlorophyll
pigments. These pigments give many plants their characteristic green color. Chlorophyll pigments are also light-
trapping. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water with the help of light energy are chemically changed into
food. The photosynthetic ability of plants is the reason why they are called photosynthetic autotrophs.

Chloroplasts is an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. The chloroplast is shaped like
a disc. Each chloroplast contains a green colored pigment called chlorophyll required for the process of
photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water
into glucose.

Centrioles are organelles that become prominent only during cell division. Only animal cells have centrioles
during cell division, centrioles help move chromosomes toward their respective poles. Plant cells do not need
centrioles. Their more fixed shape can safely and correctly position the chromosomes in their supposed to be places.
In unicellular organisms such as the paramecium and euglena, the centrioles control the formation of locomotor
structures respectively called cilia and flagella. These structures allow them to move. For instance, the flagellum
enables the sperm cell to swim. Vacuoles are membrane-bound and fluid filled organelles that function as a storage
tank for food, water, waste products, and other materials.

Vacuoles can be found both in plant and animal cells. However, in plant cells, the vacuoles are large and
built-in, and they almost fill the entire volume of the plant cell. When they are filled with water, they exert internal
pressure (called turgor pressure) against the cell wall. This pressure presses the cell wall tightly against the plasma
membrane that causes the characteristic rigidity of plant cells. Also, in plant cells, the vacuoles usually store useful
materials (starch grains, essential oils, water, etc.), water-soluble pigments as well as crystals of various geometric
designs that are composed of molecules that can be potentially toxic to herbivores. Conversely, in animal cells, the
vacuoles are small, scattered within the cytoplasm and are temporary structures. The vacuoles are formed near the
plasma membrane. Take note that vacuoles form near the part of the plasma membrane where an in pocketing is
formed. This in pocketing is called pinocytotic vesicle. Materials sometimes "forcibly" enter the cell's interior via this in
pocketing in the plasma membrane. The materials that enter the animal cell are sometimes complex that the cell
cannot use them unless the lysosomes simplify these materials.

Plant Cell Animal

Cell
Cell wall present No cell wall
Plastids present No plastids
No centriole Centriole present
Few large vacuoles Many small vacuoles

Both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,

lysosomes, ribosomes, and golgi apparatus.
 Lesson 6- Sexual Reproduction

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to distinguish the ways by which plants and animals reproduce
sexually.

Lesson Proper

Sexual Reproduction is a form of reproduction that involves two parents. Humans (and all animals that
reproduce sexually) have reproductive cells called gametes. Gametes are formed during meiosis, in the form of
sperm (produced within the testes of males) or eggs (produced within in the ovaries of females). Meiosis in sperm
cell is called spermatogenesis. Meiosis in egg cell is called oogenesis. Under favorable conditions, sperm and egg
cell unite in a process known as fertilization. The resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, contains genes from both
parents. Hence, the offspring have unique combinations of genes. Offspring of sexual reproduction differ genetically
from their siblings and species extinction is highly unlikely.

The gametes formed by meiosis are haploid (N), which means they contain only one set of chromosomes.
Humans have 46 chromosomes. Half of these chromosomes (23) are from the father and the other half are from the
mother. So, humans have diploid (2N) number of chromosomes or two sets of homologous chromosomes. The
chromosomes the genes that determine hereditary characteristics.
Internal development is a protective mechanism that ensures and increases the chances of the zygote’s survival
since the mother supplies everything that the zygote needs for its development.

Parts of a Gumamela Flower

A.Sterile Parts/ Non-Essential parts of a Flower- these parts are for support and help in
attracting insects for pollination.

1. Calyx- is a collection of sepals. It is green, leaf-like structures that cover and

protects the rest of the flower. They also support the other parts when the bud
opens.

2. Corolla- is found inside the calyx. It usually consists of one or more petals.
These are often, but not always bright-colored. Corolla together with calyx
frequently attracts insects. They may also help protect the inner part of the
flowers.

3. PEDUNCLE/ PEDICEL- stalk that attaches the flower to the stem.

4. Receptacle- bulging extensions of the pedicel

B. Essential Parts or the Reproductive Parts

1. Stamen- the male reproductive part of the flower and is collectively called as
androecium. It consists of the following:

a. Filament - the slender stalk

b.Anther - a knoblike structure located at the tip of the filament that

produces colored pollen grains. Pollen contains sperm nuclei, which is
essential for reproduction.

2.Pistil - the female reproductive part of the flower and is collectively called as
gynoecium. Pistil is also known as carpel. It is usually flask-shaped and consists
of the following:

a.Stigma - expanded tip of the style and is usually sticky which receive the pollen
grains
b.Style - long, slender stalk which supports the stigma
c. Ovary - a swollen base where the style ends and that bears the
ovules. The ovules will later become seeds.
 Lesson 7- Asexual Reproduction

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to describe asexual reproduction; classify organisms according to
their modes of asexual reproduction.

Lesson Proper

Asexual Reproduction is the creation of new organism from a single parent without combination of
gametes. Therefore, the parent and the resulting offspring have the same genes and this is the reason why they have
the same traits (clone). In other words, the parent and the offspring are identical to each other. Asexual reproduction
requires less energy since no mating is needed but can produce many offspring at one reproductive cycle.

Asexual Reproduction is the primary method of reproduction exhibited by unicellular organisms, such as
bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes); protists and yeasts; and some invertebrates.

Below is a table showing the different modes of asexual reproduction, its description and examples.

Modes of Asexual Description Examp

Reproduction le
Spore Formation Bread mold, fern, fungi
When a parent plant
produces hundreds of tiny
spores which can grow
into new plants. Many of
spores located in a
special structure called
When the spore case
opens, the tiny spores are
released and may be
carried by the wind or
water. Once the spore
lands on favorable
environment, it develops
into a
new organism.
Budding
When an outgrowth Coral, hydra, yeast
called a bud grows and
develops from the parent
animal and would
eventually separate to
become a new individual.
A bud is a mass of
tissue that contains
actively dividing cells.
Buds form when food
supply in the
environment is
abundant.
Fission
A mode of asexual Sea anemone,
reproduction wherein two bacteria, amoeba
individuals will form as the
parent divides in half.
This method is common
among unicellular
organisms like bacteria,
protozoans, and
archaeans.
Fragmentation
New organism grows from Planaria, cnidarians
a fragment of the parent.
Each of these fragments
develop into matured, fully
grown individuals. The
body of planaria is cut into
different fragments and
each is capable of
developing into a new
organism. Some animals
have self-cutting ability to
escape predators. This is
called
autotomy.
Regeneration Starfish, lobster
When an organism
replaces or repair a lost
damaged part of the
body. This is a process
that takes place in simple
organisms like starfish
and lizards.
Vegetative Propagation is a mode of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant can form from the root, stem
or leaf of an already existing plant.

The table shows the different types of Vegetative Propagation in Plants

.
are enlarged and thickened underground
3.Tubers
stem v ith buds or eye. Potato
have a shon. underground stem and thick, fleshy leaves that are colorless. A bulb can reproduce several smaller bulbs, each of
v hich can grow into a new plant.
is an enlarged short, underground4.Bulb
stem that stores food. Corms resemble bulbs but do not have thick, fleshy leaves. Nev• cor
produce neplants.

5.Corm Gabi

This year's corm

Last year's corm

Older corm
 Lesson 8- Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to identify the different abiotic
components of an ecosystem and describe how the abiotic factors affect living organisms.

Lesson Proper

All organisms need to interact with the other organisms and with their environment in order to survive.

Ecology is the study of the various relationships between living organisms and their environment. The basic
unit of ecology are an individual or organism species, population, community, and ecosystem.

There are many different kinds of ecosystems. Macro ecosystems called biomes cover large geographical
areas. Examples are desert, grassland, forest, and ocean. Micro ecosystems can be found within a large
ecosystem- in the floor of a forest, there might be a fallen and decaying log where termites live.

Organism live in a specific place within an ecosystem. The place where an organism lives is called habitat.
The habitat of the organisms provides all the resources that they need in order to live, grow, and reproduce. An
ecosystem consists of living components or biotic factors and the nonliving component called abiotic factors that
interact with each other.

Abiotic Components are non–living things which have important roles in the survival of the living organism
in an ecosystem. The most important abiotic components are the following:

Water
 Water is life.
 All living things need water.
 50% of most living thing is composed of water
 It is considered as universal solvent since it
dissolves other substances.
 It carries nutrients to cells and wastes away from them.

In terms of water requirement, plants are classified into three distinct

types: hydrophytes are plants that grown in water (lotus plant);
mesophytes grow in places with moderate amount of water (santan); xerophytes grow in very dry environments or
in areas with very limited water supply (cactus).
 Sunlight
 It is the main source of energy on Earth.

 It is necessary for the process of photosynthesis.

 Animals and plants could not survive without the sun.

 It plays an important role in the production of

oxygen and to an area’s temperature.
 The light from the sun is composed of different
wavelengths, and the most important in the
visible light spectrum are the blue and red light.

Duration or the length of the day and night varies during certain times of the year as seasons change. This
affects the growth and blossoming of plants. Some plants grow and blossom only when nights are longer than
days (short-day plants). Examples are chrysanthemums and Christmas cactus. Some grow and blossom when
days are longer than nights (long day plants). Examples are lettuce, spinach and potatoes.

This relative length of daylight and darkness that affects the behavior and functioning of plants is called
photoperiodism. Plant that grow well in bright sunlight are called heliophytes, and thos e that grow well in
shady conditions are called sciophytes.

Air
 Humans, plants, and animals will not be able to survive without air.
 It is a mixture of clear gases like oxygen gas (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen gas
(N2), hydrogen gas (H2), and etc. that we breathe.

 Plays an important role in the dispersal of pollens than can fertilize nearby plants and in
dispersal of spores and seed so they can spread and germinate in other places.

 It defines how strong and sturdy organisms in an ecosystem, and which habitat
must still exist as it continuously blows.

Soil
 It is made up of small particles of rock
mixed with decomposed living things
like animals.

 Humus content, humus is the dark, spongy,

and jelly-like material that is formed when
organic substances fully decompose. Humus
make the soil porous for air to circulate.
  It is where the plants get their water and nutrients for growth and development.

 Its composition varies from one place to another

Temperature
 It is an abiotic factor which is influenced by the sunlight

 It varies from one location to another

 All plants and animals survive between a

minimum or maximum amount of temperatures
e.g. a Polar Bear cannot live in a desert.

 influences which plants or animals can live in an area

Importance of Abiotic Components to an Ecosystem

According to the National Geographic Resource Library (2020), many abiotic factors- non-living physical and
chemical aspects of an environment, such as sunlight levels, soil chemistry, and climate- shape healthy
ecosystems.

Animals and plants are dependable on abiotic factors in the ecosystem. Abiotic factors should be just right
in order for life to thrive. There are also some plants and animal which require a particular set of abiotic factors
to survive.

Can you imagine a carabao living in a polar region? The polar region lacks the abiotic factors that are needed
by the carabao to survive like the temperature in a tropical area. Just like animals and plants, humans also require
certain abiotic factors to survive. We need oxygen which is present in the air for our body. Also, earth’s atmosphere
acts as shield against the ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Ecosystems change overtime therefore the abiotic factors of the ecosystem also change. For example, the
acidity of the sea has increased and some fishes are not able to adapt, hence; these fishes suffer. We also learned
to change the abiotic factors in our environment like cloud seeding to modify the weather condition. Another
example is the rising temperature in our planet due to climate change. Polar bears in the cold region find it difficult
to survive since the icebergs are melting.

Therefore, the abiotic components should not be altered for the living organism to live and survive in
their environments. Humans beings should take good care of the biotic and abiotic components in the
ecosystem.
 Lesson 9- Biotic Components of an Ecosystem

Objective

In the end of the lesson, you will be able to identify living organisms found in an ecosystem and classify the
biotic components (producer, consumer, and decomposer) present in an environment.

Lesson Proper

Living organisms are all things on earth that have lives, like the tress, plants, animals, including YOU! They
are called biotic components. Bio comes from the Greek word bios which means life. It literally refers to living
organism.

Biotic components are the living things which help shape an ecosystem. They affect another organisms, either as
consumers or producers. Each biotic factor needs energy to do the work, food for proper growth and human
influence.

Biotic components include:

1. PRODUCERS (Autotrophs):
 Organisms that can make their own food by converting the energy from the sun into food.
Example: Plants
 Producers are called energy transducers. They convert solar energy into chemical
energy, with the help of organic and inorganic substances.
 The producers are called as autotrophic (auto = self; troph = nourishing) organisms,
these are organisms that can make their own food.
 They are capable of synthesizing food from non-living inorganic compounds.
 They are largely represented by green plants on land (trees, grasses, crops) and
phytoplanktons on water.

2. CONSUMERS (Heterotrophs):
 Organisms that cannot make their own food; they depend upon producers for food. Example:
animals
 Consumers are the organisms that feed on other organisms to survive. They
consume the food materials prepared by the producers (autotrophs). Hence,
consumers are called as heterotrophic organisms.
 Depending upon their food habits, consumers are classified into primary, secondary and
tertiary consumers.
 The PRIMARY CONSUMERS solely feed on plants. Herbivores are plant eaters -
grasshopper, rabbit, goat, sheep – these animals are primary consumers.
 The SECONDARY CONSUMERS feed on some primary consumers.
o Carnivores - are flesh eaters. Example: Hawks ,Tiger and Lion
o Omnivores (Biophages) - eat both plants and animal flesh. Example: cockroaches,
fox, humans
 Secondary consumers are those which predate on primary consumers.
  TERTIARY CONSUMERS are the predators of predators. They are mostly larger
animals. Example: A snake eats a rabbit, and the snake was eaten by an eagle.

3. DECOMPOSERS (Detritus):
 Decompose or break down chemicals from producers and consumers into simpler
form which can be reused. Example: bacteria and fungi
 They are also called as micro consumers. They depend on dead organic matter for
their food. They are chiefly microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. They break the
complex organic matter found in plant and animal bodies, and release simple
substances. These substances will be used by autotrophs once again.
 Earthworms use these dead organic matter for their food. They are called as secondary
decomposer.

This illustration shows the relationship between producers, consumers, and decomposers. The producer
that is the tree, produces food for primary consumers like the squirrel in the figure above. The secondary consumer
that is the wolf eats the primary consumer. Once the primary and secondary consumers die, their bodies will
decompose. The decomposition process takes place in the presence of bacteria and other microorganisms.

The interactions between various biotic components are necessary for the survival and reproduction of each
species.
 The single energy pathway usually consisting of five trophic levels is called food chain. A food chain
shows how each living thing obtains food and how nutrients and energy are passed on from one organism to
another.

In reality, the flow of energy in an ecosystem is much more complicated than what a food
chain represents. Ecologist say that “everything is connected to everything else.” Thus, the food
chain that is discussed in the previous section is only a part of the many food links that are
interconnected in an ecosystem. This interconnected food chain is called food web.
What do we call the picture that was shown?
Have you
ever used
this?
For what?
“ In the end of the lesson, you will
be able to explain the
functions of different parts of
a compound
microscope.
 Microscopy

Here is where your presentation begins

The Mic
01
ros cope and Its Historical Development
 The Microscope and Its Historical Development

The microscope is a precision instrument

and the number one tool being used by
biologists in conducting biological researches
and in studying objects or organisms or parts
of organisms that are invisible or slightly
visible to the naked eye. microscope which
uses two or more lenses.
 The Microscope and Its Historical Development

In 1590, two Dutch eyeglass makers named

Zaccharias Janssen and his brother Hans started experimenting using lenses. They got a tube and put lenses on each end and started observing objects.
The brothers were amazed that the object they observed was greatly enlarged, much larger than a magnifying glass can enlarge. The Janssen brothers made a very
important discovery, a compound microscope which uses two or more lenses.
The Microscope and Its
Historical
Development
 Janssen’s compound
Zacharias Janssen microscope
 The Microscope and Its Historical Development

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) during his

time was able to make a simple microscope and made
seve biological breakthroughs using it. Although
Leeuwenhoek's microscope is composed only of a single
lens, its magnification is so powerful that it can enlarge
objects to 270 times. He was the first to observe bacteria,
yeasts, and red blood cells. He was able to describe
colonies of protozoans teeming in a drop of rainwater,
which he called as animalcules. These breakthroughs
earned him the title "Father of Microscopy."
 The Microscope and Its Historical Develoment

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek’s simple microscope

Leeuwenhoek
 The Microscope and Its Historical
Development
Robert Hooke, an Englishman, also spent much of his life working with microscopes,
improving their design and capabilities. With his improved compound microscope, he discovered tiny
compartments in a thin slice of cork. He called these compartments "cells."
Parts of a Compound Light Microscope (LCM)
02
Parts of Compound Microscope

There are two types of microscopes: the simple and the compound microscopes Simple microscopes are composed of one
lens and provide relatively low magnifying powers. A magnifying glass is a good example of a simple microscope. Compound
microscopes are composed of two or more lenses that provide powerful magnification.
Parts of Compound Microscope

The parts of a CLM are categorized into three illuminating parts, magnifying parts, and mechanical parts. The illuminating
parts are the parts that provide light. Light is important for the object/specimen to be seen. The light may come from two
sources natural source (reflected sunlight) or artificial source (light bulb)
Parts of Compound Microscope

• Mirror- reflects the light from the

source to the specimen
• Diaphragm -regulates the amount of
light striking the specimen
• Ocular/eyepiece - focuses light to the
eye, where the observer peeps
through
• Objective - gathers light
Parts of Compound Microscope

The magnifying parts are the parts that enlarge the object or specimen.

• Ocular lens - enlarges the object to

six times (6x) or ten times (10x)
• Objective lenses - aside from
gathering light, they magnify the
image.
 Parts of Compound Microscope

• Most often a CLM has three objectives:

• Low Power Objective (LPO) locates and enlarges
the specimen 10x
• High Power Objective (HPO) enlarges the specimen
40x, 43x, or 45x
• Oil Immersion Objective (OIO) enlarges the object
100x
 Parts of Compound Microscope

The mechanical parts are the parts of the microscope that support, adjust, connect, and move other parts.

• Base supports the entire weight of the microscope.

• Arm supports the body tube and the part that is held
when the microscope is carried from one place to
another.
• Body tube connects the lenses of the objectives and
the ocular. can see even very tiny molecules.
• Stage holds the slide while the stage clips hold the
slide firmly in place.
• Adjustment screws move the objectives to bring the
specimen into focus.

 Coarse adjustment screw is the large knob that

moves the body tube faster to focus the specimen.
 Fine adjustment screw is the smaller knob that is
used so as to get a sharp focus of the specimen
being viewed
• Revolving nosepiece is the rotating disc that holds
the different objectives and allows for the shifting
from one objective to the next.
IS
Body Tube

Fine Adjustment Kn ob
Ligh t

Base
 Table of Contents
Here you could

01
describe the

02 03
topic of the
section

Teaching
Academic Our Teachers
Method
Areas Here you could describe
Here you could the topic of the section
describe the
topic of the
section
 04
Enrollment
Process
Here you could
describe the
topic of the
section
Our Teaching Method

Feedback &
Evaluation
Saturn is composed
Activities mostly of hydrogen Goals
and helium
Despite being red, Jupiter is a gas giant
Mars is a cold place and the biggest
full of iron oxide dust planet in the Solar
System
What Sets Us Apart

Mercury Neptune Mars

Despite being red, Neptune is the Jupiter is a gas giant
Mars is actually a cold fourth- largest planet and the biggest
place full of iron oxide in the Solar System planet in the Solar
dust System
The Curriculum

Content 1
Initial

60 Content 2

Content 3

%Advanced
Content 4

40%
Content 5

Content 6
Academic Areas

Mars
Venus Mercury
Mars is actually
a cold place Venus is the second It’s the closest
planet from the planet to the
Sun Sun

Jupiter Saturn Neptune

It’s the biggest Saturn is a gas It’s the farthest
planet of them giant and has rings planet from the
all Sun
Our Values

Loyalty
Efficiency
Mercury is a bit
larger than the Moon Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place

Reliability Commitment
Venus is the second Neptune the farthest
planet from the planet from the Sun
Sun
 Our Success

800K
900K
Despite being
red, Mars is
actually a
cold planet

Saturn is
composed of
hydrogen
and helium
Statistics

54% Saturn stats

78% Neptune stats

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the

link, change the data and paste it here
A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words
4,000,300
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
Students Around the World

This is a map where

you can mark the size
of your audience

Jupiter is the biggest

planet in the Solar
System and the
fourth-brightest
object in the night
sky
Our Teachers

John James Jenna Doe Jane Patt

You can talk about You can talk about You can talk about
the actions here the actions here the actions here
 Saturn
It has several
Mars
rings It’s a cold place

Our Goals

Jupiter Neptune
It’s the biggest one It’s the farthest one

Venus Pluto
It’s quite hot It’s a dwarf planet
Student Process

1st
2nd Term 3rd Term 4th Term
Term
Jupiter is the Despite being red, Saturn is a gas giant
Mercury is the biggest planet Mars is a cold place and has rings
smallest planet
Enrollment Process

1st Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here

2nd Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here

3rd Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here

4th Process You could state one of your

enrollment processes here
Special Reminders

● Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
● Jupiter is the
biggest planet of
them all
● Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
● Mercury is the
closest planet to the
Sun
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