REVIEWER IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

QUARTER 1

3 Tenets of Cell Theory:

1. All cells come from pre-existing cells

2. All living things are composed of cells
3. Cells are the basic unit of life
- According to Rudolf Virchow, all cells come from pre-existing cells
- Louis Pasteur was the scientist who disproved the Spontaneous Generation Theory

Parts and Function of the Cell

1. Ribosome- makes protein using coded instructions that come from the nucleus
2. Mitochondria- Powerhouse of the cell
3. Lysosomes-Breakdown cellular wastes and debris by engulfing them w/ hydrolytic enzymes

Types of the Cell

Prokaryotic cells came before eukaryotic cells. Plants and animals are examplese of eukaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic cell has a smaller ribosome while eukaryotic cell has a larger ribosome. Eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cell share a common features and that is the presence of ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells do not
have nucleus but they have what you called nucleoid region.

Levels of Organization

Cells-tissues-organs-organ system-organism

Plant and Animal Tissues

Phloem and xylem

Dermis and epidermis

Collenchyma, parenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Ground meristem and procambium

- Motor Neuron-damage in nerves for example: a person experienced an accident, he cannot

move his left foot. There’s a pain and pressure in his foot.
- Root hair cells is considered as modified epidermal cell of roots because they have hair-like
structure that help absorb more water and mineral salts.
- Red blood cells function as modified cells because it contains hemoglobin, they have no nucleus
that enables it to squeeze through small blood capillaries, more hemoglobin can be
accommodated, and it has biconcave shape.

Cell cycle and Cell division

- The main reason why DNA must exist in chromosome form during cell division, the structure is
important to favor the formation of sister chromatids and it make sure that each of the two new
cells gets a full, perfect copy of genetic
 - Diploid cells are produced so the cells produced are exact copies of the parent cell.
- Diploid number is the double number of chromosomes in each daughter cell (2N= 12(2)=24
- The M checkpoint checks if the kinetochores of each pair of sister chromatids are firmly
anchored to at least two spindle fibers from opposite poles.
- Meiosis produces egg and sperm cell while mitosis creates new body cell. Mitosis results in 2
identical daughter cells whereas meiosis results in 4 sex cells. In mitosis, there is no crossing
over while in meiosis, crossing over happens.
- Meiosis begins with a diploid parent cell and ends w/ 4 haploid daughter cells
- Meiosis do synapsis and crossing over during prophase
- Meiosis makes the cells needed for sexual reproduction to occur, and mitosis replicates non-sex
cells needed for growth and development.
- Recombination between homologous chromatids during meiosis I adds to the genetic diversity
of the human population.
- Karyotyping is the process of pairing and ordering all the chromosomes of an organism providing
a genome-wide snapshot of an individual’s chromosomes. It involves in individual’s
chromosomes.
- Down syndrome is also called trisomy 21. It results an extra in the 21st chromosome.
- In karyotyping you’re not able to detect if the child has any type of single gene disorder.
- Mosaicism- a condition in which there is presence of two or more cell lineages w/ different
genotypes arising from a single zygote in a single individual.

Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanism

- Cholesterol affect the cell membrane fluidity by increasing fluidity at low temperature and
decreases fluidity at low temperature.
- Cell membrane the exit of important or useful molecules, it protects the cell from unwanted
substances. It also helps in the regulation of temperature and maintains the chemical levels
inside the cell.
- Osmosis- the movement of water across the membrane
- During diffusion w/ a same level of molecules that passes through the cell membrane, there is a
continues movement of molecules in both directions
- Remember the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Enzymes

- Enzymes involved in regulatory mechanisms that allow the metabolism to adapt to changing
conditions. It also helps in the process by unwinding the DNA coils. It facilitates the process of
destroying the toxins in the body. Enzymes also help the breakdown of larger complex
molecules into smaller molecules.
- The 2 components of an enzyme are globular protein and co-factor/metal-ion-activator
- Enzymes and substrate has always a temporary association. They are like a key and padlock.
- Combustion, cellular respiration, decomposition, and photosynthesis are examples of redox
reaction.
- Enzymes will tend to be denatured (denaturation) if it is under a high temperature.
- Ph, temperature, and concentration are factors of enzymatic activity
- enzymes digests proteins in the small intestine with ph of 8. Enzymes w/ Ph of 2 will not works
best in acidic condition.
- The enzymes function best at a specific temperature.
- Some bacteria live in place w/ high temperature. If this bacteria transfer in a place w/ lower
temperature it will not increase their rate of reactions.