TRANSFORMER QUESTION AND ANSWER

Q: What is a Transformer?
A: A transformer is a static device which can transfer power from
one circuit to another at same frequency.
Q: How Does a Transformer Work?
A: Transformer consists of two coils.If one coil is connected with
ac voltage source then it will produce alternating flux in the core.
Most of the flux is linked with second coil hence mutually induced
emf will produce in the second coil as per faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction.

Q: Can DC be applied to transformers ?

No
i) Transformer works on Faraday's law of Electromagnetic
Induction for which current in coil must change. If DC is applied
current will not change and transformer will not work.
ii) Practically winding resistance is very small. For DC ,inductive
reactance is zero and frequency is zero. Therefore impedance is
low. Thus winding draws more current which may damage the
winding.
Q: Give symbolic representation of transformer.

Q: What are the various types of Transformers?

Based on supply
1.Single phase transformer
2.Three phase transformer
Based on winding
1.Auto transformer (single winding)
2.Two winding transformer
3. Three winding transformer
4. Six winding transformer
Based on construction
1. Core Type transformer
2. Shell Type transformer
Based on the service
1. Distribution transformer
2. Power transformer
Based on measurement
1. Current transformer
2. potential transformer
Based on cooling
1. Dry type Transformer
2. Oil immersed type transformer
Based on function
1. Step up transformer
2.Step down transformer
3.Isolation transformer

Q:What is single and three phase transformer?

The transformer which works on single phase is called single phase
transformer.
The transformer which works on three phase is called three phase
transformer.

Q: What is Auto-transformer?
In these transformer only one winding is used as primary and
secondary. Also, primary and secondary are conductively coupled.

Q:What is Two winding transformer?

Two separate windings one as primary and other as secondary are
used. Both windings are magnetically coupled.

Q: What is Three winding transformer?

Three windings are used each work as primary and secondary. Also
primary and secondary windings are conductively couple. They are
three phase auto transformer

Q:What is Six winding transformer?

Three windings in primary and three windings in secondary are
used, They are three phase transformers.They are connected in
either star-star, delta-delta, star delta or delta star.

Q: Distinguish between core and shell type transformer.

A:

Core Type Transformer Shell type transformer

The core has only one

magnetic circuit. It has two magnetic circuits.

Core has two limbs. Core has three limbs.

It has less mechanical It has better mechanical

protection to coil. protection to coil.

It has better cooling since

more surface is exposed to
atmosphere. Cooling is not very effective.

Natural cooling is provided. Natural cooling cannot provide

This transformer is easy to This transformer is not easy to

repair. repair.

Core is surrounded
The winding is surrounded considerable part of winding of
considerable part of core. transformer.
Q: What are the advantages of shell type transformer over
core type transformers?
In shell type transformers the coils are well supported on the all
sides and so they can withstand higher mechanical stresses
developed during short circuit conditions. Also the leakage
reactance will be less in shell type transformers.

Q: Where is core type and shell type construction suitable

for a transformer?
Core type transformers are popular in High voltage
applications like Distribution transformers, Power transformers,
and obviously auto transformers. Where as, Shell
type transformers are popular in Low voltage applications like
transformers used in electronic circuits and power electronic
converters etc
Q: What are power transformer?
Power transformer is used for the transmission purpose at heavy
load, high voltage greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It is big
in size as compared to distribution transformer, it used in
generating station and Transmission substation. It is generally
rated above 200MVA.
Q: What are distribution transformer?
The distribution transformer is used for the distribution of
electrical energy at low voltage as less than 33KV in industrial
purpose and 440v-220v in domestic purpose. It works at low
efficiency at 60-70%, small size, easy in installation, having low
magnetic losses & it is not always fully loaded.
Q: Why the efficiency of distribution transformer is 60 to 70
% and not 100%?
Distribution transformer is designed for maximum efficiency
at 60% to 70% load as it normally doesn’t operate at full load
all the time. Its load depends on distribution demand. Whereas
power transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at 100%
load as it always runs at 100% load being near to generating
station.

Q: What are the salient features of distribution

transformer?

1. The distribution transformer will have low iron loss and higher
value
of copper loss
2. The capacity of transformers will be up to 500 KVA
3. The transformers will have plain walled tanks or provided with
cooling tubes
 or radiators.
4. The leakage reactance and regulation will be low.

Q:Distinguish between power transformer and distribution

transformer.

Power Transformer Distribution transformer

It is used in transmission It is used in the distribution

network of higher voltages network for lower voltages.

Distribution transformers are

Power transformers are used used for rating less than 200
for rating above 200 MVA MVA

Larger in size as compared of

distribution transformers Smaller in size

Designed for maximum Designed for 50-70%

efficiency of 100%. efficiency

Efficiency is measured as the

ratio of output to the input Here All Day Efficiency is
power considered.

Used in distribution stations,

Used in generating stations also for industrial and
and transmission substations domestic purposes.

Iron losses take place for 24

Copper and iron losses take hours and copper losses are
place throughout the day based on load cycle

load fluctuations are very less Load fluctuations are very high

Operated at load less than full

Always operated at full load load as load cycle fluctuates

It is independent of time It is time dependent

 flux density is higher flux density is lower

Q: What are Current transformer?

They are protective devices used to measure very high value of
current in power system. The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a
type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to produce an
alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional
to the current being measured in its primary

Q: What are Potential transformer?

They are protective devices used to measure very high value of
voltage in power system.

Q: What are dry type transformer ?

In this type of transformer, air is used as coolant.The heat is taken
to walls of tank and dissipated to the surrounding air.

Q: What is oil immersed type transformer?

In this type of transformer, oil is used as coolant. Entire assembly
including core and windings is kept immersed in oil. The developed
heat is transferred to the walls of tank through oil. Finally the heat
is transferred to the surrounding air from tank wall by radiation.

Q: What are step up transformers?

They step up voltage from lower value to higher value.

Q: What are step down transformers?

They step up voltage from higher value to lower value.

Q: What are isolation transformers?

In this type of transformer the primary and secondary are same.
When it is required to isolate the primary and secondary circuits
these type of transformers are used. It protects the circuits
connected in secondary side when major fault occurs in primary
side.

Q: Why stepped cores are used?

(i) To reduce the space effectively.
(ii) To obtain reduced length of mean turn of the windings.
(iii) To reduce I² R loss.
Q:. What is yoke section of transformers?
The sections of the core which connect the limbs are called yoke.
The yoke is used to provide a closed path for the flux.

Q:. What is the purpose of laminating the core in a

transformer?
In order to minimize eddy current loss.

Q: Explain on the material used for core construction?

A:The core is constructed by sheet steel laminations assemb
led to provide a continuous magnetic path with minimum of
air gap included. The steel used is of high silicon
content sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeabili
ty and a low hysteresis loss
at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss
is minimized by laminating the core, the laminations being used
from each other by light coat of coreplate varnish or by oxide layer
on the surface. The thickness of lamination varies from 0.35mm
for a frequency of 50Hz and 0.5mm for a frequency of 25Hz.

Q: Why the cross-section of iron is less than total cross

section area of core?
This is because the core is laminated & on each lamination the
insulations are are used.

Q:What is Stack factor?

The ratio of total cross section of iron to the total cross section of
core is called stack factor.

Q: What is the EMF equation of transformer?

Erms = 4.44 f Φ maxT volt

Q:What is voltage transformation ratio or turn ratio?

It is expressed as ratio of the primary and secondary voltages of
transformer.
or
It is expressed as ratio of the primary and secondary turns of
transformer.
E1/ E2= T1/T2 = K

Q:What is transformation ratio for step up, step down and

isolation transformer?
K>1 for step up transformer
K<1 for step down transformer
K=1 for isolation transformer

Q: What are the properties of ideal transformer?

1.There should be no losses
2.The winding should have zero resistance
3.The leakage flux should be zero
4. The permeability of core should be so high that the negligible
current is required to establish the flux in it.

Q.What are the functions of no-load current in a transformer

?
No-load current produces flux and supplies iron loss and copper
loss on no-load.

Q: Does the transformer draw any current when secondary

is open ? Why ?
Yes,it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order
to magnetize the core and to supply iron and copper losses on no
load . There will not be any current in the secondary since
secondary is open

Q: What are two components of no load current in

transformer?
i) IM (Magnetizing/reactive /wattless) current. It magnetizes core
ii) Iw (Coreloss/ active/wattful ) current. It supplies hysteresis and
eddy current loss and negligible I² R loss.

Q:How much is the no load current of transformer?

No load curent of transformer is 3 to 5% of rated current in
transformer.

Q: Give equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance

referred to primary circuit.
Req = R1 +R2' = R1+a² R2'
Xeq = X1 +X2' = X1+a² X2'
Zeq = Z1 +Z2' = Z1+a² Z2'
where a=T1/T2

Q: Give equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance

referred to secondary circuit.
Req = R2 +R1' = R2+ R1'/a²
Xeq = X2 +X1' = X2+ X1'/a²
Zeq = Z2 + Z1' = Z2+ Z1'/a²
where a=T1/T2

Q:Why to calculate equivalent impedance referred to

primary or secondary side?
Equivalent impedance is essential to be calculated because
the electrical power transformer is an electric power system
equipment, for estimating different parameters of electric
power system which may be required to calculate total internal
impedance of an electric power transformer, viewing from primary
side or secondary side as per requirement. This calculation
requires equivalent circuit of transformer referred to
primary or equivalent circuit of transformer referred to
secondary sides respectively.

Q: What is Meant by Regulation in a Transformer?

Voltage regulation in transformers is the difference between the no
load voltage and the full load voltage.
This is usually expressed in terms of percentage. For example: A
transformer delivers 100 volts at no load and the voltage drops to
95_volts at full load, the regulation would be 5%.
dry type distribution transformers generally have regulation from
2% to 4%, depending on the size and the application for which
they are used.The change in secondary terminal voltage
from no load to full load expressed as a percentage of no load
or full load voltage istermed as regulation.
%regulation =E2-V2/E2 *100
%regulation = voltage drop in transformer/ no load voltage of
transformer
V2>E2 for leading p.f load
V2<E2 for lagging p.f load

Q: What is the condition for zero voltage regulation?

Negative sign indicates zero voltage regulation. It occurs when load
is capacitive and power factor is leading.

Q: What is the condition for maximum voltage regulation?

It occurs when load is inductive and power factor is lagging.

Q: What are the factors affecting voltage regulation?

Load current
Equivalent resistance
Equivalent reactance
power factor

Q: What is Eddy current loss in transformer?

In transformer, we supply alternating current in the primary, this
alternating current produces alternating magnetizing flux in the
core and as this flux links with secondary winding, there will be
induced voltage in secondary, resulting current to flow through the
load connected with it. Some of the alternating fluxes of
transformer; may also link with other conducting parts like steel
core or iron body of transformer etc. As alternating flux links with
these parts of transformer, there would be a locally induced emf.
Due to these emfs, there would be currents which will circulate
locally at that parts of the transformer. These circulating
current will not contribute in output of the transformer and
dissipated as heat. This type of energy loss is called eddy
current loss of transformer.

Q: How to minimize Eddy current loss?

By using less thickness of laminations
By using less value of Magnetic flux density

Q: What is hysteresis loss in transformer?

The magneto motive force or mmf applied in the transformer core
is alternating. For every cycle due to this domain reversal, there
will be extra work done. For this reason, there will be a
consumption of electrical energy which is known as Hysteresis loss
of transformer.

Q: How to minimize Hysteresis loss?

By using good magnetic material.
By using less value of Magnetic flux density

Q.Why are iron losses considered as constant losses in

transformer?
Iron losses depend on supply frequency and flux density in the
core. For all normal operations, the frequency of flux reversals
which is same as supply frequency is constant and the value of flux
density more or less remains constant. Hence iron losses remain
constant under all load conditions. i-e from no-load to full-load
Q:why transformers are rated in kVA ?
A:Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss
on voltage . Hence total losses depends on Volt- Ampere and not
on the power factor. That is why the rating of transformers are in
kVA and not in kW.

Q. Define efficiency of the transformer?

Transformer efficiency ƞ= (output power/input power) x 100

Q: What is the range of efficiency of transformers?

A:The efficiency of the transformer will be in the range of 94% to
99%. Among the available electrical machines the transformer has
the highest efficiency

Q.Why the range of efficiency in transformers higher than

those of other electrical machines?
Transformers operate at higher efficiency when compared to
other electrical machines.This is due to the absence of mechanical
losses which is due to the absence of moving parts

Q: What is the condition for maximum efficiency of

transformer?
When Iron losses is equal to copper losses.

Q: Define all day efficiency of a transformer?

A:It is computed on the basis of energy consumed during a certain
period, usually a day of 24 hrs. All day efficiency=output in
kWh/input in kWh for 24 hrs.

Q: What are the necessary tests to determine the efficiency,

voltage regulation, and temperature rise of winding &
insulation of transformer?
1.Direct loading test
2.Open circuit test
3. Short circuit test
4. Sumpner's or back to back test

Q:What is determined from open circuit test?

Iron loss
Q.Why OC test is generally performed on LV side of a
transformer?
The high-voltage side is generally kept open because the current
in high-voltage winding is less compared to that on low-voltage
winding.The LV side has higher current so that maximum no load
current can be measured.

Q.Why SC test is generally performed on HV side of a

transformer?
The rated current is less on HV side. This will also permit to use
ammeter and wattmeter of lower current range.

Q:Why the open circuit test on a transformer is conducted

at rated voltage?
A:The open circuit on a transformer is conducted at a rated voltage
because core loss depends upon the voltage. This open circuit test
gives only core loss or iron loss of the transformer.

Q:What is determined from short circuit test?

Copper loss

Q:What is determined from Sumpner's test?

Efficiency as well as temperature rise of winding.

Q: Why Sumpner's test is carried out?

Loading a transformer is a very difficult thing to test. Say the
transformer is rated at 300 MVA, now how to find a 300MVA load
to test your transformer? Also the load will waste all of its energy
to heat. Sumpner's test allows to fully load a transformer without
actually having that load. The energy lost is only equal to the losses
in the transformers, nothing which the transformer cooling system
cannot handle. In Sumpner's test
two transformers are connected back to back means,primaries of
two transformers connected in parallel and secondaries side
connected in series.

Q: What is the need for parallel operation of transformer?

-Non availability of single large transformer to meet the load
-Increased power demand
-To improve reliability
-If many smaller transformer is used one can be used as spare
-Transportation problem for large transformer.
Q: What are the conditions for parallel operation of
transformer?
-Equal polarity
-Equal turn ratio
-percentage impedance should be same
-Equal X/R ratio
-Equal KVA rating
-Equal phase sequence

Q: What will happen if transformer in parallel connection

have opposite polarity?
Connecting transformers with wrong polarity can result in
circulating currents or short circuits

Q: What will happen if transformer in parallel connection

have different voltage ratio?
Two transformers in Parallel should have the same primary and
secondary voltage ratings. Any error in the voltage ratio would
cause heavy circulating currents to flow between the transformers.
This circulating current will result in a corresponding imbalance in
the primary currents, and result in overloading of one
transformer. This circulating current will result in increased copper
losses.

Q: What will happen if transformer in parallel connection

have different percentage impedance or X/R ratio ?
A difference in the ratio of the reactance value to resistance value
of the per unit impedance results in a different phase angle of the
currents carried by the two paralleled transformers; one
transformer will be working with a higher power factor and the
other with a lower power factor than that of the combined output.
Hence, the real power will not be proportionally shared by the
transformers.

Q: What will happen if transformer in parallel connection

have different phase sequence ?
If the phase sequence is in an incorrect manner, in every cycle
each pair of phases will get short-circuited.

Q:What are the typical uses of auto transformer ?

i) As a booster to compensate the voltage drop for better regulation
ii)As induction motor starters.
iii) In locomotive
iv) As furnace transformer

Q.List the merits of an autotransformer.

Require less conductor material
low cost
low size
high VA rating
high efficiency
Better voltage regulation
small amount of no load current

Q:Compare two winding transformer with Auto Transformer

Particulars Two Winding Auto

Transformer Transformer
No. Of windings Two windings One winding
Output voltage Fixed unless tap Variable voltage
changer is can be obtained
provided
Volume of More for two Less because of
Copper required windings single winding
Size Larger for same Small in size for
rating same rating
Efficiency Comparatively Comparatively
lesser better
Voltage poor Better
regulation

Q.Why is an auto-transformer not used as a distribution

transformer?
The autotransformer cannot provide isolation between HV
and LV side. Due to open circuit in the common portion, the voltage
on the load side may shoot up to dangerously high voltage causing
damage to equipment. This unexpected rise in the voltage
on LV side is potentially dangerous. Hence the autotransformer
cannot be used as distribution transformer

Q: What are the factors affecting the selection of Maximum

flux density?
1. Net core weight: Higher the flux density lesser net weight of
core.
2.Saving in copper:Higher the flux density lesser mean turn of
windings.
3.Overall economy: Higher the flux density lesser net weight of
core and windings. Hence cheaper
4.Net weight: Due to above reasons weight is also reduced.
5. High magnetizing current due to higher flux density
6. High Flux density results in high losses
7. High Flux density results in high losses and hence efficiency
decreases
8.Hence high temperature rise and noise

Q:What is window space factor?

It is the ratio of copper area in the window to the total window
area.

Q.What is transformer bank?

A transformer bank consists of three independent single phase
transformers with their primary and secondary windings connected
either in star or delta.

Q: What are the advantages of three single phase

transformer over three phase transformer?
1. Continuity of supply
2. Less Installation of cost
3. Easy transportation
4.Stand by function
5.Unbalanced load supply

Q: What are the advantages of three phase transformer over

three single phase transformer?
1.Saving in iron material
2. Small size
3. Less transformer oil
4. Economical
5. Higher efficiency

Q.What are the various types of three phase transformer

connections?
The most common types of transformer connections are,
i. Star-Star (Y-Y)
ii. Delta-Delta(∆-∆)
iii. Star-Delta (Y-∆)
iv. Delta-Star (∆-Y)
v. Open Delta (V-V)
vi. Scott Connection (T-T)

Q:Which type of connection is used in distribution

transformer?Distribution transformers are connected in delta-star. This
arrangement requires 3 conductors in the high voltage side and 4 in the
low voltage side, as well as it provides the star point conductor as a neutral
point. This can serve single phase as well as three phase loads.

Q: Why are breathers used in transformers ?

Breathers are used to entrap the atmospheric moisture and
thereby not allowing it to pass on to the transformer oil.
Also to permit the oil inside the tank to expand and contract as
its temperature increases and decreases.
Also to avoid sledging of oil i.e. decomposition of oil.

Q: Why silica gel is used in breather?

The silica gel is used to absorb the moisture when the air is drawn
from the atmosphere in to the transformer.

Q. What is the colour of silica gel in dry stage and when

saturated with moisture in a breather?

Dry stage – Deep blue

Saturated stage – Whitish pink

Q: What is the function of transformer oil in a transformer

?
Transformer oil provides , (i)good insulation and (ii)cooling
. Nowadays instead of natural mineral oil, synthetic oils known as
ASKRELS (trade name ) are used. They are non-inflammable,
under an electric arc do not decompose to produce inflammable
gases. PYROCOLOR oil possess high dielectric strength.

Q:Mention the properties of oil used in transformers.

The following are the desirable properties of transformer oil:
-->It should be free from moisture
--> It should have high dielectric strength
--> It should have thermally stability and higher thermal
conductivity
-->It should be contaminated by temperature rise.

Q: Why transformer oil is used as a cooling medium?

When transformer oil is used as a coolant the heat dissipation by
convection is 10 times more than the convection due to air. Hence
transformer oil is used as a cooling medium.

Q: What is conservator?
A conservator is a small cylindrical drum fitted just above the
transformer main tank. It is used to allow the expansion and
contraction of oil without contact with surrounding atmosphere.
When conservator is fitted in a transformer, the tank is fully filled
with oil and the conservator is half filled with oil.

Q: What is buchholz relay?

It protects the transformer from their internal faults like earth
faults, winding short circuit, short circuit between phases, Puncture
of bushing etc..

Q: Where is buchholz relay located?

It is located between transformer tank and conservator.

Q.In buchholz relay how the top and bottom mercury

switches are connected?
Top mercury switch is connected for alarm and bottom switch for
trip.

Q: What is the purpose of providing Taps in transformer and

where these are provided?
In order to attain the required voltage, taps are provided, normally
at high voltages side(low current).

Q: In transformers, why the low voltage winding is placed

near the core?
The winding & Core are both made of metals and so an insulation
have to be placed in between them, the thickness of insulation
depends on the voltage rating of the winding. In order to reduce
the insulation requirement the low voltage winding place near the
core.
Q: Why the tapings are placed on HV side?
1.A fine voltage regulation is possible with hV side as it has large
number of turns.
2.LV side carries large current
3. HV side is placed outside so its feasible
4. In case of step down transformer at light loads the HV side
voltage increases, it is required to decrease this voltage by
adjusting tappings on HV . With large no. of turns the flux and flux
density decreases. Hence core losses decreases results in higher
efficiency.

Q:List some methods of cooling of transformers.

A:Air natural, Air blast, Oil Natural, Oil natural air forced, Oil
natural water forced, Oil forced, Oil forced air natural, Oil forced
air natural, Oil forced water forced.

Q:What are the factors to be considered for choosing the

method of cooling?
The choice of cooling method depends on KVA rating of
transformer, size, application and the site conditions where it will
be installed.

Q: How the heat dissipates in a transformer?

The heat dissipation of a transformer occurs by convection,
conduction and radiation.

Q: Why cooling tubes are provided?

Cooling tubes are provided to increase the heat dissipating area of
the tank.

Q: How the heat dissipation is improved by providing the

cooling tubes?
The cooling tubes will improve the circulation of oil. The circulation
of oil is due to effective pressure heads produced by columns of oil
in tubes. The improvement in cooling is accounted by taking the
specific heat dissipation due to convection as 35% more than that
without tubes.

Q: How the leakage reactance of the transformer is

reduced?
In transformers the leakage reactance is reduced by interleaving
the high voltage and low voltage winding.
Q: How does change in frequency affect the operation of a
given transformer?
With a change in frequency, iron and copper loss, regulation,
efficiency & heating varies so the operation of transformer is highly
affected.

Q: What is the Difference Between "Insulating", "Isolating",

and "Shielded Winding" Transformers?
Insulating and Isolating transformers are identical. These terms
are used to describe the isolation of the primary and secondary
windings, or insulation between the two. A shielded winding
transformer, on the other hand, is designed with a metallic shield
between the primary and secondary windings, providing a safety
factor by grounding, thus preventing accidental contact between
windings under faulty conditions. All two, three and four winding
transformers are of the insulating or isolating types. Only
autotransformers, which are a type whose primary and secondary
are connected to each other electrically, are not of the insulating
or isolating variety.

Q: Can Transformers be Operated at Voltages other than

Nameplate Voltages?
In some cases, transformers can be operated at voltages below
the nameplate rated voltage. In NO case should a transformer be
operated at a voltage in excess of its name- plate rating unless
taps are provided for this purpose. When operating below the rated
voltage the KVA capacity is reduced correspondingly. For example,
if a 480 volt primary trans¬former with a 240 volt secondary is
operated at 240 volts, the secondary voltage is reduced to 120
volts and if the trans¬former were originally rated 10 KVA, the
reduced rating would be 5 KVA, or in direct proportion to the
applied voltage.

Q: What are the applications of step-up & step-down

transformer?
A:Step-up transformers are used in generating stations. Normally
the generated
voltage will be either 11kV. This voltage (11kV) is stepped
up to 110kV or 220kV or 400Kv
and transmitted through transmission lines (simply called as
sending end voltage). Step-down transformers are used in
receiving stations. The voltage are stepped down to 11kV or 22kV
are stepped down to 3phase 400V by means of a distributio
n transformer and made available at consumer premises. The
transformers used at generating stations are called power
transformers.

Q.What is the vector group of distribution transformer?

Dy11

Q.What is the humming of transformer?

Humming is a sound, which is produced due to the vibration of the
cores in the transformer. The vibrations are produced due to the
change in polarity of an alternating current or voltage and by the
loose of lamination of the core. Both can be minimised by
tightening the core of the transformer.

Q: Can 60 Hz transformers be operated at 50 Hz?

The transformers rated below 1 KVA can be used on 50 Hz service.
Transformers 1 KVA and larger, rated at 60 Hz, should not be used
on 50 Hz service, due to the higher losses and resultant heat rise.
Special designs are required for this service. However, any 50 Hz
transformer will operate on a 60 Hz service.

Q:Is it Possible to Change Three Phase to Two Phase or

Vice-Versa with Standard Transformers?
Yes. This is a very practical application for standard single phase
off-the-shelf transformers. Some typical voltage combinations are
as follows: 480 volts three phase to 240 volts two phase, or 240
volts three phase to 480 volts two phase, or 240 volts three phase
to 240 volts two phase. Please refer to us for an exact schematic.

Q:List four applications of a transformer.

It can raise or lower the voltage or current in an AC circuit.
It can act as an impedance transferring device by increasing or decreasing
the value of a capacitor, inductor or resistance in an AC circuit.
It can isolate two circuits electrically.
It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to
another

Q:What is the cause of noise in transformer?

The cause of noise in the transformer is mainly because of
magnetostriction effect and also loosening of stampings and
mechanical forces produced during working.

Q:What is tertiary winding?

Some three phase transformers may have a third winding called
tertiary winding apart from primary and secondary. It is also called
auxiliary winding or stabilizing winding. The tertiary winding is
provided in a transformer for any one of the following reasons, i)
to supply small additional load at a different voltage ii) to give
supply to phase compensating devices such as capacitors which
work at different voltages. iii) to limit short circuit current. iv) to
indicate voltage in high voltage testing transformer

Q:The area of the yoke in a transformer is taken 15 to 20%

larger than that of the core. Why?
By keeping yoke area 15-20% higher ,the flux density in the yoke
is reduced, resulting into reduction in iron losses for yoke. The
reduced core area results working flux density and needed to
increase the number of turns.

Q: Why we need isolation transformers in power circuit ?

why cant we use breakers to isolate?
In Isolation transformer is used, if there is change in parameter
values of any side, the other side parameters will remain
unchanged.

Q:Why do transformers hum?

Transformer noise is caused by a phenomenon which causes a
piece of magnetic sheet steel to extend itself when magnetized.
When the magnetization is taken away, it goes back to its original
condition. This phenomenon is scientifically referred to as
magnetostriction. A transformer is magnetically excited by an
alternating voltage and current so that it becomes extended and
contracted twice during a full cycle of magnetization.

The magnetization of any given point on the sheet varies, so the

extension and contraction is not uniform. A transformer core is
made from many sheets of special steel to reduce losses and
moderate the ensuing heating effect. The extensions and
contractions are taking place erratically all over a sheet. These
extensions are proportionally and therefore not normally visible to
the naked eye. However, they are sufficient to cause a vibration,
and consequently noise. Applying voltage to a transformer
produces a magnetic flux, or magnetic lines of force in the core.
The degree of flux determines the amount of magnetostriction and
hence, the noise level.

Q:Why not reduce the noise in the core by reducing the

amount of flux?
Transformer voltages are fixed by system requirements. The ratio
of these voltages to the number of turns in the winding determines
the amount of magnetization. This ratio of voltage to turns is
determined mainly for economical soundness. Therefore the
amount of flux at the normal voltage is fixed. This also fixes the
level of noise and vibration.