DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to God and The sweet Holy spirit For continues guidance and

grace throughout my industrial training program.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to God Almighty for his grace and favour all

through my life.

I am so grateful to Engineer Barida Ngidi and the entire staff of pHED workshop Trans

amadi for making my industrial training educative, helpful and worthwhile.

My regards to my amazing parents Mr and Mrs Martins Deybo for their support, may

they remain blessed by God.

 Table of contents

 1.About transformer

 Parts.

 Classification.

 Principle of operation.

 Working and construction.

 Types of transformer.

 Losses in transformer.
  Transformer.

 Definition of transformer.

 A transformer is a static machine Used for transforming power From one circuit to

another without changing frequency. This is very basic definition of transformer.

Use of power transformer.

Generation of electrical voltage is very much cost effective. Hence, electrical power is

generated in low voltage. Theoretically, this low voltage can be transmitted to the

receiving end. But if the voltage level of the transformer is increased, The current of the

power is reduced which causes reduction in the ohmic or l 2R losses in mythe system,

reduction in the cross sectional area of the conductor Because of these, tolow-level power

must be step up for the electrical power transmission. this is done by step up transformer

at the sending side of the power system network. As this high-voltage power may not be

distributed to the consumers directly, this must be stepped down to the desired level at the

receiving end with the help of step down transformer. These are the uses of electrical

power transformer in the electrical power system.

parts of transformer
 The following are the basic component of transformer

1. Laminated core

2. Windings

3. Insulating materials

4. Transformer oil

5. Tap changer

6. Breather

7. Cooling tubes

8. Buchholz Relay
 9. Explosion vent

Of the above-mentioned first four can be seen in almost all the transformers whereas the

rest can be found only in transformer more than 50 kVA.

CORE

Core is used to support the windings in the transformer. it also provides a low reluctance

path to the flow of magnetic flux. it is made up of laminated soft iron core in order to

reduce Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss. The composition of a transformer core

depends on such factors as voltage, current and frequency. diameter of the transformer

core is directly proportional to copper loss and inversely proportional to the iron loss if

diameter of the core is decrease, the height of the steel in the core is reduced which leads

to less core loss of transformer and the copper loss increase. The vice versa happen when

the diameter is increased.

WINDINGS

There are two windings wound over the transformer core which are insulated from each

other. windings consist of several turns of copper coils bundled together and each bundles are

connected in series to form a winding.

Windings can be classified into different ways

a) Based on the input and output supply

b) Based on the voltage range

Based on the supply the windings are classified into

a) Primary windings: it is the winding which the input voltage is applied.

b) Secondary windings: it is the winding which the output voltage is applied.

Based on the voltage the windings can be classified as follows

a) High voltage winding

 High voltage windings are made up of copper coil the number of terms in each is

the multiple of the number of turns in the low voltage windings it has copper Coils

thinner than that of the low voltage windings.

b) Low voltage windings

Low voltage windings has lesser number of turns than that of the high voltage

windings. it is made up of thick copper conductors. This is because the current in

the low of voltage windings is higher than that of high voltage windings.

transformer can be supplied from either LV or HV windings based on the

requirement.

Transformer oil.

Transformer oil performs two important functions of insulation has where has cooling for the

core and coil assemblycoil and windings of the transformer must be completely immersed in

the oil normally hydrocarbon mineral oil are used as transformer oil oil contamination is a

serious problem because it rubs its dielectric properties and renders it useless as an insulating

medium.

Insulating oil

Insulating oil is an electrical power transformer is commonly known as transformer oil it is

normally have obtained by fractional distillation and subsequent treatment of crude petroleum

that is why this oil is also known as mineral insulating transformer oil serves mainly two

purposes one in one it is liquid insulation in electrical power transformer and 28 dissipate

heat of the transformer that is out has a coolant