Taller de Autoaprendizaje No 2

Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, October 27, 2019

You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Enhanced EOC: Exercise 4.5

Two dogs pull horizontally on ropes attached to a post; the angle between the ropes is 50.0 . Dog A exerts a force of 286 , and dog B exerts a
force of 322 .

You may want to review (Pages 105 - 108) .

For help with math skills, you may want to review:

Vector Magnitudes

Determining the Angle of a Vector

Vector Addition

For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Superposition of forces.

Part A
Find the magnitude of the resultant force.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Imagine you were sitting in a tree directly above the post, so that you were looking down on the dogs and the ropes tying them to
the post.

Start by drawing a sketch of the two dogs pulling on their ropes as seen by you from above, and choose a coordinate system so
that the post is at the origin and the rope tied to dog A is along the x-axis.

In what direction would dog B be seen pulling its rope?

Now, find the resultant force. How is the magnitude of a vector related to its components?

ANSWER:
Correct

Part B
Find the angle the resultant force makes with the rope of dog A.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

How can you find the angle the resultant force vector makes with the x-axis (the rope of dog A) from the components of
that vector?

ANSWER:

= 551
Correct

± Two Forces Acting at a Point

Two forces, and , act at a point. has a magnitude of 8.80 and is directed at an angle of 57.0 above the negative x axis in the second
quadrant. has a magnitude of 6.60 and is directed at an angle of 54.0 below the negative x axis in the third quadrant.

Part A
What is the x component of the resultant force?
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

The resultant force is defined as the vector sum of all forces. Thus, its x component is the sum of the x components of the
forces, and its y component is the sum of the y components of the forces.

Hint 2. Find the x component of

Find the x component of .
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Components of a vector

Consider a vector that forms an angle with the positive x axis. The x and y components of are, respectively,

and ,

where is the magnitude of the vector. Note that

and if ,

and if .

Hint 2. Find the direction of

is directed at an angle of 57.0 above the x axis in the second quadrant. When you calculate the components of ,
however, the direction of the force is commonly expressed in terms of the angle that the vector representing the
force forms with the positive x axis. What is the angle that forms with the positive x axis? Select an answer from the
following list, where 57.0 .
ANSWER:
= 26.6
ANSWER:

Hint 3. Find the x component of

Find the x component of .
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Components of a vector

Consider a vector that forms an angle with the positive x axis. The x and y components of are, respectively,

and ,

where is the magnitude of the vector. Note that

and if ,

and if .

Hint 2. Find the direction of

is directed at an angle of 54.0 below the x axis in the third quadrant. When you calculate the components of , however, the
direction of the force is commonly expressed in terms of the angle that the vector representing the force forms with the positive
x axis. What is the angle that forms with the positive x axis? Select an answer from the following list, where 54.0 .
ANSWER:

-4.79
ANSWER:

ANSWER:

-3.88
Correct

Part B
What is the y component of the resultant force?
 Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Follow the same procedure that you used in Part A to find the x component of the resultant force, though now calculate
the y components of the two forces.

Hint 2. Find the y component of

Find the y component of .
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Components of a vector

Consider a vector that forms an angle with the positive x axis. The x and y components of are, respectively,

and ,

where is the magnitude of the vector. Note that

and if ,

and if .

ANSWER:

-8.67
Hint 3. Find the y component of
Find the y component of .
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Components of a vector

Consider a vector that forms an angle with the positive x axis. The x and y components of are, respectively,

and ,

where is the magnitude of the vector. Note that

and if ,

and if .

ANSWER:

7.38
ANSWER:

-5.34
Correct

Part C
 What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Magnitude of a vector

Consider a vector , whose components are and . The magnitude of is

ANSWER:

2.04
Correct

Newton's 1st Law

Learning Goal:
To understand Newton's 1st law.
Newton's Principia states this first law of motion:
An object subject to no net force maintains its state of motion, either at rest or at constant speed in a right line.

This law may be stated as follows: If the vector sum of all forces acting on an object is zero, then the acceleration of that object is
zero. Mathematically this is just a special case of the 2nd law of motion, when , prompting scholars to advance the following reasons
(among others) for Newton's spelling it out separately:

1. This expression only holds in an inertial coordinate system--one that is not accelerating--and this law really says you
have to use this type of coordinate system (i.e., Newton's laws won't work inside an accelerating rocket ship.)
2. This was a direct challenge to the Impetus theory of motion, described as follows:
A mover, while moving a body, impresses on it a certain impetus, a certain power capable of moving this body in the
direction in which the mover set it going, whether upwards, downwards, sideways or in a circle. By the same amount
that the mover moves the same body swiftly, by that amount is the impetus that is impressed on it powerful. It is by this
impetus that the stone is moved after the thrower ceases to move it; but because of the resistance of the air and the
gravity of the stone, which inclines it to move in a direction opposite to that towards which the impetus tends to move it,
this impetus is continually weakened. Therefore the movement of the stone will become continually slower, and at
length, the impetus is so diminished or destroyed that the gravity of the stone prevails over it and moves the stone down
towards its natural place.

A. C. Crombie, Medieval and Early Modern Science</>

This theory is sometimes called the Animistic theory of motion since it envisions a "life force" being associated with
motion.

Newton's 1st law is often very difficult to grasp because it contradicts various common-sense ideas of motion that may have been
acquired from experience in everyday life. For example, unaccounted for forces like friction might cause a ball rolling on the
playground to eventually stop, even though no obvious forces seem to be acting.

When studying Newtonian mechanics, it is best to remember this as two laws:

1. If the net force (i.e., vector sum of all forces) acting on an object is zero, the object will keep moving with constant
velocity (which may be zero).
2. If an object is moving with constant velocity (not speed), that is, with zero acceleration, then the net force acting on that
object must be zero.

Complete the following sentences to see if you can apply these ideas.

Part A
If a car is moving to the left with constant velocity, one can conclude that
ANSWER:
8.91
Correct

Part B
An object cannot remain at rest unless
ANSWER:

there must be no forces exerted on the car.

the net force exerted on the car is directed to the left.

the net force exerted on the car is zero.

there is exactly one force exerted on the car.

Correct

A Gymnast on a Rope

A gymnast of mass 70.0 hangs from a vertical rope attached to the ceiling. You can ignore the weight of the rope and assume that the
rope does not stretch. Use the value for the acceleration of gravity.

Part A
Calculate the tension in the rope if the gymnast hangs motionless on the rope.
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. A body in static equilibrium

The gymnast is hanging at rest. This means that the gymnast is in static equilibrium and, according to Newton's 1st law,
the net force acting on the gymnast is zero.

Hint 2. Find what forces act on the gymnast

What are the forces acting on the gymnast?
ANSWER:

there are no forces at all exerted on it.

the net force exerted on it is zero.

the net force exerted on it is constant.

there is only one force exerted on it.

ANSWER:

The tension in the rope only.

The weight of the gymnast only.

 The tension in the rope and the weight of the gymnast.

The gymnast is at rest so no forces are acting on her.

Correct

Part B
Calculate the tension in the rope if the gymnast climbs the rope at a constant rate.
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. A body in dynamic equilibrium

The gymnast is moving with a constant velocity. This means that the gymnast is in dynamic equilibrium and, according to
Newton's 1st law, the net force acting on the gymnast is zero.

ANSWER:

= 687
Correct
Does it surprise you that the answers to Parts A and B are the same? In both cases, the gymnast is not accelerating. Therefore, the
net force acting on the gymnast is zero. Since the only two forces acting on the gymnast are tension and weight, the tension in the
rope in each case is equal in magnitude (and opposite in direction) to the gymnast's weight.

Part C
Calculate the tension in the rope if the gymnast climbs up the rope with an upward acceleration of magnitude 1.20 .
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Newton's 2nd law of motion

According to Newton's 2nd law, if a body accelerates, the magnitude of the net force acting on it equals the product of the
mass of the body and the acceleration of the body:

Hint 2. Find an expression for the net external force

The only forces acting on the gymnast are the tension in the rope and her own weight. Which of the following relations
gives the net force acting on the gymnast while accelerating up the rope?

Take the positive direction of the y axis to be upward. Here, and denote, respectively, the mass of the gymnast and the
acceleration due to gravity.
ANSWER:

= 687
Hint 3. Find the sign of the acceleration
If you take the positive y axis to be upward, then is the acceleration of the gymnast climbing up the rope positive or negative?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:

positive

negative
Correct

Part D
Calculate the tension in the rope if the gymnast slides down the rope with a downward acceleration of magnitude 1.20 .
Express your answer in newtons.

Hint 1. Newton's 2nd law of motion

According to Newton's 2nd law, if a body accelerates, the magnitude of the net force acting on it equals the product of the
mass of the body and the acceleration of the body:

Hint 2. Find an expression for the net external force

The only forces acting on the gymnast are the tension in the rope and the weight of the gymnast. Which of the following
relations gives the net force acting on the gymnast while sliding down the rope?

Take the positive y axis to be upward, and let and denote, respectively, the mass of the gymnast and the acceleration due
to gravity.
ANSWER:

= 771
Hint 3. Find the sign of the acceleration
If you take the positive y axis to be upward, then is the acceleration of the gymnast as she slides down the rope positive or negative?
ANSWER:

ANSWER:

positive

negative
Correct
In this problem, the directions of velocity and acceleration happened to be the same. If they are different, it is the direction of the
acceleration, not the direction of velocity, that determines the magnitudes of the forces. Newton's 2nd law has nothing to do with the
object's velocity.
 Conceptual Questions on Newton's 1st and 2nd Laws

Learning Goal:
To understand the meaning and the basic applications of Newton's 1st and 2nd laws.

In this problem, you are given a diagram representing the motion of an

object--a motion diagram. The dots represent the object's position at moments separated by equal intervals of time. The dots are
connected by arrows representing the object's average velocity during the corresponding time interval.

Your goal is to use this motion diagram to determine the direction of the net force acting on the object. You will then determine which
force diagrams and which situations may correspond to such a motion.

Part A
What is the direction of the net force acting on the object at position A?

Hint 1. Using Newton's 2nd law

According to Newton's 2nd law, vectors and have the same direction. Can you determine the direction of acceleration at
position A by analyzing the diagram?

ANSWER:

= 603
Correct
The velocity vectors connecting position A to the adjacent positions appear to have the same magnitude and direction. Therefore, the
acceleration is zero--and so is the net force.

Part B
What is the direction of the net force acting on the object at position B?
ANSWER:

upward

downward

to the left

to the right
 The net force is zero.
Correct
The velocity is directed to the right; however, it is decreasing. Therefore, the acceleration is directed to the left--and so is the net
force.

Part C
What is the direction of the net force acting on the object at position C?

Hint 1. Consider the components of the velocity

The horizontal component of the velocity appears to remain constant. What about the vertical one?

ANSWER:

upward

downward

to the left

to the right

The net force is zero.

Correct
The horizontal component of the velocity does not change. The vertical component of the velocity increases. Therefore, the
acceleration--and the net force--are directed straight downward.

The next four questions are related to the force diagrams numbered 1 to 6.
These diagrams represent the forces acting on a moving object. The number next to each arrow represents the magnitude of the
force in newtons.

Part D
Which of these diagrams may possibly correspond to the situation at point A on the motion diagram?
Type, in increasing order, the numbers corresponding to the correct diagrams. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only diagrams 3 and 4 are correct, type 34.
ANSWER:

6
 Correct

Part E
Which of these diagrams may possibly correspond to the situation at point B on the motion diagram?
Type, in increasing order, the numbers corresponding to the correct diagrams. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only diagrams 3 and 4 are correct, type 34.
ANSWER:

35

Correct

Part F
Which of these diagrams may possibly correspond to the situation at point C on the motion diagram?
Type, in increasing order, the numbers corresponding to the correct diagrams. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only diagrams 3 and 4 are correct, type 34.
ANSWER:

24

Correct

Part G
Which of these diagrams correspond to a situation where the moving object (not necessarily the one shown in the motion
diagram) is changing its velocity?
Type, in increasing order, the numbers corresponding to the correct diagrams. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only diagrams 3 and 4 are correct, type 34.

Hint 1. What does a change in velocity mean?

If the velocity of the moving object is changing, the net force applied to the object must be __________.
ANSWER:

upward

downward

to the left

to the right

The net force is zero.

ANSWER:
 12345

Correct

Consider the following situations:

A. A car is moving along a straight road at a constant speed.

B. A car is moving along a straight road while slowing down.
C. A car is moving along a straight road while speeding up.
D. A hockey puck slides along a horizontal icy (frictionless) surface.
E. A hockey puck slides along a rough concrete surface.
F. A cockroach is speeding up from rest.
G. A rock is thrown horizontally; air resistance is negligible.
H. A rock is thrown horizontally; air resistance is substantial.
I. A rock is dropped vertically; air resistance is negligible.
J. A rock is dropped vertically; air resistance is substantial.

Part H
Which of these situations describe the motion shown in the motion diagram at point A?
Type the letters corresponding to all the right answers in alphabetical order. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only situations C and D are correct, type CD.
ANSWER:

AD

Correct

Part I
Which of these situations describe the motion shown in the motion diagram at point B?
Type the letters corresponding to all the right answers in alphabetical order. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only situations C and D are correct, type CD.
ANSWER:

BE

Correct

Part J
Which of these situations describe the motion shown in the motion diagram at point C?
Type the letters corresponding to all the right answers in alphabetical order. Do not use commas. For instance, if you
think that only situations C and D are correct, type CD.
ANSWER:
 G

Correct

Applying Newton's 2nd Law

Learning Goal:
To learn a systematic approach to solving Newton's 2nd law problems using a simple example.
Once you have decided to solve a problem using Newton's 2nd law, there are steps that will lead you to a solution. One such
prescription is the following:

• Visualize the problem and identify special cases.

• Isolate each body and draw the forces acting on it.
• Choose a coordinate system for each body.
• Apply Newton's 2nd law to each body.
• Write equations for the constraints and other given information.
• Solve the resulting equations symbolically.
• Check that your answer has the correct dimensions and satisfies special cases.
• If numbers are given in the problem, plug them in and check that the answer makes sense.
• Think about generalizations or simplifications of the problem.

As an example, we will apply this procedure to find the acceleration of a block of mass that is pulled up a frictionless plane inclined at
angle with respect to the horizontal by a perfect string that passes over a perfect pulley to a block of mass that is hanging vertically.

Visualize the problem and identify special cases

First examine the problem by drawing a picture and visualizing the motion. Apply Newton's 2nd law, , to each body in your mind. Don't
worry about which quantities are given. Think about the forces on each body: How are these consistent with the direction of the
acceleration for that body? Can you think of any special cases that you can solve quickly now and use to test your understanding
later?

One special case in this problem is if , in which case block 1 would simply fall freely under the acceleration of gravity: .

Part A
Consider another special case in which the inclined plane is vertical (). In this case, for what value of would the acceleration of
the two blocks be equal to zero?
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables and .
ANSWER:
 directed to the right

directed to the left

directed upward

directed downward

directed the same way as the velocity

directed opposite to the velocity

of magnitude greater than zero

Correct
Isolate each body and draw the forces acting on it
A force diagram should include only real forces that act on the body and satisfy Newton's 3rd law. One way to check if the forces are
real is to determine whether they are part of a Newton's 3rd law pair, that is, whether they result from a physical interaction that also
causes an opposite force on some other body, which may not be part of the problem. Do not decompose the forces into components,
and do not include resultant forces that are combinations of other real forces like centripetal force or fictitious forces like the
"centrifugal" force.

Assign each force a symbol, but don't start to solve the problem at this point.

Part B

Which of the four drawings is a correct force diagram for this problem?
ANSWER:

=
Correct
Choose a coordinate system for each body
Newton's 2nd law, , is a vector equation. To add or subtract vectors it is often easiest to decompose each vector into components.
Whereas a particular set of vector components is only valid in a particular coordinate system, the vector equality holds in any
coordinate system, giving you freedom to pick a coordinate system that most simplifies the equations that result from the component
equations.

It's generally best to pick a coordinate system where the acceleration of the system lies directly on one of the coordinate axes. If there
is no acceleration, then pick a coordinate system with as many unknowns as possible along the coordinate axes. Vectors that lie
along the axes appear in only one of the equations for each component, rather than in two equations with trigonometric prefactors.
Note that it is sometimes advantageous to use different coordinate systems for each body in the problem.

In this problem, you should use Cartesian coordinates and your axes should be stationary with respect to the inclined plane.
Part C
Given the criteria just described, what orientation of the coordinate axes would be best to use in this problem?
In the answer options, "tilted" means with the x axis oriented parallel to the plane (i.e., at angle to the horizontal), and
"level" means with the x axis horizontal.
ANSWER:

d
Correct
Apply Newton's 2nd law to each body

Part D
What is , the sum of the x components of the forces acting on block 2? Take forces acting up the incline to be positive.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables tension , , the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity ,
and .

Hint 1. Decompose the force of gravity on block 2

In this problem, the hardest force vector to express in terms of its coordinates is the force of gravity on block 2. The
magnitude of the weight is . Find the force of gravity in terms of its components, using a tilted coordinate system whose x
axis is parallel to and pointing up the inclined plane.
Express the force of gravity on block 2, , in terms of some or all of the variables , , and . Express your answer as a
vector in terms of the unit vectors and .
ANSWER:

tilted for both block 1 and block 2

tilted for block 1 and level for block 2

level for block 1 and tilted for block 2

level for both block 1 and block 2

ANSWER:

=
Correct

Part E
Now determine , the sum of the y components of the forces acting on block 1. Take forces acting upward as positive.
Express your answer in terms of some or all of the variables , , and .
ANSWER:
 =
Correct

Part F
Write equations for the constraints and other given information
In this problem, the fact that the length of the string does not change imposes a constraint on relative accelerations of the two
blocks. Find a relationship between the x component of the acceleration of block 2, , and the acceleration of block 1. Pay careful
attention to signs.
Express in terms of and/or , the components of the acceleration vector of block 1.

Hint 1. Visualize the motion

If block 2 has an acceleration up the incline, must the acceleration of block 1 be upward or downward to keep the string
taut?

ANSWER:

=
Correct

Part G
Solve and check
In the previous parts, you obtained the following equations using Newton's 2nd law and the constraint on the motion of the two
blocks:

and

Solve these equations to find .

Before you enter your answer, make sure it satisfies the special cases you already identified:

• if and
• if and .

Also make sure that your answer has dimensions of acceleration.

Express in terms of some or all of the variables , , , and .

Hint 1. How to solve the equations

Substitute for from equation (1) into equation (2) and then use from equation (3) in the new equation (2). This will yield a
linear equation in that is easy to solve.

ANSWER:

=
Correct
Can you see how a simple generalization of the problem could be solved with a little extra work or how you could solve a nontrivial
problem that is a subset of this one?
For example, imagine that there is friction in this problem between the plane and block 2. This would lead to an additional force on
block 2: , where the normal force is given by .

This additional force would lead to a new term in the expression for the acceleration of block 1:

.
Now, by choosing whether or not , you have a result that can be applied whether the plane is frictionless or not!

Enhanced EOC: Exercise 4.10

A dockworker applies a constant horizontal force of 88.0 to a block of ice on a smooth horizontal floor. The frictional force is
negligible. The block starts from rest and moves a distance 12.5 in a time of 4.90 .

You may want to review (Pages 112 - 117) .

For general problem-solving tips and strategies for this topic, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of Determining force from
acceleration.

Part A
What is the mass of the block of ice?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

Start by drawing a sketch of the block of ice and its motion across the smooth horizontal floor. Create a standard
coordinate system, and draw all the forces on the block.

Do you need to worry about the vertical forces (gravity and the surface’s normal force) on the block? Why?

You know the force applied horizontally on the block. To determine its mass, what other quantity must you find? How can
you use the information provided about the block’s motion to help you determine that other quantity?

ANSWER:

=
Correct

Part B
If the worker stops pushing after 4.90 , how far does the block move in the next 4.70 ?

Hint 1. How to approach the problem

To find out how far something moves in a time period, you need to know its initial velocity and acceleration. How can you
determine these quantities for the block in the second time interval, when the worker is no longer pushing?

During that second interval of motion, there is no force on the block of ice from the dockworker. What can be said about
the acceleration on the block in this time?

Use this information to find the distance travelled during the second time interval.

ANSWER:

= 84.5
Correct

Force and Velocity Conceptual Question

At its natural resting length, a muscle is close to its optimal length for producing force. As the muscle contracts, the maximum force it
can deliver decreases. When a muscle is at approximately 80 of its natural length, it cannot contract much more and the force it can
produce drops drastically. For a muscle stretched beyond its natural length, the same is true. At about 120 of its natural length, the
force that a muscle can exert again drops drastically.
This muscle length to force relationship can be demonstrated by doing a chin-up. As you hang from the bar, your biceps muscles are
stretched and can produce only a relatively small force. As you get close to the bar, your biceps muscles contract substantially, and
you again experience difficulty. The easiest part of the chin-up occurs somewhere in between, when your muscles are close to their
natural length.

Part A
Imagine hanging from a chin-up bar and beginning a chin-up. Which of the following velocity versus time graphs best represents
the first part of your motion (from being at rest to being approximately halfway to the bar)? Assume you are trying to do the chin-
up as quickly as possible.

Hint 1. Determine the variation in muscle force

Based on the description of muscle force, does the force exerted by your biceps increase, decrease, or stay the same
during the first half of a chin-up?
ANSWER:

= 24.0
Hint 2. Determine the variation in acceleration
Based on the variation in muscle force during the first half of a chin-up, does your acceleration increase, decrease, or stay the same
during the first half of a chin-up?
ANSWER:

It increases.

It decreases.

It stays the same.

Hint 3. Determine the variation in the slope of the velocity graph
Based on the variation of your acceleration during the first half of a chin-up, does the slope of your velocity graph increase, decrease,
or stay the same during the first half of a chin-up? Recall that the acceleration at a specific time is equal to the slope of a velocity vs.
time graph at that time.
ANSWER:

It increases.

It decreases.

It stays the same.

ANSWER:

It increases.

It decreases.

It stays the same.

Correct

Motion from Force Graphing Question

For each of the net force versus time graphs in Parts A, B, and C, construct a possible corresponding graph of velocity , or position ,
versus time. Assume one-dimensional motion.

Part A

Plot velocity versus time.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER: