INTRODUCTION

Transportation is the backbone to the development of urban areas. It enables

functioning of urban areas efficiently by providing access and mobility.
Passenger transport has an overriding influence on the functioning of the city.
Transportation planning and development of infrastructure for the system is one
of the most crucial factors particularly for urban areas, where in high level and
rapid urbanization is taking place. The demand for transportation in urban area
is linked to the residential location choices that people that people make in
relation to places of work, shopping, entertainment, schools and other important
activities. As cities grow, they support more people and more dispersed
settlement patterns. Increasing demand for transportation is an inevitable
outcome of urban growth. As, a universal trend that has been observed is that as
household incomes grow, people prefer personal transportation to public
transport. The obvious and compelling reason for this is that personal transport
maximizes individual mobility, freedom of choice and versatility that public
transport system cannot match. However, the experience of cities in many
developed and developing countries shows that an efficient and economic
public transport system can reduce dependence on personal transportation.
Transportation planning process involves prediction of most probable pattern of
land development for the horizon-year, usually taken as twenty years, and the
transport demands created by that land use are estimated. A set of alternative
transport plans is then generated for that horizon-year.

SYSTEM APPROACH TO URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING:

 The transport planning starts with the decision to adopt planning has a tool
for achieving certain desired goals and objectives.
 After the goals and objectives are assigned, solutions are generation taking
consideration of problem, constraints, potential and forecasting.
 The solutions are evaluated after thorough analysis and the best among them
is chosen for implementation.
 After implementation, the system is studied in operation and its performance
is assessed, based on this assessment it may be necessary to back to stages of
planning and repeat the sequence.
 ORIGIN AND DESTIANTION STUDY

Origin is the location where the trip begins and destination is the location
where a trip ends.

NEED FOR O.D. SURVEY

In a transportation study, it is often necessary to know the exact origin and
destination of the trips. It is not only necessary to know many times are
made, but also group these trips with reference to the zones of their origin
and destination. Other information yielded by O-D survey includes land use
of the zones of origin and destination, household characteristics of the trip-
making family, time of the day when the journeys are made, trip purpose and
mode of travel.

The origin and destination survey carried out mainly due to:
 Plan the road network facilities for vehicular traffic
 Plan the schedule of different modes of transportation for the trip demand
of commuters
 To locate the intermediate stops
 To locate the terminals and plan the terminal facilities
 To plan the transportation system and mass transit facilities in cities
including routes and schedule of operation
 To judge adequacy of existing routes and to use in planning new network
of roads

The following are some of the methods available for conducting an O-D
survey:

 Road side interview method

 License plate method
 Return post card method
 Tag on car method
 Home interview method
 Work spot interview method

The type of survey that we have adopted for our project is Home interview
survey.
 HOME INTERVIEW SURVEY
Home interview survey is one of the most reliable type of surveys for
collection of origin and destination data. The survey is essentially intended
to yield data on the travel pattern of the residents of the household and the
general characteristics on travel pattern.

The information on the travel pattern includes:

 Number of trips made

 Their origin and destination
 Purpose of travel
 Travel mode
 Time of arrival and departure

The information to be collected from the home interview survey can be

classified into 02 groups:

 House hold information

 Journey data

HOUSE HOLD INFORMATION CONATINS:

 Address
 Size of household
 Age
 Sex
 Vehicle ownership
 Number of drivers
 Family income

JOURNEY DATA CONTAINS:

 All journey made during the previous 24 hour period

 Purpose of trip
 Mode of travel
 LAND USE AND SOCIO –ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS

TRIP GENERATION

TRANSPORTATIO TRIP DISTIBUTION

N SYTEM
SPECIFICATIONS

MODAL SPLIT

NETWORK

ASSIGNMENT

PROPOSAL FORMATION

STAGES IN URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING

 TRIP GENERATION
Trip generation is the first stage of the transport planning. It determines the
mathematical relationship between the number of trips produced in the zone and
the land use and socio economic characteristics. The objective of the trip
generation stage is to understand the reasons behind the trip making behavior
and to produce mathematical relationship to synthesis the trip-making pattern on
the basis of observed trips, land –use data and household characteristics.

Trip Generation is divided into two types:

 Home based trips

 Non-home based trips

Trip ends are classifies into:

 Generation (Origin)
 Attraction (Destination)
 Consider a trip from home to work and the return trip from work to home
as shown in the below figure. Both these trips are home based, because
one end of the trip is the home. Both these trips are considered to have
been generated at the home zone and attracted to the home zone.

Generation Attraction
HOME WORK

Attraction Generation

HOME –BASED TRIPS

 The trips that are given below are non-home based trips, because neither
end of the trip is the same of the person making the trip. Both these trips
are considered to the shop zones. We thus have two shopping purpose trip
generations in the work zone and two shopping purpose attraction in the
shopping zone.sss
Generation Attraction
WORK SHOP

Attraction Generation

NON HOME-BASED TRIPS

THE LOCALITY THAT WE HAVE SELECTED FOR OUR SURVEY IS
SKYLINE CITY APARTMENT, JAYANAGAR EAST, ATTIGUPPE,
BENGALURU-560040

The data that we have collected from home interview survey is regarding their
age, destination and land use. The number of people we interviewed is 30.

The destination point of those people is represented in the figure below.

Global
Tech
Vijay Park R.V
College
Nagar

Goplan
White-
Arcade
field

Kengeri
Nagra- SKYLINE
bhavi APARTMENT
, ATTIGUPPE

Yeshwa Peenya
-nthpur

Korman R.R
-gala Nagar
Banash-
ankri
Trips are made for different purposes and a classification of trips by purpose is
necessary. The following are some of the important classes of trip purpose.

 WORK
 SCHOOL
 BUSINESS
 SOCIAL OR RECREATIONAL,SPORTS
 OTHERS

The Age group of people that we have surveyed is represented in the Pie chart
given below:

AGE GROUP

6%
5%

16 AND BELOW
29%
20-35
36-45
46-55
60%

As we have conducted our survey in Attiguppe Sky line city Apartment, there
are more than 90 trips generated in on the single day for their daily work.
 TRIP DISTRIBUTION
Trip Distribution connects the trip ends predicted by the trip generation models
between any sets of two zones.

After having obtained an estimated of the trips generated from and attracted to
the various zones, it is necessary to determine the direction of travel. The
number of trips generated in every zone of the area under study has to be
apportioned to the various zones to which these trip ends are attracted.

The number of trips generated with respect to zones is represented in the given
figure below:ssssss

ZONE
2

ZONE
1

ZONE
ZONE 4
4

ZONE 1-Home

ZONE 2-Work

ZONE 3-Shop

ZONE 4-Eat Out

 MODAL SPLIT
Modal split is the process of separating person-trips by the mode of
travel. It is usually expressed as a fraction, ratio or percentage of the total
number of trips. In general, modal split refers to the trips made by private
car as opposed to public transport.
Factors affecting modal split are:
 Characteristics of the trips
 Household characteristics
 Zonal characteristics
 Network characteristics

The graphical representation of different modes of transportation used

by people, according to our survey is as given below:

14

12

10

0
CAR BUS BIKE BICYCLE
 TRIP ASSIGNMENT
Trip Assignment is the stage in the transport planning process where in the trip
interchanges are allocated to different parts where network forming the
transportation system.

Purpose of Trip Assignment:

 The route to be travelled is determined

 The inter-zonal flows are assigned to the selected routes

The applications of Trip Assignment are as follows:

 To determine the deficiencies in the existing transportation system by

assigning the future trips to the existing system
 To evaluate the effects of limited improvements and additions to the
existing transportation system by assigning estimated future trips to the
improved network.
 To develop construction priorities by assigning estimated future trips for
intermediate years to the transportation system proposed for those years
 To test alternative transportation system proposals by systematic and
readily repeatable procedures.
 To provide design hour traffic volumes on highway and turning
movements at junctions.

Thus the assignment process is useful both to the transports planner and
the highway designer; to the former, because of the need to evaluate how
the proposed transport system will work, and to the latter, for geometric
design of individual links and intersection.

All assignment techniques are based on route selection. The choice of the
route is made on the basis of number of criteria such as journey time,
length, lost comfort, convenience and safety.

CONCLUSION
Trip generation gives an idea about the total number of trips generated to and
attracted from different zones in the study year. In trip distribution, it tells us
about how the trips have been distributed to various zones. Modal split tells us
about how the people are using different modes of transportation. Trip
assignment is the last phase of four stage transportation planning. Multipath
route assignment technique seems to be the most realistic among all those
techniques.

The basic steps in Transportation Planning Models are:

 Assessment of the existing road network, traffic and travel characteristics of

the study area.
 Forecast travel demand up to the horizon year 2021 and identify
transportation system requirements.
 Conducting sample surveys for trip rates, mode choice and O-D.
 Traffic assignment or selected network and assessment of vehicle/capacity
ratio.
 Creating transportation scenario for future.