INTRODUCTION:-

AIM OF THE PROJECT:

1. To provide better or more protection against fire in buildings with the use of fire
resistive construction materials or methods to increase safety of life and property.
2. To limit the threat posed by a fire to adjoining properties and people outside as
well as inside the building, as well as to limit the possibility of a fire starting as a
result of a fire in an adjoining building.
BACKGROUND:
While it is difficult and costly to construct a completely fireproof structure, it is
reasonable to construct buildings that are significantly fire resistant.

Fire safety systems for buildings requires knowledge and understanding of hazards
to decrease the potential fire occurrence and its risk to life and property during fire.

Fire-fighters will readily agree that no two fires are exactly the same even in
seemingly identical structures. But there are similarities in certain aspects of how
fires start, spread, and extinguish in buildings and structures.

Construction of a completely fireproof structure may turn out to be a bit costly,

but it is always possible to build structures with significant fire resistance at an
acceptable budget. This can be achieved by considering fire resistance
requirements of buildings.

It is demonstrated that these requirements can decline the effect of the fire load in
a building substantially i.e. keep fire load to the minimum possible. The term fire
load indicates the amount of heat liberated in kilojoules per square metre (kJ/m2)
of the floor area of any compartment by the combustion of the content of the
building including its own combustible part.

1
Causes of fire
1. Cooking equipment
Pots and pans can overheat and cause a fire very easily if the person cooking gets
distracted and leaves cooking unattended. Always stay in the room, or ask
someone to watch your food, when cooking on hotplates.

2. Heating
Keep portable heaters at least one metre away from anything that could easily
catch fire such as furniture, curtains, laundry, clothes and even yourself. If you
have a furnace, get it inspected once a year to make sure it is working to safety
standards.

3. Smoking in bedrooms
Bedrooms are best to be kept off limits for smoking. A cigarette that is not put out
properly can cause a flame, as the butt may stay alit for a few hours. It could burst
into flames if it came into contact with flammable materials, such as furniture. Did
you know that fires started in the bedroom or lounge make up 73% of all house fire
fatalities?

4. Electrical equipment
An electrical appliance, such as a toaster can start a fire if it is faulty or has a
frayed cord. A power point that is overloaded with double adapter plugs can cause
a fire from an overuse of electricity. A power point extension cord can also be a
fire hazard if not used appropriately. Double check the appliances and power
points in your home.

5. Candles
Candles look and smell pretty, but if left unattended they can cause a room to
easily burst into flames. Keep candles away from any obviously flammable items

2
such as books and tissue boxes. Always blow a candle out before leaving a room.
Did you know that in Perth last year 34 house fires started as a result of candles?

6. Curious children
Kids can cause a fire out of curiosity, to see what would happen if they set fire to
an object. Keep any matches or lighters out of reach of children, to avoid any
curiosity turned disaster. Install a smoke alarm in your child’s room and practice a
home escape plan with your children and family in case there was a fire. Teach
kids understand the “stop, drop, cover and roll” drill as well as knowing their
address if they needed to call 000.
7. Faulty wiring
Homes with inadequate wiring can cause fires from electrical hazards. Some signs
to see if you’ve bad wiring are:
Lights dim if you use another appliance;
For an appliance to work, you have to disconnect another;
Fuses blow or trip the circuit frequently.
8. Barbeques
Barbeques are great for an outdoor meal, but should always be used away from the
home, tablecloths or any plants and tree branches. Keep BBQs regularly
maintained and cleaned with soapy water and clean any removable parts. Check
the gas bottle for any leaks before you use it each time.
9. Flammable liquids
If you have any flammable liquids in the home or garage such as petrol, kerosene
or methylated spirits, keep them away from heat sources and check the label before
storing. Be careful when pouring these liquids.
10. Lightings
Lamp shades and light fittings can build up heat if they are very close to light
globes. Check around the house to make sure. Lamp bases can become a hazard if
they are able to be knocked over easily, and so should be removed if they are.
Check that down lights are insulated from wood panelling or ceiling timbers.

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The above tips are a good guide to avoiding a fire in your home. However it’s a
good idea to protect yourself with adequate home insurance cover to ensure you
are covered in the unlikely event a fire were to happen.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:-
ROLE OF CONCRETE IN FIRE RESISTANCE:
In fire, concrete performs well – both as an engineered structure, and as a material
in its own right. It has the highest fire resistance classification.
In most cases, concrete does not require any additional fire-protection because of
its built-in resistance to fire. It is a non-combustible material (i.e. it does not burn),
and has a slow rate of heat transfer.
Concrete ensures that structural integrity remains, fire compartmentation is not
compromised and shielding from heat can be relied upon. Because of concrete’s
inherent material properties, it can be used to minimise fire risk for the lowest
initial cost while requiring the least in terms of ongoing maintenance.
Other materials rely on fire protection, fire safety engineering or rate of loss of
combustion. This reliance on fire protection, fire safety engineering and rate of
combustion makes them unforgiving of workmanship errors, future changes as
simple as changing light fittings, compliance with management procedures and
human behaviour.

CONCRETE AS A MATERIAL:
Concrete does not burn – it cannot be set on fire and it does not emit any toxic
fumes when affected by fire. Concrete is proven to have a high degree of fire
resistance and, in the majority of applications, can be described as virtually
fireproof. This excellent performance is due, in the main, to concrete’s constituent
materials (cement and aggregates) which, when chemically combined within
concrete, form a material that is essentially inert and, importantly for fire safety
design, has relatively poor thermal conductivity. It is this slow rate of conductivity
(heat transfer) that enables concrete to act as an effective fire shield not only
between adjacent spaces, but also to protect itself from fire damage.

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Concrete has a very good fire resistance. The actual behaviour of concrete in an
event of fire depends upon the quality of cement and aggregates used during
construction.
In the case of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete, the position of steel too
influence the fire resistance ability. Larger the concrete cover, better is the fire
resistance of the member.
Concrete doesn't lose much of its strength up to the temperature of 250°C. The
reduction in its strength starts when the temperature goes beyond 250°C
Normally, reinforced concrete structures can resist fire for about one hour at a
temperature of 1000°C.
Hence, cement concrete is ideally used as a fire resistant material.

ADVANCE METHODS:
Polypropylene fibres as the passive protection of concrete -
There exists an effective and well-known technique to prevent and reduce Portland
cement concrete spalling that consists in use of polypropylene (PP) fibres. Even in
standards one can find the recommendation concerning polypropylene fibre’s
dosage that enable to prevent and reduce the spalling occurrence.

At a temperature of about 170 ºC, PP fibres begin to melt [2] and polymer blends
into the concrete matrix. It produces a network of ducts in places previously

5
occupied by fibres. Additionally, thermal expansion of the PP fibre is 8.5 times
higher in comparison to concrete thermal strains [3]. This feature leads to rising of
tensile stresses, which provides to creating numerous of micro-cracks in concrete
structure. Both mechanisms lead to increase of permeability of concrete, which
reduces the water vapour pressure in material pores.
There are a number of studies relating to effective amount and type of PP fibres
that affects positively on spalling behaviour of concrete. The different amounts [4],
diameters [5, 6], lengths [4] and types were employed to find the one universal one
recipe. The [7] found that in concrete with w/c of 0.4 the addition of 0.05% (by
weight) completely eliminates the occurrence of spalling. Similar conclusions have
been reached by [8]. When the mixture contained PP fibre above 0.05% by
volume, no spalling occurred, so that spalling resistance was significantly
improved. The [9] performed tests on RPC with different amount of PP fibres (1
kg/m3and 2 kg/m3) and different heating rate (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 ºC/min). The
addition of PP fibres added in the amount of 2.0 kg/m3 PP fibres allows limiting
the spalling risk of RPC cement material. Spalling was efficiently limited even
when the relatively high heating rate (8 °C/min) was applied.
In scientific community, however, it is known that PP fibres can limit spalling risk
only to some extent. In case of
HPC (High Performance Concrete) and very severe fire scenario, spalling can be
observed, regardless of PP fibre dosage.

INNOVATIVE FIRE PROTECTION COATINGS FOR STEEL

STRUCTURES-
Advanced fire protection coating technology for steel structures
Most people consider steel a very strong material not susceptible to fire, but, while
the former is true, the latter is not. An EU initiative improved fire protection
technologies to help restore the large market sector lost to concrete in recent years.
When steel is exposed to high temperatures such as those associated with fire, the
load-bearing properties of steel can become impaired. All developed countries
have building codes in place requiring some sort of fire protection for steel
constructions. Painting steel elements with fire-resistant (intumescent) coatings is

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perhaps the most common method, but it is problematic. Consequently, structural
steel has lost about 40 % market share to concrete over the last 10 years.
The EU-funded STEELPROST (Demonstration of innovative fire protection
coatings for steel structures) project set out to validate a solution by building on
novel intumescent coating formulation and spraying and drying processes

developed within a previous project.

Project partners developed an integrated solution that combines a nano-enhanced
intumescent coating, automatic spraying and drying techniques, and advanced
engineering principles. The developed solutions are in line with European
standards specifying how structural design should be conducted within the EU, and
the CE Marking procedure for manufactured structural steelwork.

REQUIREMENTS OF FIRE RESISTANT BUILDINGS:

Construction of a completely fireproof structure may turn out to be a bit costly, but
it is always possible to build structures with significant fire resistance at an
acceptable budget. This can be achieved by considering fire resistance
requirements of buildings. For instance, choosing suitable construction materials,
taking certain precautions in the construction of buildings, and installing fire alarm
systems and fire extinguishers wherever necessary.
It is demonstrated that these requirements can decline the effect of the fire load in a
building substantially i.e. keep fire load to the minimum possible. The term fire

7
load indicates the amount of heat liberated in kilojoules per square metre (k/m2) of
the floor area of any compartment by the combustion of the content of the building
including its own combustible part. It is determined by multiplying the weights of
all the combustible materials by their respective calorific values and dividing that
with the floor area.
Properties of Fire Resistant Materials-
1. It should not disintegrate under the effect of heat.
2. It should not expand under heat so as to introduce unnecessary stresses in
the building.
3. The material should not catch fire easily.
4. It should not lose its strength when subjected to fire.

A) Fire Resistance Characteristics of Common Building Materials-

There are several materials which are commonly used in the construction of
buildings. Fire resistance characteristics of these materials are discussed below:-
1. Stone
It is a bad conductor of heat. Sandstones with fire grains can resist fire
moderately: Granite disintegrate under fire: Limestone crumbles easily and most of
the other stones disintegrate during the cooling period after they get heated by fire.
2. Brick
Bricks can resist heat up to 1200°C. At the time of construction, of a good quality
mortar is used to bind the bricks, fire resistance of the structure improves manifold.
3. Timber
Any structure made of timber gets rapidly destroyed under the action of fire.
Timber enhances the intensity of fire. Use of heavy section of timber in buildings
is not desirable. To make timber more fire resistant, the surface of timber is coated
with chemicals such as ammonium phosphate and sulphate, boric acid and borax.
Sometimes fire-resistant paint is applied to the timber surface used in the building
to improve the resistance.

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4. Steel
It is a good conductor of heat. Steel bars lose their tensile strength and begin to
yield at the temperature of around 600°C. They completely melt at 1400°C. Steel
columns become unsafe under a prolonged action of fire. Under a constant action
of fire, steel reinforcement weakens the reinforced concrete structures hence steel
columns are usually protected with brickworks or by encasing them in concrete.
Reinforcement in concrete is protected by concrete cover whereas steel grills and
beams are applied with fire resistant paints.
5. Glass
It is a poor conductor of heat. It expands during heating and when it cools down,
cracks begin to generate in glass. Reinforced glass with steel wire is more resistant
to fire and during the cooling process, even if it breaks, fractured glasses stay in
their original position.
6. Aluminium
It is great conductor of heat. It has got higher resistance to fire.
7. Asbestos Cement
It is a non-combustible material and possesses high fire resistance.

B) Taking Precautions in Building Construction-

1. Dimensions of building components Compartmentation

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2. Fire-protection materials

3. Exit requirements as per NBC of India which involves

Provision of sufficient exits to every building to permit
safe escape in the case of fire, exits should be free of
obstruction, and provision of adequate illumination
lighting.

C) Provision of Fire Alarm System and Fire

Extinguishers-
There are active measures used which include fire alarm
and detection systems or sprinklers that require either
human intervention or automatic activation. They help
control fire spread and its effect as needed at the time of
fire.

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TEN MEASURES TO ASSESS FIRE SAFETY:-
1. Provide adequate means of escape
The first rule of fire management requires sufficient escape routes out of the
building, in accordance with its scale and occupancy. The number, size and
location of exits are specified in the National Building Code (NBC) 2005, a
detailed set of guidelines for constructing, maintaining and operating buildings of
all types. Office occupiers must additionally ensure that staircases, stairwells and
corridors are well-maintained, ventilated and free of obstacles in order to be
effective in an emergency.
Open spaces in buildings play a crucial role in fire management.
2. Outline clear pathways to exit doors
Getting to exits is as important as providing enough exits. NBC guidelines specify
the maximum distance a person must travel in order to access a fire exit, and the
importance of photo-luminescent signage to enable evacuation at night. Refuge
areas such as terraces are critical for high-rises where people can safely
congregate, when asked to leave the building in phases.
3. Install smoke detection systems
The first few minutes of a fire are crucial in containing it. Automatic fire alarm
systems such as smoke and heat detectors are mandatory elements in international
building codes, and particularly useful in spotting fires during times when
occupancy in the building is low.
4. Maintain smoke suppression systems
Fire extinguishers are only useful if they work, so check them regularly. High-rise
buildings, which are harder to access and evacuate, should consider installing
automatic sprinkler systems. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a
US-based non-profit body, estimates that automatic suppression systems lower the
cost of damage by 60%.
5. Conduct regular fire drills
Preventing panic in an emergency is as important as staying away from flames and
fumes. Regular fire drills familiarize people with emergency evacuation methods at
little cost. Nominate a fire safety officer in every building to ensure that this
becomes standard operating procedure.
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6. Use flame-retardant materials in interiors
Materials used in the interiors can save or endanger lives. The combination of
wood, paper and textiles makes workstations highly combustible. Fabrics can be
made flame-retardant, however, so that they self-extinguish when lit. An increasing
number of companies, especially multinationals, request such fabrics despite their
price premium, according to data from Indian office furniture manufacturer BP
Ergo. Stringent fire regulations abroad make it necessary for US furniture makers
such as Herman Miller to provide only fire-tested fabrics.
7. Make your office accessible to fire-fighters
Grilled windows are a widespread urban phenomenon, and Jairaj Phatak,
commissioner, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC), wittily observes that
“residents who have grills on their windows presume that only thieves are kept out,
and not firefighters". Occupants of offices in residential buildings with few exits
should be wary of locking themselves into confined spaces.
8. Keep the building plans handy
The tragedy at the Taj was heightened by the lack of buildings plans to guide
rescue agencies. It is imperative to make multiple copies of your building plan
available, especially during an emergency.
9. Ask the local fire brigade to assess safety
Fire departments, for a nominal fee, will independently assess your building’s level
of fire safety. Storage of hazardous or inflammable materials, old and unstable
structures, inadequate escape routes or electricity overloads are potential death
traps that are best assessed by professionals.
10. Comply with National Building Code
“Green buildings" are in vogue but safe structures are sadly not. Both the Mumbai
Fire Brigade and BMC commissioner concede that 80% of buildings likely violate
accepted codes of building safety, with ignorance and personal whims leading to
illegal modifications after gaining requisite occupancy permission.

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New Fire-Resistant Coating to Prevent Failure in Steel Building
Fires:-
Summary: A few extra coats of paint could be all that the steel in a building needs
to prevent itself from buckling and failing in a fire, suggests new research.
Content: A few extra coats of paint could be all that the steel in a building needs
to prevent itself from buckling and failing in a fire.
Scientists from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU Singapore)
and Singapore's industrial developer JTC have developed an affordable 3-in-1
coating that offers enhanced fire and corrosion protection
Existing steel structures in buildings are usually coated with a fire-retardant layer
to shield the bare metal from damage by fire and meet the fire protection standard
of med at giving occupants enough time to evacuate the building. Today's
conventional intumescent coatings are thick, more expensive and laborious to
apply
In contrast, this made-in-Singapore coating can be applied to bare steel without the
need for sandblasting to prepare the surface, reducing coating time by half, and
will protect the material against fire for two hours without falling off.
Named FiroShield the new coating is cheaper and less laborious to apply, and can
function aesthetically like normal paint
FiroShield has also been tested on other construction materials, such as reinforced
concrete and laminated timber, and has the same excellent performance.
India Needs A New Approach to Fire Safety:-
Whenever an incident of fire takes place, the investigation afterwards highlights
issues such as non-compliant construction; lack of precautionary maintenance like
the upkeep of extinguishers, fire doors, fire exits and their markings and assembly
areas, gross overlook of safety procedures such as evacuation drills; and lack of
recording of significant consideration for better response towards flammable
materials, and their use in cladding and partitions Walls
Let us discuss some of the major laws in India governing fire safety and
governance
The Model Building Bye Laws, 2003

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In 2003, the Union Ministry of Urban Development desired that the Model
Building
Bye-Laws (MBBL) be prepared, in view of the Bhuj Earthquake that had occurred
in 2001, to lay focus on the safety of buildings and for the guidance of state
governments. Any eligible building needs to undertake necessary approval or the
Completion certificate will not be granted by the competent authority and the
occupancy of the building cannot be administered.
The Chief Fire Officer shall issue the 'No Objection Certificate' from the view
point of fire safety and means of escape, after satisfying himself that all the fire
protection measures have been implemented and are functional as per approved
plans.
On the basis of the undertaking given by the Fire Consultant/Architect, the Chief
Fire
Officer shall renew the fire clearance in respect of the following buildings on an
annual basis
1) Public entertainment and assembly
2) Hospitals
3) Hotels
4) Underground shopping complex

The National Building Code of India:-

Part 4 of the National Building Code (NBC) of India, 2016, is titled Fire and Life
Safety, It covers the requirements for fire prevention, life safety in relation to fire
and fire protection of buildings. The code specifies occupancy-wise classification,
constructional aspects, egress requirements and protection features that are
necessary to minimise danger to life and property from fire. It specifies the
demarcations of fire zones, restrictions on constructions of buildings in each fire
zone, classifications of buildings based on occupancy, types of building
construction according to fire resistance of the structural and non-structural
components and other restrictions and requirements necessary to minimise danger
of life from fire, smoke fumes or panic before the buildings can be evacuated.

14
The code broadly covers the following areas:
Fire prevention: This covers aspects of fire prevention pertaining to the design
and construction of buildings. It also describes the various types of buildings
materials and their fire rating
Life Safety: This covers life safety provisions in the event of fire and similar
emergencies also addressing construction and occupancy features that are
necessary to minimise danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic
Fire Protection: Covers significant appurtenances (accessories) and their related
components and guidelines for selecting the correct type of equipment and
installations meant for fire protection of the building, depending upon the
classifications and type of building
The guidelines for fire drills and evacuations for high-rise buildings are also
specified in NBC
Part 4: It mandates the appointment of a qualified fire officer and trained staff for
significant land uses

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MAJOR FIRE INCIDENTS IN INDIA:-
1. The fire in Worli's Beaumonde building is the latest in a series of major
fires in Mumbai in the last 6 months:

2. A massive fire has broken out at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences
(AIIMS), New Delhi. The fire broke out on the first to fifth floors of a building
in the PC block of AIIMS Delhi:

16
3. Fire engulfed the third and fourth floor of Takshashila Centre in Surat,
Gujarat. At least 20 people have been killed in the incident:

4. The fire at two rooftop restaurants at Kamala Mills Compound in

central Mumbai claimed 14 lives:

17
Fire Prevention in Your Building — What Facilities Managers Need
to Know:-

The goals of fire prevention programs are to prevent loss of life, property damage,
and downtime in use of a building. Fires often cause disruption of business
activities, loss of business documents, loss of employee work hours, and liability
claims resulting from the spread of fire to adjacent properties. Depending on the
construction type or contents of the building and the occupancy type and number
of occupants, fire prevention features should provide life-safety and property
protection or a combination of both.

A fire prevention program can reduce or eliminate the occurrence of fires by

training occupants in fire safety, as well as proper maintenance and care of fire
protection and life-safety systems, and by controlling potential ignition sources and
fuels. A successful fire prevention program is part of the day-to-day operations of
every property. Fire prevention is the responsibility of the owner, the manager, and
all occupants of a property. It consists of three primary parts:

18
Precautions against fire:
1. Fire-safety education
2. Fire protection and life-safety systems
3. Precautions against Fire
4. Traditional fire prevention programs emphasize precautions designed to keep a
fire from starting. The property owner or manager should take steps to:
5. Control smoking materials and open flames
6. Store flammable and combustible liquids safely
7. Use electrical equipment correctly
8. Perform general housekeeping tasks on a regular basis
9. Purchase fire-safe furnishings, decorations, and interior finishes
10. Maintain commercial kitchen exhaust systems
11. Control special hazards
12. Fire -Safety Education
13. Fire Protection and Life-Safety Systems
Fire protection and life-safety systems include building exit systems, fire alarm
systems, and fire suppression systems. Fire prevention codes specify proper
maintenance and repair of these systems. Fire protection involves the installation
and use of structural and operational systems to minimize the impact of fire on
people and property.

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CONCLUSION:
Fire-resistance rating is essentially important, which is basically the other factor in
determining the construction class of a building based on its typology.
The building materials used in the construction of the building elements above will
have a fire resistance rating. Fire-resistance rating typically means the duration for
which a passive fire protection system can withstand a standard fire resistance test

In the end, this study marks its end by concluding that in order to safeguard a
building from Fire, one must make the building using the various strategies
mentioned in detail with efficient application.

With the help of this project we come to know various new techniques which can
be used in FIRE-RESISTANT BUILDINGS like various new coating of building,
various new materials which are useful in Constructing Fire Resistant buildings

Also to understand and Follow Various Precautionary Measures which can be

taken for avoiding FIRE ACCIDENTS.

Fire-resistant Construction Materials. Fire-resistant Construction Materials. Safe

construction or repair in wildfire hazard areas includes the use of flame resistant or
fire resistant external materials that can slow down or prevent fire from entering a
structure.

Now a days the technologies are developing towards many field and lots of
preventing measures from fire has been established. These are to be utilised by
everyone and to be established in all the buildings to protect the life from fire.

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APPENDIX:-
1. Alternative escape routes
Escape routes sufficiently separated by either direction or space, or by fire resisting
construction, to ensure that one is still available, should the other be affected by
fire.
Note: A second stair, balcony or flat roof which enables a person to reach a place
of safety.
2. Alternative exit
One of two or more exits, each of which is separate from the other.
3. Atrium
A space within a building, not necessarily vertically aligned, passing through one
or more structural floors
Note: Enclosed lift wells, enclosed escalator wells, building services ducts and
stairways are not classified as atria.
4. Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT)
AIT is the lowest temperature at which substance will ignite spontaneously or by
itself without any external source of ignition.
5. Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm System
Fire Alarm system comprising components for automatically detecting a fire,
initiating an alarm of fire and initiating other actions as appropriate.
Note: This system may also include manual fire alarm call points.
6. Automatic Sprinkler System
A system of water pipes fitted with sprinkler heads at suitable intervals and heights
and designed to actuate automatically, control and extinguish a fire by discharge of
water.
7. Building
Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and
every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes

21
foundations, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services,
fixed platform, varandah, balcony, cornice or projection, part of
a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose
any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures. Tents, tarpaulin
shelters, etc, erected for temporary and ceremonial occasions with the permission
of the Authority shall not be considered as building
8. Building, Height of
The vertical distance measured in the case of flat roofs, from the average level of
the ground around and contiguous to the building to the terrace of the last liveable
floor of the building adjacent to the external wall; and in the case of pitched roof
up to the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersects the finished
surface of the sloping roof, and in the case of gables facing the road, the midpoint
between the eaves level and the ridge. Architectural features serving no other
function except that of decoration, shall be excluded for the purpose of measuring
heights.
9. Co-efficient of linear expansion
The amount by which unit length of a solid substance expands when its
temperature is raised by 1C is called the co-efficient of linear expansion of the
substance.
10. Combustion
Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a condensed-phase
fuel, a gas-phase fuel, or both. The process is usually associated with the oxidation
of the fuel by atmospheric oxygen with the emission of light.
11. Combustible material
The material which either burns itself or adds heat to a fire. When tested for no
12. Compartmentation
The division of a building into fire-tight compartments by fire resistant elements of
building construction in order to control afire for a stated period of time within the
compartment of origin.

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13. Compartment (Fire)
A building or part of a building, comprising one or more rooms, spaces or storeys,
constructed to prevent the spread of fire to or from another part of the same
building, or an adjoining building
14. Compressed Gases
Are gases which exist solely in the gaseous state under NTP?
(Normal Temperature and Pressure) inside the container.
15. Covered Area
Ground area covered by building immediately above the plinth level. The area
covered by the following in the open places is excluded from covered area (like
garden, well & well structures, porch, portico, watchman ís booth, security room,
pump house, sub-stations or such other utility structures).
16. Cryogenic Gases
Are liquefied gases which exist in the container at temperatures far below normal
atmospheric temperature, but usually slightly above their Boiling Point at NTP,
and at correspondingly low to moderate pressure
17. Dead End
Area from which escape is possible in one direction only
18. Down Comer
An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of down comer pipe
connected to terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and non-return valve,
and having mains not less than 100mm internal diameter with landing valves on
each floor landing. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for
charging with water by pumping from fire services appliances and air release valve
at roof level to release trapped air inside.

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https://www.brighthubengineering.com/building-construction-design/55086-
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https://www.concretecentre.com/Performance-Sustainability-(1)/Fire-
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https://www.realinsurance.com.au/home-insurance/home-safety/the-most-
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https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/fire-brigade-department-
ready-to-serve-in-any-disaster/articleshowprint/70025306.cms
https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/smoking-on-apartment-balconies-banned-
in-russia-2108433
https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/urbanisation/india-needs-a-new-
approach-to-fire-safety-63268
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171031085428.htm
https://fmlink.com/articles/fire-prevention-in-your-building-what-facilities-
managers-need-to-know-2/

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