PROTECTION SYSTEMS

IN BUILDINGS
- TO PREVENT FIRE AND SAVE OUR LIFE AND BUILDING

PRESENTED BY
K.P.BALAJI
BE CIVIL II YEAR
 INTRODUCTION
What is fire?
Fire is the visible effect of
the process of combustion.
It occurs between oxygen in
the air and some sort of fuel
The reaction will keep going
as long as there is
enough heat, fuel and oxygen.
This is known as the fire
triangle.
CAUSES OF FIRE
 SMOKING
 ELECTRICAL WIRING
 HEATING AND COOKING EQUIPMENT
 CHILDREN PLAYING WITH MATHCHES
 OPEN FLAMES AND SPARKS
 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
FIRE RESISTING MATERIALS
USED IN BUILDING
THE VARIOUS FIRE RESISTING MATERIALS USED
IN A COMMON BUILDING ARE :
 STONE  DOOR
 BRICKS  WALL
 TIMBER  FLOOR
 GLASS  PAINTS
 CONCRETE  ETC.,
 CAST-IRON
 ASBESTOS CEMENT
FIRE RESISTING PROPERTIES
OF A COMMON
BUILDING MATERIAL
1. STONE
Stone is a bad conductor of heat and it is
also a non –combustible building material.
 It suffers appreciably under the effect of
heat.
 The stone also disintegrate into
small pieces when heated and suddenly
cooled.
2. BRICKS
A fire brick is a block
of refractory ceramic material
used in lining furnaces, klins,
fireboxes and fireplaces.
It is a poor conductor of heat.
It can withstand a temperature of
about 1200C to 1300C.
3. TIMBER
 As a general rule, the structural elements
like TIMBER, ignite & get rapidly
destroyed in case of fire.
 To make timber more fire- resistant , the
surfaces of timber are coated with
chemicals like ammonium phosphate &
sulphate, borax & boric acid etc.
4. GLASS

 Glass expansion due to heat is small.

When heated cracks are formed and then
suddenly cooled.
 Reinforced glass with steel wire is more
efficient than ordinary glass.
5. CONCRETE
The actual behaviour of concrete in case
of fire depends on the quality of cement.
 In case of reinforced concrete structure it
also depends on the position of steel.
 Reinforced concrete structure can resist
fire for hours with temperature 1000C
THESE MATERIALS IN BUILDINGS
 FIRE RESISTANT DOORS & WALLS
A fire door & Walls is a door & wall with a fire-resistance rating.
These are used to reduce the spread
of fire or smoke between compartment.
Fire protection system
in buildings
The various types of fire protection system are :
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM
HYDRANTS SYSTEM
DRY CHEMICAL SYSTEM
HALON SYSTEM
WATER SPRAY SYSTEM
1. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
The automatic sprinkler system involves automatic sprinklers attached
to a piping system containing water under pressure.
These are connected a water supply so that water discharges
immediately from the sprinklers opened by a fire.
The flow switch will allow the water to the affected area.
 2. CARBON DIOXIDE SUPPRESION
SYSTEM
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a clean, non combustible
& non corrosive gas.
 It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering
the level of oxygen.
 Carbon dioxide may be stored in either high
pressure spun steel cylinder or low pressure
light wall.
They are adopted in areas like computer rooms,
areas containing flammable liquids etc.
 3. HYDRANT SYSTEM
In this system the hydrants are located at suitable points and they can be
operated automatically or manually.
In manual operation, the pump has to be started manually after opening the
hydrant valve, in automatic operation the pump is opened automatically
when the hydrant valve is opened manually.
It is the backbone of all fire protection system.
It can be installed in airports, textile mills, paper mills, hospitals etc.
EMERGENCY EXIT ARRANGEMENT
IN BUILDINGS
An emergency exit in a building is a special exit for
emergencies such as a fire.
The combined use of regular and special exits allows
for faster evacuation, while it also provides an
alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by
fire, etc.
These are mainly provided in theatres, hospitals etc.
TYPES OF EXIT:

 HORIZONTAL – It may be a door – way corridor or a

passage to a stairway or to a verandah or a terrace.

VERTICAL – It may be a staircase or ramp but not a

lift.
EXIT REQUIREMENTS AS PER NBC OF INDIA :
 Every building should be provided with sufficient exit
to permit safe escape in the case of fire.
All exits should be free of obstruction.
 Adequate illumination ( lighting).
Alarm devices should be installed.
Sprinklers to be provided.
MAJOR FIRE ACCIDENT
KUMBAKONAM FIRE ACCIDENT
 CONCLUSION

Now a days the technologies are developing towards

many field and lots of preventing measures from fire has
been established.
These are to be utilised by everyone and to be
established in all the buildings to protect the life from
fire.