Group 6 Fire Protection System

FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
GROUP 6
TOPIC OVERVIEW
01 What is Fire Protection System
02 Classification of Fire Protection System
03 Components of Passive Fire Protection
04 Components of Active Fire Protection
05 System of Fire Fighting

TOPIC OVERVIEW
06 Sprinkler System
07 Fire Escapes
08 Industrial Fire Fighting System
09 Methods of Fire Extinguishing
10 Alarm Gong and Fire Alarm System

FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 2008
01
WHAT IS FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Fire protection systems are standard building
features that either actively or passively help to
control the amount of damage that can occur to
a building and protect its occupants in the event
of a fire. The structural integrity of a building can
be compromised by extreme heat and a fire
reaching critical weight-bearing points.
02
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
PROTECTION SYSTEM
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
We can classify fire protection system as:
Active Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection

An active fire protection system means that

action of some kind is taking place. This action
can be manual, meaning that a person or persons
may engage in it, or it may be automatic,
deploying once fire, smoke or heat is detected.
Active systems are largely designed to directly
combat the fire, working to help put it out.
 Smoke detectors which will activate with noise and light to alert the occupants of the
building
 Fire extinguishers which can be manually operated to help put out small fires,
 Sprinkler systems which will automatically activate to help put out the fire while
building occupants move to safety
 Some ventilation systems which help to direct smoke out of the building and away
from occupants or areas where it may do the most damage
A passive system’s objective is to hold the smoke and

flames in one, contained area or to channel it out of the
building. If the smoke and flames cannot spread to
other areas inside of the building, then they’re easier to
put out, there are fewer people who may be affected,
it’s easier for people to leave the building safely and
there’s less equipment that may be affected or
damaged.
In basic terms, Active fire protection is about detecting, stopping and

escaping fire. Whereas passive fire protection means containing the
fire and preventing it from spreading further. You need both an active
and passive fire safety system working together to prevent, detect and
alert, restrict and potentially suppress a developing fire. It’s not a case
of active fire protection being more effective than passive fire
protection or vice versa. Both systems work simultaneously and in
tandem with each other.
03
COMPONENTS OF PASSIVE
FIRE PROTECTION
COMPONENTS OF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Firewalls not only have a rating, they are also Fire-resistant glass using multi-layer intumescent

designed to sub-divide buildings such that if collapse technology or wire mesh embedded within
occurs on one side, this will not affect the other the glass may be used in the fabrication of fire-
side. They can also be used to eliminate the need for resistance rated windows in walls or fire doors.
sprinklers, as a trade-off.
Fire-resistance rated walls and floors reduce the spread Occupancy separations (barriers designated as
of flames and smoke in the event of a fire-related incident occupancy separations are intended to segregate
within a facility. Reduce the spread of flames and smoke parts of buildings, where different uses are on
throughout a facility or area and provide greater each side; for instance, apartments on one
protection of people and property during a fire-related side and stores on the other side of
accident/incident. the occupancy separation).
Closures (fire dampers) Sometimes fire stops are treated in building codes identically to closures. Canada de-rates

closures, where, for instance a 2 hour closure is acceptable for use in a 3 hour fire separation, so long as
the fire separation is not an occupancy separation or firewall. The lowered rating is then referred
to as a fire protection rating, both for fire stops, unless they contain plastic pipes and regular closures.
Grease ducts (These refer Cable coating (application of fire-

to ducts that lead from commercial retardants, which are either
cooking equipment such as ranges, deep endothermic or intumescent, to reduce flame
fryers and double-decker and conveyor- spread and smoke development
equipped pizza ovens to grease duct fans.) of combustible cable-jacketing)
Spray fireproofing (application of intumescent or endothermi fireproofing cladding (boards used for the same purpose
c paints, or fibrous or cementitious plasters to keep substrates and in the same applications as spray fireproofing) Materials for
such as structural steel, electrical or mechanical services, such cladding include perlite, vermiculite, calcium silicate, gypsum,
valves, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vessels, intumescent epoxy, Dura steel (cellulose-fiber reinforced concrete
vessel skirts, bulkheads or decks below either 140 °C and punched sheet-metal bonded composite panels), MicroTherm
for electrical items or ca. 500 °C for structural steel elements
to maintain operability of the item to be protected)
enclosures (boxes or wraps made of fireproofing materials, including fire-resistive wraps and tapes to

protect specialty valves and other items deemed to require protection against fire and heat—an analogy
for this would be a safe) or the provision of circuit integrity measures to keep electrical cables operational
during an accidental fire.
04
COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE
FIRE PROTECTION
COMPONENTS OF ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Fire suppression
Fire can be controlled or extinguished, either
manually (firefighting) or automatically. Manual
includes the use of a fire extinguisher or
a Standpipe system.
Automatic means can include a fire sprinkler
system, a gaseous clean agent, or firefighting foam
system. Automatic suppression systems would
usually be found in large commercial kitchens or
other high-risk areas.
Sprinkler systems
Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings,
commercial and residential. They are usually located at
ceiling level and are connected to
a reliable water source, most commonly city water. A
typical sprinkler system operates when heat at the site of
a fire causes a glass component in the sprinkler
head to fail, thereby releasing the water from the
sprinkler head. This means that only the sprinkler head at
the fire location operates - not all the sprinklers on a floor or
in a building. Sprinkler systems help to
reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life safety
and limiting structural damage
Fire detection
Fire is detected either by locating the smoke,
flame or heat, and an alarm
is sounded to enable emergency evacuation as
well as to dispatch the local fire department.
An introduction to fire detection and suppression
can be found here. Where a detection
system is activated, it
can be programmed to carry out other actions.
These include de-energizing magnetic
hold open devices on Fire doors and opening
servo-actuated vents in stairways.
Hypoxic air fire prevention
Fire can be prevented by hypoxic air. Hypoxic air
fire prevention
systems, also known as oxygen reduction
systems are new automatic fire prevention
systems that reduce permanently the
oxygen concentration inside the protected
volumes so that ignition or fire spreading
cannot occur. Unlike traditional
fire suppression systems that usually extinguish
fire after it is detected, hypoxic air is
able to prevent fires.
At lower altitudes hypoxic air is safe to breathe for
healthy individuals.
Construction and Maintenance of Active Fire Protection
All AFP systems are required to be installed and maintained in accordance with strict guidelines in
order to maintain compliance with the local building code
below ground level.
Water Requirement
The quantity of water required for fire extinction
depends upon the magnitude of fire and duration taken to extinguish it. The
use of non-potable water should be avoided for the fear of cross connection and
subsequent health hazards.
The size of main ring, dry riser and wet riser, for fire-fighting within
a building, is designed keeping in mind that a distant
hydrant will discharge about 1000 liters per minutes at 3.5
kg/sq.cm pressure. And at any given time at least two hydrants are in operation
Construction and Maintenance of Active Fire Protection
All AFP systems are required to be installed and maintained in accordance with strict guidelines in
order to maintain compliance with the local building code
below ground level.
Storage of water
A sufficient Quality of water for the purpose of firefighting of the building
must be made available in an underground tank within the premises. Tank capacity
may be taken as 30 min water supply at 1000 litres per minutes. The water tank
and cover should be designed to take load of 18 tons vehicular load if flush below
ground level.
05
SYSTEM OF FIRE FIGHTING

Components of External Firefighting System

Fire Hydrants
Fire hydrant is generally located at a distance apart of about
90m to 120m in inhabitant area and about 300 m in an open
area. One fire hydrant for every 4000 to 10000 sq. area is
normally provided.
Hydrants are generally provided at street crossings, water
demands of one liter per head per day are considered for fire
hydrants. Fire hydrants are of two types pillar or post hydrant
and sunk or flush hydrants.
Components of External Firefighting System

Pillar or Post Hydrant
These hydrant remain standing above ground like a post by about
0.9 m to 1.2 m and connected to a water main underground.
It consists of a sluice valve, a duck foot bend, a 65 mm diameter post one,
two or three outlets. These outlets are spaced around the periphery
of the hydrant barrel, so that it can serve more number of fire
tenders at a time, they are painted red in color, flushed once in every six
months and kept in working condition.
Flush Hydrant
These hydrants are installed underground in a brick or cast iron chamberwith its top
cover slightly above the street level. Letter F.H. are inscribed on the top of cover for
identification. A flush hydrant consists of following components,one sluice valve, a
duck-foot bend, a 65 mm dia instantaneous type coupling. Cast Iron Cap permanently
secured to the duck-foot bend by means of a chain. Hydrants are connected to
underground distribution main by flanged joints.
These hydrants are also used for street washings, flush sewers and watering gardens.
Residual Pressure heads recommended at fire hydrants, for which provision is
generally made while designing a system
With pump engine:10 to 14 m
For direct flow :42 to 53 m
Flush Hydrant
These hydrants are installed underground in a brick or cast iron chamberwith its top cover
slightly above the street level. Letter F.H. are inscribed on the top of cover for identification.
A flush hydrant consists of following components,one sluice valve, a duck-foot bend, a 65
mm dia instantaneous type coupling. Cast Iron Cap permanently secured to the duck-foot
bend by means of a chain. Hydrants are connected to underground distribution main by
flanged joints.
These hydrants are also used for street washings, flush sewers and watering gardens.
Residual Pressure heads recommended at fire hydrants, for which provision is

generally made while designing a system
With pump engine:10 to 14 m
For direct flow :42 to 53 m
Internal Firefighting System
The local govt i.e. Municipal Authorities have been empowered to make by laws to protect lives & properties
for fire protection system within their municipal limits. These bylaws are generally based on NFPA (National
Fire Protection Act).
The following methods are classified to extinguish fire within the building:
Residential Premises Fire Protection System Industrial Fire Fighting System

• Fire Hose System Dry Riser/ Wet Riser • High velocity Water Spray
• Automatic Sprinkler Systems • Medium Velocity fire spray
• Potable fire extinguishers, • Foam
• Fire alarm Systems • Dry chemical Powder
• Carbon dioxide
• Alarm Gong
• Portable fire extinguisher
• Fire alarm System
Fire Hose System:
This system involves the installation of vertical riser pipe with hose
connections at strategic points throughout the building. The standpipe or risercan
be kept filled with water is known as wet riser system otherwise it is known as dry
riser system
The main features of these systems includes:
• Hose & Automatic Sprinkler System
• The courtyard of the building should have at least two fire hydrant.
• The pumps will have a RPM not exceeding 2000
• These hydrants are connected to an overhead/ storage tank for firefighting purpose
with a booster pump and a non-return valve near the tank and fire pump, gate and a
non-return valve over the underground storage tanks
• The facility to boost water pressure in the riser directly from the mobile pump should
also be provided to the wet riser system.
Dry Riser System
A dry Riser system or dry pipe system is made of complete water-distribution system
with sprinkler head or risers and branches with hydrants throughout the buildings in
which there is no running water.
In the sprinkler system the dry pipe system is used partly to protect the interior of the
buildings against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in the
pipes.
Water is turned into water distribution system either automatically or manually on the
outbreak of fire or the sounding of alarm gong to smother or extinguish fire.
When the fuse melts in due to the heat generated by fire, water gushes in and air
exhausted through the sprinkler head quickly.
In the pre-action system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated by a
thermostatic controlled device that functions in advance of the sprinkler system.
The distribution system is laid with a slope of about 1:200, so that the complete water
is drained out of the system.
Dry Riser System
A dry Riser system or dry pipe system is made of complete water-distribution system with sprinkler
head or risers and branches with hydrants throughout the buildings in which there is no running
water.
• In the sprinkler system the dry pipe system is used partly to protect the interior of the buildings
against hazards of burst and leaky pipe to avoid freezing of water in the pipes.
• Water is turned into water distribution system either automatically or manually on the outbreak
of fire or the sounding of alarm gong to smother or extinguish fire.
• When the fuse melts in due to the heat generated by fire, water gushes in and air exhausted
through the sprinkler head quickly.
• In the pre-action system water is admitted to the system by a valve actuated by a thermostatic
controlled device that functions in advance of the sprinkler system.
• The distribution system is laid with a slope of about 1:200, so that the complete water is drained
out of the system.
• Provision of necessary pressure gauges is made on main water supply, distribution, air tank,
pumps, etc.
Wet Riser System
The provision of wet riser system whenever made for residential building
should have the following features:
• The Wet riser are designed for Zonal distribution of water according to
height of building
• The first riser up to 60 m height should be 10 cm diameter
• The second riser up to 100m height of 15 cm diameter
• The third riser up to 150 m height of 15 cm diameter
• These risers are connected to fire pumps separately provided for this
purpose in the buildings
• A wet riser must be provided near the enclosure staircase.
• The pipe fitting should be approved make and quality by the competent
authority.
Fire Hose
Standard fire hose is made up of rubber lined cotton fiber 65 mm in diameter,

capable of standing routine test pressure of 14 kg/sq. cm. Sometimes unlined or
rubber lined or rubber cotton hose may be used for this purpose.
The fire hose is housed in a special made glass cabinet
06
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Automatic Sprinkler System
• The installation of sprinkler system requires special planning in new building
design and usually involves an extensive renovation of an existing building.
The sprinkler system may be installed in the following types of buildings or
sections of a building as first aid assistance. i.e. apartment houses, club
houses, colleges, dormitories, hospitals, hotels, office buildings, and the
basement used as car parking.
• Automatic sprinklers are connected to a water distribution system. A sprinkler
nozzle is closed by a fusible plug that melts at a predetermined temperature,
above normal room temperature, releasing water to fall on the source of heat.
• Sprinklers have the advantage of quickly supplying water to fire before it gain
dangerous headway and of preventing the access of air to the fire by
smothering it with water.
• In some cases an open head sprinkler system for the protection of the interior
of the building is provided.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
An automatic sprinkler head is a fire extinguisher nozzle, closed in a state of readiness by
a heat sensitive release element.The sprinkler may be classified as:
Sprinkler based on Release:
• Fusible element Sprinkler is opened under the influence of heat by the melting of
eutectic metal or chemical.
• Glass bulb sprinklers are opened under the influence of heat by the destruction of
the glass bulb through pressure of the fluid enclosed therein.
Sprinkler based on Distribution:
• Conventional Sprinkler has a spherical water distribution directed towards the
ground and the ceiling for the definite protection area.
• Umbrella Sprinklers have a parabolic water distribution directed towards the ground
for a definite protection area with some of water sprays the ceilings
• Sidewall Sprinkler has a one –sided half-parabolic water distribution directed
towards the ground for a definite protection area.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sprinkler based on Arrangements:
• Universal Sprinkler could be upright and pendent.
• Upright Sprinkler are so arranged, that the stream of water is
directed upwards against the distribution plate.
• Pendent Sprinklers are so arrangement that the stream of water
is directed downward against the distribution plate.
• Dry pendent sprinkler are kept free of water while in a state of
readiness by a special catch construction in the down pipe
• Dry upright sprinkler are upright sprinkler, which are kept free of
water while in a state of readiness by a special catch construction
up into unheated roof space.
• Ceilings sprinklers, in which part of the body of the sprinkler may
be mounted above the lower plane of ceiling.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sprinkler Heads Type:
Upright
Pendant
Sidewall
Recessed
Sprinkler Head Storage Cabinet:
Consists of extra heads and sprinkler wrench
Cabinets hold a minimum of six sprinklers and sprinkler wrench in
accordance with NFPA® 13.
Less than 300 heads minimum 6 spares
300 – 1,000 heads minimum 12 spares
More than 1000 heads minimum 24 spares
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sprinkler Design System
The following step may be taken to arrive at suitable sprinkler system:
Draw an architectural plan and other indicating the location and size of the
water supplies, connecting pipes, feed main risers, gate, check alarm etc.
The sprinkler system piping is installed parallel to the ceiling, and the
maximum distance being 250 mm from ceiling
Under the ceiling the area per sprinkler is taken as 6 sq. m to 9 sq. m.
The number of sprinklers on each branch is taken to minimum 8
If the number increase beyond 8, it is advisable to have 65 mm supply pipe
for the same.
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
07
FIRE ESCAPES
FIRE ESCAPES
• A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of a
building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building.
• It provides a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the
stairwells inside a building inaccessible. Fire escapes are most often found on multiple-
story residential buildings, such as apartment buildings. At one time, they were a very
important aspect of fire safety for all new construction in urban areas; more recently,
however, they have fallen out of common use.
• This is due to the improved building codes incorporating fire detectors, technologically
advanced firefighting equipment, which includes better communications and the reach of
firefighting ladder trucks, and more importantly fire sprinklers. The international
building codes and other authoritative agencies have incorporated fire sprinklers into
multi-story building below 15 stories and not just skyscrapers.
FIRE ESCAPES
FIRE ESCAPES
Escape Chute
An escape chute is a special kind of emergency exit, used
where conventional fire escape stairways are impractical. The
chute is a fabric (or occasionally metal) tube installed near a
special exit on an upper floor or roof of a building, or a tall
structure. During use, the chute is deployed, and may be
secured at the bottom by a firefighting crew some distance out
from the building. Once the tube is ready, escapees enter the
tube and slide down to a lower level or the ground level.
FIRE ESCAPES
08
INDUSTRIAL FIRE FIGHTING
SYSTEMS
Industrial Fire Fighting Systems
• The industrial area constitutes variety of combinations of men and material and processes.
Therefore, it is necessary to take additional measures for the industries. The capacity forwater
storage tank for firefighting of an industrial building is worked out at a rateof 2.5 lit/sqm. of
lattable floor area subjected to minimum of 225000 liters. A set of two pumps must be
installed to discharged 2275 liters per min at a pressure of 3.5 kg/cm2 at a desired floor.
• It must be noted that the requirement of water supply, pumping capacity and other measures
and other features of hydrant systems depends on the size of the risk and its firegrowth.
Light Hazard Occupancies: Buildings with lower hazard such as school, hospitals, hotels.
Ordinary Hazard Occupancies: Consisting of the majority of the commercial and industrial
buildings.
High Hazard Occupancies: These occupancies are divided into:
Process risks such as paint, foam, plastic and foam rubber
High piled storage rises in petroleum products
09
METHODS OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHING
• High Voltage Water Spray Systems
High Voltage foam spray extinguishes fire involving oils, or similar flammable liquids. The
equipment consists of pipes and nozzles ispermanently fixed around the plant to be
protected and is usually automatic controlled for immediate operation in the event of fire.
• Medium Velocity fire Spray systems
The medium velocity water spray systems protect plant, structures andmachinery against
fires which involves higher inflammable liquids, gases &solids. When a fire occurs,
medium velocity water spray equipment applies water in finely divided droplets travelling
at medium speed and give protection to tanks structures and factory equipment by
cooling, by control burning of inflammable liquids and by dilution of explosive gases.
• Foam System
Foam system has earned recognition as an effective method. Foam systems are
especially suited for fires in oil storages, flammable liquids such as benzoyl, petrol,
alcohol, and lighter petroleum products. In this system fluroprotein foam compounds is
applied forcefully to burning hydrocarbon liquid which prohibits fire spread. This system is
generally operated manually.
• Dry Chemical Powder:
Dry Chemical Powder used to combat fires in flammable liquids, gases and greases include such
fires when involved with energized electrical equipment is a potassium bicarbonate based dry
chemical. The chemical powder is free flowing, water repellent and non-abrasive and when used
as a fire extinguisher agent will produce no toxic effects. Because of its excellent firefighting
effectiveness this product is widely used in other high risk areas. Carbon dioxide or Nitrogen is
used as a expelling gas. This system can be effectively installed in restaurants, fuel stations etc.
• Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide has been used for many years to extinguish the flammable liquid fires and fire
involving electrically energized equipment’s. Carbon dioxide about one and half times as heavy
air, a property that accounts for its ability to replace air above burning surface and maintain a
smothering atmosphere, It is non-combustible and does not react with most substances.
Smothering effect: Carbon dioxide is stored under pressure as liquid, when released; it is
discharged into the fire area principally as a gas. When released on burning material, it covers then
and removes the oxygen to a concentration which cannot support combustion
• Cooling effect:
The rapid expansion of liquid to gas when carbon dioxide is released from storage
cylinder produces a refrigerating effect that converts part of the carbon dioxide into snow.
This snow, which has a temperature of 80 C soon sublimes into gas, absorbing heat from
the burning material and surrounding atmosphere.

• Portable fire extinguisher
Portable extinguishers are manufactured in a variety of shapes & sizes. In order to avoid
confusion, extinguisher of the same type, should be similar in shape, appearance and as
far as possible, in method of operation. It is also advisable to standardize the sizes, if
possible although in some instances less heavy models may be desired, where for
example, women are likely to use extinguisher.
The extinguisher should be located in conspicuous positions on bracket or shelves where
they can be readily noticed by persons following the normal escape route like exits and
stair landing on each floor.
10
Fire Alarm System

Fire Alarm System
Fire Alarm System
It is an integral part of any fire protection system. It is said that the first
five minutes of fire are most important than the next five hours. Fire can be
extinguished when it is in an incipient stage. Moreover people can be
warned of fire hazards and evacuation of the buildings becomes easy. The
heat & smoke detectors detect fire and actuate the alarm system. The
system helps evacuation of the premises and to bring firefighting facilities
into action as quickly as possible. The Fire alarm systems are provided in
the residential buildings with heights above 15 m and industrial and
commercial buildings with height above 24 m. If the height of building is
above 35 m. It is necessary to have provision of heat & Smoke Detectors.
Fire Alarm System
Smoke Detector
A smoke detector is an electronic fire-protection device that automatically
senses the presence of smoke, as a key indication of fire, and sounds a
warning to building occupants.
Commercial and industrial smoke detectors issue a signal to a fire alarm
control panel as part of a building’s central fire alarm system. By law all
workplaces must have a smoke detection system.
Household smoke detectors, or smoke alarms, issue an audible and/or
visual alarm locally from the detector itself. They can be battery-powered
single units or several interlinked hardwired (mains-powered) devices
backed up by batteries.
Fire Alarm System
Types of Smoke Detector:
• Photoelectric (Optical)
• Ionization (Physical Process)
• Dual Sensor Smoke Alarm
Fire Alarm System
Photoelectric Smoke Detector
A photoelectric detector senses sudden
scattering of light when smoke enters the
detector chamber, triggering the alarm.
Photoelectric smoke detectors respond an

average of 15 to 50 minutes faster to fire in
its early, smoldering stage, before it breaks
into flame, than ionization alarms. They can
be installed near kitchens. Some dual optical
models are available.
Fire Alarm System
Ionization Smoke Detector

Ionization smoke alarms are highly sensitive to small
smoke particles and typically respond about 30 to 90
seconds faster to fast flaming fires than photoelectric
smoke alarms, but not to smoldering fires. They may be
too easily set off if they are installed too close to
kitchens, or garages.
Ionization alarms carry a small amount of radioactive

material between two electrically charged plates, which
ionizes the air and causes current to flow between the
plates. When smoke enters the chamber, it disrupts the
flow of ions, thus reducing the flow of current and
activating the alarm.
Fire Alarm System
Dual Sensor Smoke Detector
Is a combination of Photoelectric and Ionization Smoke Detector. It can
detect both fast flaming and slow smoldering fires.
Fire Alarm System
Heat Detectors
heat detectors are activated when there is a fire and do not respond to smoke. Heat detectors are
basically of two kinds: Rate-of-rise (ROR) heat detectors and fixed temperature heat detectors.
Heat detectors are used in areas where smoke alarms are not suitable. Heat detectors are quite
hardy and can withstand very harsh environmental conditions. They are very useful in areas
where there are high levels of fumes and dust.
Heat detectors must not be installed in areas that have very high humidity levels as the humidity
may prevent the heat from entering the heat detector unit and may cause the alarm to fail and not
get activated. Also, installing heat detectors in areas where temperatures may rise above 100°F,
fall below -10 °F or near fluorescent lights, may affect its operations.
Fire Alarm System
Types of Heat Detector:
• Rate-of-Rise (ROR) Heat Detector
• Fixed Temperature Heat Detector
Fire Alarm System
Rate-of-Rise (ROR) Heat Detector
ROR heat detectors work on the rapid increase in the element temperature of around 12°F – 15°F
per minute. This rise in temperature does not depend on the initial temperature. ROR heat
detectors work on the principle of thermistors or thermocouples. The ROR detector has two
thermocouples that are sensitive to heat. One of the thermocouples monitors heat that is
transferred by radiation or convection. The other thermistor responds to the ambient temperature.
The heat detector is activated when the temperature of the first thermocouple increases relative to
the second one.
ROR heat detectors may not respond to slowly developing fires. In order to detect slowly
developing fires, usually a fixed temperature element is added to the ROR detector which will be
activated when the element reaches the pre-set threshold temperature.
Fire Alarm System
Fixed Temperature Heat Detector
These types of heat detectors are the most commonly used. Fixed temperature
heat detectors work when the element that is sensitive to heat reaches the point
where a solid changes to liquid. The heat is accumulated at the sensitive element
due to a thermal lag. This causes the temperature of the device to reach its
operating temperature a while after the surrounding air temperature exceeds the
device temperature. When this happens, the detector is activated and an alarm is
sounded.
Fire Alarm System
Alarm Gong
The sounding of alarm should occur shortly after the opening of a sprinkler head.
An alarm valve which is a type of back pressure valve should be fitted on the main
supply pipe immediately above the main stop valve. The alarm gong should be
close to the main stop valve, but should be sited outside the building in a position
where it will readily be audible to the police and other petrol's. In order to avoid
false alarm caused by fluctuations in the pressure of supply, a device is necessary
in most types of alarm systems to permit of such temporary fluctuations without
lifting of the alarm.
Fire Alarm System
FIRE
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
GROUP 6

Group 6 Fire Protection System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Group 6 Fire Protection System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FIRE

02 Classification of Fire Protection System

03 Components of Passive Fire Protection

04 Components of Active Fire Protection

05 System of Fire Fighting

08 Industrial Fire Fighting System

09 Methods of Fire Extinguishing

10 Alarm Gong and Fire Alarm System

We can classify fire protection system as:

Active Fire Protection Passive Fire Protection

An active fire protection system means that

A passive system’s objective is to hold the smoke and

In basic terms, Active fire protection is about detecting, stopping and

Firewalls not only have a rating, they are also Fire-resistant glass using multi-layer intumescent

Closures (fire dampers) Sometimes fire stops are treated in building codes identically to closures. Canada de-rates

Grease ducts (These refer Cable coating (application of fire-

enclosures (boxes or wraps made of fireproofing materials, including fire-resistive wraps and tapes to

SYSTEM OF FIRE FIGHTING

Components of External Firefighting System

Components of External Firefighting System

Residual Pressure heads recommended at fire hydrants, for which provision is

Residential Premises Fire Protection System Industrial Fire Fighting System​

Standard fire hose is made up of rubber lined cotton fiber 65 mm in diameter,

Fire Alarm System

Photoelectric smoke detectors respond an

Ionization Smoke Detector

Ionization alarms carry a small amount of radioactive

You might also like

Residential Premises Fire Protection System Industrial Fire Fighting System