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Iso 10545-2 PDF
Iso 10545-2 PDF
Iso 10545-2 PDF
3 UNI-designation
4 Categories of selection
205
EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles - Testing methods
APPENDIX 1
EN ISO 10545 - Part 1 depends on the conformity (or lack thereof) corner of the side of the tile (5 mm from
Ceramic tiles with the manufacturer ’s declaration. the corner) from the inner side of the
Sampling and basis for acceptance calibrating plate. Deviation from
❑ This standard applies to uninstalled rectangularity is expressed, in percentage
ceramic tiles. It establishes the rules for the EN ISO 10545 - Part 2 terms, by the formula: δ/L . 100 where L is
composition of a sample lot. Determination of dimensions and the length of the adjacent side of the tile.
❑ The lot must consist of tiles produced surface quality ❑ Measurements of surface flatness.
under conditions and with properties that ❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles. Surface flatness is defined by the 3
are assumed to be uniform. Thus every ❑ For all measurements, 10 whole tiles are measurements described below which, for
consignment, that is every quantity of tiles required. tiles smaller than 40 x 40 mm, are taken
delivered within two days, must be ❑ Instruments include vernier calipers, with metal straight edges and thickness
divided into sub-consignments that are micrometer, screw gauges or other suitable feeler gauges.
assumed to be homogeneous and can thus apparatus. Tiles with surfaces of less than •Center curvature: the departure of the
constitute inspection lots. 4 cm 2 are excluded from all measurements center of the tile from the plane in which 3
❑ The number of lots to be inspected and other than thickness. of the 4 corners lie. For every tile, 4
the choice of properties to be considered measurements are taken. The maximum
for inspection will be subject to agreement Measurement (Fig.1) center curvature is expressed in mm or as
between supplier and consumer, as will be ❑ Measurement of length and width. Each a percentage relative to the diagonal
the choice of location where the sampling side of the tile must be measured 5 mm calculated from the work size.
will be performed. away from the corners. The average • Edge curvature: the departure of the center
❑ The sampling will be performed by dimension of a square tile consists in the of a tile from the plane in which 3 of the 4
randomly taking samples from the average of 4 measurements and the corners lie. The maximum edge curvature
inspection lot. Usually two samples are average size of the sample consists in the is expressed in mm or as a percentage of
taken. Every sample must be packed, average of 40 measurements. the relative work size.
sealed and labelled. The average length and width of an oblong • Warpage: the departure of the fourth
❑ Every property will be assigned a tile consists in the average of the corner of tile from the plane in which the
“sample size”, or a minimum number of measurements of two opposite sides, so other three angles lie.
tiles to be inspected as noted in a table, that the average length and width of the The maximum warpage is expressed in mm
together with the basis of acceptance or sample consist in the average of twenty or as a percentage of the diagonal
rejection. measurements of each dimension. calculated on the basis of the work size.
❑ Tests on the sample tiles must be ❑ Measurement of thickness. Thickness is ❑ Surface quality. This assessment requires
performed according to the methods measured by first tracing the two a surface of at least 1 square meter and a
specified in the corresponding standards. diagonals, then measuring the thickest minimum of 25 tiles.
point along each of the four segments The tiles must be placed under a light
In regard to the preceding European obtained. In the case of extruded tiles, four source of 300 lux and observed with
Standards (EN163), the table setting forth lines perpendicular to the direction of the naked eye from a distance of one
the standards of acceptance and rejection extrusion are traced, and the thickness is meter.
has been modified to take into account: measured at the thickest point on each line. The quality of the surface is expressed as a
❑ new added testing methods, and an ❑ Measurement of straightness of sides. percentage of tiles without defect.
eliminated method; The deviation from straightness of a side Intentional surface effects must not
❑ modifications in product requirements: is measured at the center of that side, and be considered defects (see corresponding
for all requirements which are not the measurement must be taken for every paragraph under product standards);
obligatory but which must be declared by side of every single tile. cracks, nipped edges and nipped corn-
the manufacturer, the table specifies that ❑ Measurement of rectangularity. This ers can not be considered intentional
the basis for acceptance or rejection consists in the deviation of the outer effects.
206
APPENDIX 1
[(m2- m1)x100]/m1
exists (that is, these properties are not tiles whose number depends on the size of
where: considered in the sections on product the tiles (Table 1). Only exceptionally large
m 1 = the mass of the dry tile requirements) but which may be useful in tiles, or tiles whose shapes make it
m 2 = the mass of the wet tile. typifying the structure of the tile’s ceramic impossible to insert them in the apparatus,
The average absorption of water of the mass: for theses properties, water may be cut.
sample is determined by the arithmetic absorption is measured through water ❑ The tile is placed on two supporting rods
average of the individual results, and impregnation at a residual pressure of with the proper surface uppermost (Fig.2) so
results must be rounded off to a single 100 ±1 kPa for 30 min. that it protrudes by the length 1 beyond each
decimal place. supporting rod. The load is applied evenly
The determination of water absorption, at a constant rate of increase of stress
which is required for a product’s EN ISO 10545 - Part 4 (1 N/mm2 s) by means of a third rod in
assignment to a group, remains the same Determination of modulus of rupture contact with the proper surface, equidistant
as that stipulated by the European and breaking strength between the supporting rods. Extruded tiles
Standards (EN 99); other properties have ❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles. must be so positioned that the direction of
also been added for which no requirement ❑ The test must be performed on whole extrusion is perpendicular to the rods. For
207
APPENDIX 1
Table 1
Dimension of tile Diameter of rods, d Thickness of rubber, t Overlap of tile beyond the edge Minimum number
Instrumental (mm) (mm) (mm) support, l
of tiles for test
parameters for the (mm)
measurement of
modules of ≥ 95 20 5 10
7
ruptures, according < 95 ≥ 48 10 2.5 5
7
to the format of the
tiles. < 48 ≥18 5 1 2
10
rectangular tiles, the longer side must be point method”). An important EN ISO 10545 - Part 5
perpendicular to the support rods. modification has been introduced: the test Determination of impact resistance by
❑ The resistance to bending σ, expressed report must note not only the load F measurement of coefficient of
as N/mm 2, is given by the formula required to break the sample and the restitution
modulus of rupture from bending, but also ❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.
3FL
σ= 2
the “breaking strength calculated S”. The ❑ The test must be performed on at least
2bh
modulus of rupture σ is undoubtedly an five samples, sized 75 mm x 75 mm, cut
where : important parameter, but it refers to an from the tiles. The test samples are applied
F = breaking load (in N) intrinsic property of ceramic material: in with a rigid epoxide resin adhesive to
L = span between the supporting rods (in physical terms, it represents work per unit specially prepared blocks of conglomera-
mm) of volume, a value that may be useful for te, sized 75 mm x 75 mm x 50.
b = width of the tile at the broken edge (in the specifier but that gives no information ❑ Testing apparatus (fig. 3 ) consists of:
mm) on the maximum load that a tile can bear. • a steel ball with a diameter of
h = minimum thickness of the tile (in mm) This last parameter depends on the (19 ± 0.05)mm;
measured along the broken edge. dimensions of the sample: in fact, given the • a device equipped with an electromagnet,
The average resistance to bending of the same level of water absorption (and thus and a guide tube to insure that the
sample is the arithmetic average of the the same intrinsic properties of the dropping steel ball falls on the center of the
individual results. material), the value of the modulus of test sample which is placed on a rigid
rupture from bending σ is the same, but support;
The test method is the same as that the force F required to break the sample • an (optional) electronic device that
described in the preceding European varies depending on the dimensions of the measures the time interval between the
Standards (EN 100: the so-called “three- sample itself. Strictly speaking, then, first and the second impact when the ball
within each group as defined in the falls on the surface of the test sample.
Fig. 2 product standards, different requisites ❑ The sample is positioned horizontally on
Loading system in
would have to be established depending the instrument with the surface under the
the measurement of
on tile format σ a virtually impossible electromagnet so that when the ball is
modulus of rupture
and breaking
enterprise. It was therefore decided to in- released from a height of 1 meter it hits it
strength. troduce a “recalculated breaking strength in the center. The height of the rebound is
S ”, obtained by multiplying the value of measured, or, alternately, the interval of
the force F (as read on the instrument) by time between two successive rebounds.
the ratio between L (the distance between Any damage visible from the distance of 1
the supporting rods) and b (the width of meter must be noted, but may be ignored
the test sample). This makes it possible to in classyfing tiles.
obtain a value of the load which is ❑ The coefficient of restitution (e) is
independent of the format, and for which calculated using different formulas
a requisite can be specified in the product depending on the type of measurement
standards. selected (time or height).
208
APPENDIX 1
Fig. 3
The test is recommended for tiles to be Scheme of the
used in floors where impact resistance is Electromagnet measuring system
of coefficient of
considered especially important. A
Steel balll restitution.
coefficient of restitution with a value of
0.55 is considered sufficient for normal
low-stress levels of use; higher values are
required in cases where greater stress is
anticipated.
Guide tube 1 meter
209
APPENDIX 1
100, 150, 600, 750, 1,500, 2,100, 6,000, and resistant.” The definition of this new class
Fig. 4 12,000. of resistance considers resistance to
Outline of abrasion ❑ After the abrasion, samples are rinsed, abrasion not a sufficient condition,
measuring instrument for
dried and placed under a light source especially considering the severe
unglazed tiles.
(Fig. 6) capable of lighting the surface of conditions of use to which these tiles could
the samples with an intensity of 300 lux: a be subjected; practically speaking, a
test sample is determined to have not surface’s good mechanical resistance must
resisted a certain stage of abrasion when be combined to a good resistance to stains.
the area subjected to wear is clearly Thus the new definition takes into account
distinguishable. The classification system both product innovations (the production
is set forth in Table 2. of “technical” materials with great surface
Tiles whose abraded surface can still, after resistance) and also the consumer’s need
12,000 revolutions of abrasion, be for a product that not only does not dete-
considered cleanable if subjected to the riorate aesthetically, but is also practical in
stain resistance test according to EN ISO its cleanability (that is, ease stain removal)
10.545 - Part 14, are considered to be in and easy maintenance.
1. Sample clamp. class 5.
2. Blocking screw.
3. Test sample. After the “wet” test method (or so-called EN ISO 10545 – Part 8
4. Valve. “PEI method”) described in the preceding Ceramic tiles
5. Feed fox for abrasive UNI EN 154 standard was chosen, the dry Determination of linear thermal
material. method (called MCC) disappeared. The expansion
6. Steady flow funnel. ❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles.
monitoring system has been improved.
7. Steel disc.
Samples to be observed are placed in a box ❑ To perform the test, two perpendicular
8. Counterweight.
61 cm wide (Fig.6 ), its interior painted a
neutral gray (to prevent unwanted
reflections); the light source, with color
temperature of between 6000 and 6500 K
EN ISO 10545 - Part 7 (temperature is linked to wave length, and
Determination of surface abrasion thus to the light’s color) must be screened
resistance of glazed tiles and there must be 300 lux on the sample to
❑ Method applicable to all glazed ceramic be observed. The major modifications
Fig. 5 floor tiles. regard classification:
Outline of abrasion
❑ The testing apparatus is illustrated in ❑ a “zero class” has been introduced: tiles
measuring
Fig. 5. for covering floors must withstand (that is,
instrument for
❑ The abrasive load consists of steel balls not show signs of abrasion from) at least
glazed tiles (PEI
method). of various diameters, white aluminum 100 revolutions; otherwise, they must be
oxide F80 and water. considered wall tiles;
❑ The test must be performed on eleven ❑ the number of stages for each class of
samples of 100 mm x 100 mm, cut out of abrasion has been reduced in order to
the tiles in such a way as to include the simplify test procedures, without
different colors and decorations that may depriving them of meaning;
be present in the proper surface. ❑ a “class 5” of resistance has been added,
❑ The number of revolutions for every to distinguish the new types of products
stage of abrasion is: that are usually described as “highly
210
APPENDIX 1
samples must be cut from the center area total immersion of the tiles in an uncovered Stage of abrasion Class
Table 2
of the tile. The length of the samples must bath with a water temperature of 15 oC. In visible damage (revolutions) Classification of
be suitable to the measuring apparatus; the case of tiles with a water absorption higher abrasion resistance
100 0
area of the cross-section must be greater than 10%, the water bath must be covered of glazed tiles
(PEI method).
than 10 mm 2 and the length of any side in with an aluminum plate on which a layer 150 1
cross-section must be less than 6 mm. In of aluminum grains is placed; the glazed 600 2
the case of glazed tiles, the glaze must be surface of the tiles must be placed in
removed. contact with this layer. 750, 1500 3
❑ After the samples are dried, their length ❑ In both cases, after 5 minutes at the low 2100, 6000, 12000 4
is measured at room temperature with temperature, samples must be placed in an
(1)
> 12000 5
cursor calipers/gauge. oven at 145 oC for about 20 minutes and
Every test sample is placed in an then immediately transferred back to the (1) Must pass the test indicated in ISO 10.545-14 for stain resistance.
211
APPENDIX 1
212
APPENDIX 1
Low concentration (L) High concentration (H) Length of attack (GL) Length of attack (UGL)
Table 3
Aqueous test solutions
Chemical resistan-
(4.1) Ammonium chloride (100 g/l) (100 g/l) 24 h 12 Days ce. Test solution
and conditions for
(4.2) Sodium hypochlorite (20 mg/l) (20 mg/l) 24 h 12 Days
glazed (GL) and
(4.3.1) Hydrochloric acid 3% (V/V) –– 4 Days 12 Days unglazed (UGL)
tiles.
(1)
(4.3.2) Hydrochloric acid –– 18% (V/V) 4 Days 12 Days
(1)
(4.3.2) Lactic acid –– 5% (V/V) 4 Days 12 Days
(1)
(4.3.2) Potassium Hydroxide –– 100 g/l 4 Days 12 Days
The standard dictates that one should Classification not possible”, and classified on the basis of
“repeat the cycle a minimum of 100 times”, ❑ Unglazed tiles: samples extracted from the visual inspection according to Table 5.
implying that client and supplier may unglazed tile are first partially immersed
agree to measure resistance to a higher in the test solutions for 12 days and then
number of cycles, should particular subjected to running water for 5 days, then EN ISO 10545 - Part 14
weather conditions require as much. boiled in water for 30 minutes, dried and Ceramic tiles
visually inspected for variations on the Determination to stains resistance
proper surface, on the cut edges and on the ❑ Method applicable to the proper surface
EN ISO 10545 - Part 13 non-cut edges. The effects observed are the of ceramic tiles to determine stain
Ceramic tiles basis of the classification of Table 4. resistance.
Determination of chemical resistance ❑ Each of the staining agents listed below
❑ Method applicable to all ceramic tiles to must be maintained in contact with at least
determine chemical resistance at room tem- ❑ Glazed tiles: Test solutions are 5 test samples (whose proper surface has
perature. maintained in contact with the glazed first been cleaned and dried) for 24 hours.
❑ Each of the aqueous solutions set forth surface of the tiles for the length of times Stains are removed in stages through the
in Table 3 must be tested on at least 5 test noted in Table 3, after which the surface is use of different cleaning agents and
samples that are: cleaned and dried and the effects created procedures (Fig.9).
• cut out (50 x 50 mm), in the case of by the solutions are assessed according to Classification of the results follows visual
unglazed tiles; the diagram of Fig.8. inspection: class 1 tiles are the easiest from
• entire or partial, in the case of glazed Should the pencil test not be applicable, the which to remove a given stain, while with
tiles. tiles are indicated as “Normal classification class 5 tiles, such stains cannot be removed
213
APPENDIX 1
Removed
Rimossa Not removed
Non rimossa Clear
Chiara Blurred
Confusa
EN ISO 10545 - Part 16
Ceramic tiles
Determination of small color differences
CLASS A
CLASSE A
CLASS
CLASSE B
B CLASS C
CLASSE C This method was not included in the EN
standards, but appears as part of the U.S.
standards. The test method used is the one
described in the standard ASTM C-609, and
and the proper surface has been damaged D) Immersion in suitable solvent measures small differences in color
irreversibly. (hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, between an unknown sample and a
Stains acetone, others to be specified). reference tile; the standard specifies that
1) Green staining in light oil (red staining this method should be used to measure
for green tiles). only tiles that are solid color and smooth;
2) Iodine alcohol solution. EN ISO 10545 - Part 15 with other tiles, the results may not be
3) Olive oil. Ceramic tiles valid. The test is based on the use of a
Cleaning agents Extraction of lead and cadmium from colorimeter; any colorimeter on the market
1) Hot water. glazed tiles may be used, so long as it gives values that
2) Weak commercial cleaning agent. ❑ Method applicable to proper surfaces of can be mathematically transformed into
3) Strong commercial cleaning agent. all glazed ceramic tiles. This method was the tristimulus values X,Y and Z (according
4) Solvents (hydrochloric acid, potassium not included in the EN standards, deriving to CIE).
hydroxide, acetone, others to be specified) rather from the American ASTM C-895 The instrument is first calibrated using a
Cleaning procedures system; it regards the determination of the primary standard (magnesium oxyde) or
A) Running hot water. amount of lead and cadmium that may be a secondary standard, depending on the
B) Manual cleaning with weak commercial released into an acetic acid solution by a indications of the supplier of the
cleaning agent. glaze, in the case of tiles used in food- instrument.
C) Mechanical cleaning with strong preparing areas (like tiles installed on Measures are then taken of the unknown
commercial cleaning agent. kitchen counters). sample and the reference sample,
Table 5
Test solutions No visible effect (A) Visible difference in appearance (B) Partial or complete loss
Glazed (GL)
of original surface (C)
ceramic tiles:
classification of Ammonium chloride - Sodium hypochlorite GA(V) GB(V) GC(V)
chemical
resistance. L Solutions GLA(V) GLB(V) GLC(V)
214
APPENDIX 1
Fig. 9
Staining Classification
scheme for
resistance to
Cleaning procedure “A“ stains.
Visual examination
Cleaning procedure
“B"
Visual
examination
Cleaning procedure
“C"
Visual
Stain removed
examination
Cleaning procedure
Stain removed “D"
Visual
Stain removed
examination
alternately, until three readings have been EN ISO 10545 - Part 17 final user, since the coefficient of friction
taken of every tile. Ceramic tiles relates directly to the slipperiness of a floor.
Finally, the standard specifies the method Determination of coefficient of friction Remember that the coefficient of friction
to be followed to calculate differences of ❑ Method applicable to glazed and is defined as the ratio between the
color, specifically as regards instruments unglazed ceramic tiles for floor covering. tangential force and the vertical load on a
that give the values in L, a and b (which This method (not included in the EN) is body moving over a surface. The standard
are transformed into X, Y and Z). particularly important for the safety of the sets forth methods for measuring both the
215
APPENDIX 1
Fig. 10 2 4 tiles and a contacting element (slipping test area is increased at a constant rate until
1 3
Extraction of lead element) that is covered in standardized the angle is reached at which the person
and cadmium: rubber (4S) and bears a predetermined finds it difficult to walk (and begins to
sample assembly
load. The dynamic coefficient of attrition, slip).
during test.
both average and precise and under all The test is then interrupted and the angle
surface conditions (dry, wet with water, of inclination of the panel at this point is
etc.), are measured. This method can be measured; remembering that in this case,
used either in the laboratory or on floors the coefficient of friction is equal to the
in service. geometrical tangent of the measured angle.
1. Silicone rubber 3. Tile
2. Solution 4. Dome ❑ Method B: this method, originated in The test is conducted by applying oil to the
the United States (ASTM C1028) measures test surface, and the testing person wears
dynamic coefficient of friction (associated the static coefficient of friction with an works shoes with standard soles. This test
with an element moving over a surface) apparatus that uses a dynamometer to can be conducted only in the laboratory
and the static coefficient of friction determine the maximum horizontal force and not in the field.
(associated with an element that must needed to initiate movement between the ❑ Method D: this method requires the use
move from a position of rest). slider (covered in standardized 4S rubber of a pendulum to whose arm a slippery
❑ Method A: this method, of English and loaded with a known weight) and the element covered in standardized rubber
origin (BCR-Tortus), measures the dynamic tile surface, when dry and also when wet. (4S) is connected. The pendulum is made
coefficient of friction with a portable mo- This method, too, may be used in the to swing and the amount of energy
bile apparatus, a moveable device with an laboratory and on floors in service. absorbed when the slider comes into
electric motor that moves at a constant ❑ Method C: this method is modeled on contact with the test surface, be it either
velocity over the surface of the tiles to be the German standard DIN 51130. A person dry or wet with water, is then measured.
tested. The apparatus measures the walks back and forth on a panel covered This method too can be used both in the
coefficient of friction created between the with ceramic tiles. The inclination of the laboratory and in the field.
216
EN ISO norms for ceramic tiles - Requirements
A P P E N D I X 2
Group A
Properties Group AI Group AIIa P.1 Group AIIa P.2 Group AIIb P.1 Group AIIb P.2 Group AIII
ISO13006 Annex A ISO 13006 Annex B ISO 13006 Annex C ISO 13006 Annex D ISO 13006 Annex E ISO 13006 Annex F Dimensional and
aspect properties -
Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Test according to
Length and width
ISO 10545-2.
Allowable % deviation of ±1.0 up to ±2.0 up to ±1.25 up to ±2.0 up to ±1.5 up to ±2.0 up to ± 2.0 up to ±2.0 up to a ±2.0 up to ± 2.0 up to ± 2.0 up to ± 2.0 up to
the average dimension of a max. a max. a max. a max. a max. a max. a max. max. a max. a max. a max. a max.
each tile (2 or 4 sides) from ± 2 mm ± 4 mm ± 2 mm ± 4 mm ± 2 mm ± 4 mm ± 2 mm ± 4 mm ± 2 mm ± 4 mm ± 2 mm ± 4 mm
work size W
Allowable % deviation of
the average size of each maximum maximum maximum maximum maximum maximum maximum maximum ± maximum maximum maximum maximum
tile (2 or 4 sides) from the ± 1.0 ± 1.5 ± 1.0 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 1.5 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 ± 1.5 ± 1.5
average of 10 test specimens
(20 or 40 sides)
Straightness of sides
(Proper surface)
Rectangularity
Surface flatness
Surface quality
95 minimum
% of acceptable tiles in the lot
217
A P P E N D I X 2
Group A
Group AI Group AIIa P.1 Group AIIa P.2 Group AIIb P.1 Group AIIb P.2 Group AIII
Physical properties. Properties ISO 13006 Annex A ISO 13006 Annex B ISO 13006 Annex C ISO 13006 Annex D ISO 13006 Annex E ISO 13006 Annex F
Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural Precision Natural
Test method
ISO 10545-4
Breaking strength, in N not less than 1100 not less than 950 not less than 800 not less than 900 not less than 750 not less than 600
a) thickness ≥ 7.5 mm not less than 600 not less than 600 not less than 600 not less than 900 not less than 750 not less than 600
b) thickness < 7.5 mm
Modulus of rupture, in N/mm2
Not applicable if the breaking
strength is ≥ 3000 N
Average value minimum 23 minimum 20 minimum 13 minimum 17,5 minimum 9 minimum 8
Individual value minimum 18 minimum 18 minimum 11 minimum 15 minimum 8 minimum 7
218
A P P E N D I X 2
Group A
Group AI - ISO 13006 Annex A
Group AIIa - ISO 13006 Annex B-C Chemical
Properties Group AIIb - ISO 13006 Annex D-E properties.
Group AIII - ISO 13006 Annex F
Chemical resistance
Test method ISO 10545-13
Stain resistance
a) glazed tiles min. Class 3
b) unglazed tiles test method available
219
A P P E N D I X 2
Group B
Group BIa - ISO 13006 Annex G Group BIb - ISO 13006 Annex H
Dimensional and
appearance properties - Properties 2
Area S of product (cm ) Area S of product (cm2)
Test according to
S < 90 90 < S ≤<190 190 < S < 410 S > 410 S ≤ 90 90 < S ≤ 190 190 < S ≤ 410 S > 410
ISO 10545-2.
Length and width
Allowable % deviation of
the average dimension of ± 1.2 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
± 0.75 ± 0,6 ± 1.2 ± 0.75 ± 0.6
each tile (2 or 4 sides) from
work size W
Straightness of sides
(Proper surface)
Rectangularity
Surface flatness
Surface quality
95 minimum
% of acceptable tiles in the lot
220
A P P E N D I X 2
Group BIIa - ISO 13006 Annex J Group BIIb - ISO 13006 Annex K
Group B
Dimensional and
Area S of product (cm2) Area S of product (cm2) appearance
Properties
properties -
S ≤ 90 90 < S ≤ 190 190 < S ≤ 410 S > 410 S ≤ 90 90 < S≤ 190 190 < S ≤ 410 S > 410
Test according to
Length and width ISO 10545-2 (cont.).
Allowable % deviation of
the average dimension of
± 1.2 ± 1.0 ± 0.75 ± 0.6 ± 1.2 ± 1.0 ± 0.75 ± 0.6
each tile (2 or 4 sides) from
work size W
Straightness of sides
(Proper surface)
Rectangularity
Surface flatness
Surface quality
95 minimum
% of acceptable tiles in the lot
221
A P P E N D I X 2
Group B
Group BIII - ISO 13006 Annex L
Dimensional and
appaerance Properties Non-spacer Spacer
properties -
Test according to Length and width
ISO 10545-2 (cont.).
Allowable % deviation of
Side < 12 cm: ± 0.75 + 0.6
the average dimension of
Side > 12 cm: ± 0.50 - 0.3
each tile (2 or 4 sides) from
work size W
Straightness of sides
(Proper surface)
Rectangularity
Surface flatness
+ 0.5 + 0.8 mm
Maximum % deviation from
-0.3 - 0.2 mm
flatness in surface
a) center curvature related to
the diagonal calculated from
work size
Surface quality
95 minimum
% of acceptable tiles in the lot
222
A P P E N D I X 2
Group B
Properties Group BIa Group BIb Group BIIa Group BIIb Group BIII
ISO 13006 Annex G ISO 13006 Annex H ISO 13006 Annex J ISO 13006 Annex K ISO 13006 Annex L Physical properties.
Test according to
ISO 10545-4
Breaking strength, in N not less than 1300 not less than 1100 not less than 1000 not less than 800 not less than 600
a) thickness ≥ 7.5 mm not less than 700 not less than 700 not less than 600 not less than 500 not less than 200
b) thickness < 7.5 mm
Modulus of rupture, in N/mm2
Not applicable if the breaking
strength is ≥ 3000 N
minimum 35 minimum 30 minimum 22 minimum 18 Thickness > 7.5: min.15
Average value
minimum 32 minimum 27 minimum 20 minimum 16 Thickness < 7.5: min.12
Individual value
223
A P P E N D I X 2
Group B
Group BIa - ISO 13006 Annex G
Chemical Group BIb - ISO 13006 Annex H
properties. Properties Group BIIa - ISO 13006 Annex J
Group BIIb - ISO 13006 Annex K
Group BIII - ISO 13006 Annex L
Chemical resistance
Test method ISO 10545-13
Stain resistance
a) glazed tiles min. Class 3
b) unglazed tiles test method available
224
The UNI designation
A P P E N D I X 3
225
A P P E N D I X 3
Fig. 2 manufacturer, that is by “the company that logna). The main purpose of the visit is to
The UNI Mark logo. produces ceramic tiles and/or offers them on verify the existence of an adequate internal
the market, under its own name, assuming system of quality control, as indicated
complete responsibility for the product.” Thus above: the producer must indicate how the
the mark may be requested even by a quality control inspections are conducted,
226
A P P E N D I X 3
227
Categories of selections
A P P E N D I X 4
EN ISO standards establish quality percentage is exceeded, tiles are considered Affixing of the quality grade on boxes and
requirements only for first choice third-choice. As for functional properties, packaging
materials, or materials “of the best the limits established for first-choice have For products in conformity with the
commercial quality” (as stated in the EN been slightly increased, while guidelines requirements established by the EN
87??? standard). All materials of lesser regarding physical and chemical properties standards, the first-choice designation
quality have no classification are more complex and detailed. must be specified, as prescribed by said
requirements. Currently, every company For some of these properties(abrasion standards.
uses its own standards of selection, using resistance of the surface of glazed tiles, and Likewise, for products that do not satisfy
such terminology as “”first”, “second”, resistance to acids and bases, also of glazed the requirements established by the EN
“third”, “first commercial”, “kiln output”, tiles) the requirement of first choice standards, the designation of 2nd and 3rd
“discard”, etc., creating confusion on the depend on the manufacturer ’s statement, choice must be specified.
market. and likewise for second choice. For other These indications must be entirely clear
At a meeting in Brussels on November 16, properties, requirements have remained and legible on the boxes and packages,
1990, the CET (European Federation of unaltered, since said properties are using Arabic numerals of a size and form
Manufacturers of Ceramic Tiles) reached considered peculiar to ceramic tiles, or in that may vary depending on the technical
an agreement regarding the definition of any case fundamental to the performance means and corporate requirements of the
quality grades of ceramic tile, and specified required: such is the case with thermal manufacturer.
a labelling system for boxes. This shock resistance and crazing resistance
agreement establishes no official norm but (even if manufacturers may declare that Standards of selection: aesthetic and
does nevertheless represent true progress glazes used to achieve aesthetic affects may functional
in the distribution of ceramic tiles. craze), as well as with resistance to stains, ❑ Aesthetic standards
As regards the labelling of boxes and home-use chemicals and pool chemicals. • 1st choice
packages, only general suggestions were Finally, for the remaining properties, it was The proper surface of the tiles must appear
provided. Quality classification must be accepted as a general principle that for a intact in all its parts; an aesthetic
clearly and legibly noted, in Arabic material of second choice, an acceptable assessment will require the testing of at
numerals; companies must label in value-limit is the first-choice requirements least a sample of 1 m 2 and a minimum of
whatever way is most effective, depending of the group immediately following it. For 30 tiles, as established by the EN 98
on corporate requirements and technical example, requirements for second choice standard.
means available. of group BI are those for the first choice of The assessment is effected by observing the
Since the first choice classification has group BIa. Obviously, this general proper surface of the tile at a distance of 1
already been defined (as materials that standard has required adaptations due to meter under a light of 300 lux.
conform with EN standard requi- some incongruities in the system. The The result is expressed as a percentage of
rements (1) ), it was sufficient to define results are set forth in Table 1. It should be tiles with defects.
(1) The Cet agreement second choice in order to au- noted that though the data in this chart are • Requirements for 1st choice
refers to EN norms in tomatically generate the definition of the result of several elaborations and Percentage of defective tiles < 5.
force at the time it was
signed (1990). The EN
third choice. detailed discussions, it has yet to be • 2nd choice
ISO norms described Factors that determine a tile’s classification perfected: nevertheless, it is a sound point A sample of at least 1 square meter and a
and used in this guide are, first, aesthetic defects (stains, flecks, of reference in a confused situation that has minimum of 30 tiles must be tested. The
(see §2.2. and
Appendices 1 and 2) defects in decoration, etc.) that are persisted for years and was in urgent need assessment must be effected by observing
are an updating of detrimental to the appearance of the of regulation. the proper surface of the tiles at a distance
those norms. The proper surface. For second-choice tiles, the It has been established that the standard of 2 meters and under a light of 300 lux.
values included in
Table 2 will be established distance from which these constitutes a strong recommendation, The result is expressed as a percentage of
updated using as a defects are visible is greater, but the especially for tiles for the export market. tiles with defects.
reference the
requirements listed in
maximum allowable percentage of The complete text of the agreed-upon • Requirements for 2nd choice
Appendix 2. defective tiles (5%) is the same. If this regulations follows. Percentage of defective tiles < 5.
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A P P E N D I X 4
Table 1
Properties AI AIIa-1 AIIa-2 AIIb-1 AIIb-2 AIII BI BIIa BIIb BIII
Requirements for
Modulus of rupture (EN 100) quality grades.
• Average value ≥ 20 ≥20 ≥ 20 ≥17.5 ≥ 10 ≥8 ≥ 17,5 ≥8 ≥8 ≥8 ≥8 ≥8 ≥ 27 ≥22 ≥ 22 ≥18 ≥ 18 ≥15/12 ≥ 15/12 ≥8
1st choice: italic;
• Individual value 18 18 18 15 9 7 15 7 7 7 7 7 –– 20 20 16 16 7 7 7
2nd choice: bold.
Mohs hardness (EN 101)
• Glazed ≥ 5 ≥5 ≥ 5 ≥5 ≥ 5 ≥4 ≥ 5 ≥4 ≥ 4 ≥4 ≥ 4 ≥4 ≥ 5 ≥5 ≥ 5 ≥5 ≥ 5 ≥5 ≥ 5 f ≥3 w f = floor
• Unglazed ≥ 6 ≥6 ≥ 6 ≥6 ≥ 5 ≥4 ≥ 6 ≥3 ≥ 3 ≥3 ≥ 3 ≥3 ≥ 6 ≥6 ≥ 6 ≥6 ≥ 6 ≥4 ≥ 4 f ≥3 w w = wall
Deep abrasion (EN 102) ≤ 300 ≤393 ≤ 393 ≤649 ≤ 771 ≤ 649 ≤ 1419 ≤ 2365 ≤ 205 ≤345 ≤ 345 ≤540 ≤ 540 ––
≤1419 ≤2365 ≤2365 ≤3174 ≤2046 ––
Linear thermal expansion (EN 103) 4÷8 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 9 ≤9 ≤ 9 ≤9 ≤ 9 ≤9 ≤ 9 ≤9
5÷13 ≤12 ≤ 12 ≤10 ≤ 12 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10 ≤ 10 ≤10
Crazing (EN 106) Richiesta per tutti i gruppi / Richiesta per tutti i gruppi
Required for all groups Required for all groups
• 3rd choice standard for the group to which it belongs. aforementioned standard.
Tiles in this group include all those that do - Physical and chemical properties
not satisfy the requirements established for • Requirements for 2nd choice Tiles must satisfy the requirements set
1st and 2nd choices. - Dimensions forth in Table 1.
Tiles must satisfy the requirements
❑ Functional standards established by the specific EN product • Requirements for 3rd choice
• Requirements for 1st choice standard for the group to which it belongs, Tiles in this group include all those which
Tiles must satisfy 1st choice requirements, with a maximum allowable deviation of do not satisfy the requirements for 1st and
as established by the specific EN product 25% from the tolerances indicated in the 2nd choice.
229
Centro Ceramico Bologna
A P P E N D I X 5
Headquarters:
Via Martelli, 26 - 40138 Bologna
Tel. (051)534015 - Fax (051)530085
Branch Unit:
CERTI.CER
Via Valle d’Aosta 1- 41049 Sassuolo (Modena)
Tel/Fax (0536)802154
Internet: www.cencerbo.it
e-mail: centro.ceramico@cencerbo.it
UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA
ERVET
Regional Organization for Economic Development
EMILIA-ROMAGNA CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE ASSOCIATION
ASSOPIASTRELLE
Association of Italian Ceramic Tile and Refractories Manufacturers
ANCPL
Italian Association of Manufacturing Cooperatives
ENCS
Italian Institute for Ceramics and Silicates
ANDIL
Italian Association of Heavy Clay Products Manufacturers
FEDERCERAMICA
Italian Association of Ceramics and Abrasives Manufacturers
230
A P P E N D I X 5
Laboratory listed in the register of the “Highly Qualified Private and Public External Laboratories”
Ruling of the Ministry Of Scientific Research 6/16/1983 (G.U. 7/6/1983, n.183)
Italian reference Ceramics Laboratory for the “Mutual Recognition Agreement of Test Reports”
of the CEN Certification Committee N.5
Italian reference Ceramics Laboratory for CERLABS - World Network of National Ceramic
Laboratories
Inspection institution and official test laboratory designated by UNI for granting the Quality Mark
for Ceramic Tiles
Inspection institution and official test laboratory designated by UNI for granting the Quality Mark
for Bricks
Test laboratory accredited by SINAL, according to UNI CEI EN 45001 (Accreditation N. 0058,
10/21/1997)
Laboratory designated by ENCS (Italian Institute for Ceramics and Silicates) for granting the ENCS
Mark for sanitary articles
Recognized official laboratory for the exportation of ceramic tiles and sanitaryware in Saudi Ara-
bia, according to S.A.S.O
Official laboratory acknowledged by ZAG-ZRMK (Slovenia) for the exportation of ceramic tiles.
Official laboratory recognized by the Ministry for the Defense for the monitoring of the consignment
of earthenware
Laboratory with Qualified Personnel according to EN 30011 for assessing quality systems according
to EN ISO 9000
C
E
R Labs - World Network of National Ceramic Laboratories
231
A P P E N D I X 5
Activities
❏ Applied research
❏ Assistance to industry, certification, consultation
❏ Professional training
❏ Distribution of information
❏ Tiles, Sanitaryware, Refractories, Bricks, Pipes for building, Adhesives for building, Dinnerware, Cements and Concrete:
• quality assessment according to test methods established by respective standards, national (UNI) and international (EN, ISO)
• microstructure characterization (SEM,EDS).
❏ Defects in tiled floors and wall coverings: on-site inspections, technical assistance, etc.
❏ Chemical analysis of waters (waste water, processing water) and of production and purification waste/residues.
❏ Energy Auditing: measurement of thermal and electric consumption, and assistance in energy conservation.
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A P P E N D I X 5
233
Ceramic Arbitration Board - Constitution and Rules of Procedure
A P P E N D I X 6
234
A P P E N D I X 6
2.2. When the parties agree in writing to 4.3. Together with the request, the Art. 6 - Procedures
avail themselves of the services of the requesting party must submit to the office 6.1. Once the arbiter’s advance payment
Arbitration Board, and specify no further of the Arbitration Board: has been paid as per the above art. 5.4, the
details, this will be understood to signify: a) a copy of the compromise or of the process begins.
a single arbiter rather than an arbitrating compromise clause; 6.2. Within ten days of said payment, the
body; an outside arbiter rather than a b) the original letter of attorney, if said arbiter communicates to the parties, by
Board one; a judgement based on fairness party intends to be represented and registered letter, the date and hour of the
rather than on jurisprudence. defended in the proceedings; first meeting to be held within the next
2.3. In the case of several parties, a single c) the receipt of the registered letter noted twenty days.
arbiter will pass judgement, regardless of in comma 1 above; 6.3. Arbitration takes place at the offices of
the arbitration agreement. d) the compensation owed to the office of the Ceramics Arbitration Board.
the Arbitration Board, as estimated by the 6.4. The arbiter takes the minutes of the
Art. 3 - List of arbiters and experts Council. meeting which he undersigns.
3.1. The Council draws up and updates the 4.4. The office of the Arbitration Board 6.5. The arbiter attempts to reconcile the
list of arbiters and experts, including registers the request in the appropriate parties.
individuals of proven experience in the chronological register, opens a file and 6.6. If the parties are reconciled, they draw
legal and/or ceramics field and of assigns it a number. up and sign a statement of reconciliation,
uncontested moral integrity. under the guidance of the arbiter,
3.2. Whenever it is deemed appropriate, Art. 5 – Integration of the lawsuit indicating among other things who will be
the Council may designate people who are 5.1. Within thirty days of being notified of responsible for paying the fee of the arbiter,
not on the list, but possess the the request, the defendant party must whose responsibilities conclude with the
aforementioned requirements. submit to the Arbitration Board a written signing of this document.
3.3. Either part may reject in writing the response to the pertinent questions, 6.7. The arbiter conducts the inquiry using
designated arbiter or expert, citing reasons indicating the arguments it intends to use his best judgment and respecting the
for doing so. and, in the case of an arbitration body, principle of cross-examination.
3.4. Following such a rejection, the Council designating the special arbiter.
will confer with the interested parties and 5.2. If he intends to seek legal Art. 7 - Decision
then make its decision without appeal. representation and defense, said party 7.1. The arbiter issues his decision within
must also present the original of the letter three months of the first meeting, unless
Art. 4 - Request for arbitration of attorney. otherwise agreed by the arbiter and parties
4.1. The party that wishes to promote 5.3. Within ten days from the expiration of involved.
arbitration presents a written request to the term in the above sub-section, the office 7.2. The decision is issued in written form
office of the Arbitration Board, notifying must submit the file to the council. and is signed by the arbiter.
the opposite party by registered mail. 5.4. Depending on need, the Council 7.3. When there are multiple arbiters, the
4.2. The request must indicate: designates a single arbiter and the decision is arrived at by a majority vote.
a) name and address of the parties; president of the arbitration body. In cases 7.4. Should one arbiter refuse to sign the
b) type of arbitration requested: standard where the parties do not designate an decision, the other arbiters note this fact
or extraordinary, arbitration body or single expert arbiter, the Council designates him/ in the ruling itself.
arbitrator; her as well. 7.5. The decision must contain the claims
c) exposition of facts and legal issues on 5.5. The Council also determines the of the parties involved, the course of the
which the request is based; arbiter ’s advance payment. proceedings, the motives and the final
d) summary of the arguments which the 5.6. The office of the Arbitration Board verdict.
requesting party means to use; immediately communicates the results of 7.6. In his decision, the arbiter caps his fee
e) in the case of an arbitration body: full said deliberation to the arbiter and to all and the expenses for the defense of the
name and address of the arbiter in the field. parties by registered mail. parties involved, charging them to one or
235
A P P E N D I X 6
the other party according to the principle registered mail, and files another original process of reconciliation and contract
of loosing party. copy with the Arbitration Board. appraisal, to the extent that they are
7.7. A written claim against the payment 7.11. In the case of legal arbitration, the arbiter relevant.
of the arbiter ’s fees may be submitted to must also observe the formalities established
the Council of the Arbitration Board within by the code of civil law. Compromise clause
thirty days of notification of the arbiter’s
decision. Art. 8 - Execution Any question regarding the assessment of the
7.8. Said claim does not suspend the Statements of reconciliation or decisions rights, the determination of damage and its
deadline for the execution of the other must be implemented by the parties within quantification that cannot be amicably resolved
points of the decision. thirty days of their notification, unless between the parties, will be referred to the
7.9. The Board makes an irrevocable another deadline is indicated in the outside arbitration of a single arbiter to be
decision regarding the claim against the decision. appointed according to the Rules of Procedure
payment of the arbiter’s fees. of the Arbitration Board instituted within the
7.10. The arbiter sends an original copy of Art. 9 - Applicability of procedures Centro Ceramico Bologna, which the parties
the decision to each of the parties by The preceding procedures also apply to the declare they know and accept unconditionally.
236
Sources:
All pictures in this guide have been provided by Assopiastrelle, Edi.Cer. and Centro Ceramico
Bologna.
The following pictures are included in the book Cer-Architect (Edi.Cer. 1999). They display
projects, in Italy and other countries, made with Italian ceramic tile.
237