HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov.

2016)
PROBLEM 1:
Assuming seawater to be incompressible (w = 10070 N/m3), what is the pressure in bars,
3200 m. below the surface of the ocean?

Solution:
p = 32224000 N/m2 1 bar = 100 kPa
p = 32224 kPa p = 322.24 bars

PROBLEM 2:
A gage on the suction side of a pump shows a vacuum of 250 mm of mercury.

➀ Compute the pressure head in meters of water.

➁ Compute the pressure in kPa.
➂ Compute the absolute pressure in kPa, if the barometer reads 725 mm of Mercury.

Solution:
➀ Pressure head in meters of water
h = - 250(13.6) = - 3400 mm = - 3.4 meters of water

➁ Pressure head in meters of water

p = wh = 9.81(- 3.4) = - 33.354 kPa

➂ Absolute pressure
Pa 101.356
=
725 760
Pa = 96.69 KPa
Pabs = - 33.354 + 96.69
Pabs = 63.33 kPa (absolute)
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 3:
The pump in the figure discharges water at 30 liters/sec. Neglecting losses and elevation changes.
Assume unit weight of water is 9.79 kN/m3.

➀ Determine the energy added to the water by the pump.

➁ Determine the power delivered to the water by the pump.
➂ Determine the mechanical efficiency of the pump if the power input recorded is 27.34 hp.

Solution:
➀ Energy added to the water by the pump:
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
2g + γw + Z1+HA = 2g + γw + Z2+HL
Q1 = A1 V1
π P2=409 kPa P1=125 kPa
0.030 = (0.10)2 V1
4 Q
P
V1 = 3.82 m/s
D2=4cm ø D1=10cm ø
Q2 = A2 V2
π
0.030 = (0.04)2 V2
4
V2 = 23.87 m/s
(3.82)2 125 (23.87)2 409
2g + 9.79 + 0+HA= 2g +9.79 + 0+0
HA = 57.31 m.

➁ Power delivered to the water by the pump:

Power = Qγw E
Power = 0.030 (9790)(57.31)
Power = 16830 watts
Power = 16.83 KW

➂ Mechanical efficiency of pump:

16830
Output hp = 746
Output hp = 22.56 hp
22.56
Eff. = 27.34 x 100
Eff. = 82.52%
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 4:
A sharp edge orifice, 75 mm in diameter lies in a horizontal plane, the jet being
directed upward. If the jet rises to a height of 8 m. and the coefficient of velocity is
0.98.

➀ Determine the velocity of the jet.

➁ Determine the head loss of the orifice.
③ Determine the head under which the orifice is discharging neglecting air
resistance.

Solution:
➀ Velocity of the jet:

V22 = V12 - 2g h 2 HL
0 = V12 - 2(9.81)(8)
V12 H
h=8m
2g = 8
Orifice
1
V1 = 12.53 m/s

➁ Head loss of orifice:

V12 1
HL = 2g C 2 - 1
v
[ ]
[1
HL = 8 (0.98)2 - 1]
HL = 0.33 m.

③ Head of orifice:
H = 0.33 + 8
H = 8.33 m.


HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 5:
An orifice 150 mm in diameter, having a coeff. of contraction of 0.62 discharges oil
(sp.gr. = 0.80) under a head of 7.50 m. The average actual velocity of the jet is
11.65 m/s.

➀ Compute the coeff. of velocity.

➁ Compute the headloss of the orifice.
③ Compute the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta.

Solution:
➀ Coeff. of velocity:
V = Cv 2g h
11.65 = Cv 2(9.81)(7.5)
Cv = 0.96

➁ Head loss:
V2
HL = 2g (C1 - 1)
v2

HL = 2(9.81) [(0.96) - 1]
(11.65) 2 1
2
HL = 0.59 m.

③ Dia. of the jet at Vena contracta:

a
A = Cc
πd2 π(0.150)2
= (0.62)
4 4
d = 0.118
d = 118 m.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 6:
The absolute viscosity of the liquid is 1.8 x 10-3 Pa.s and its sp.gr. is 0.90.

➀ Compute the equivalent kinematic viscosity in m2/s.

➁ Compute the equivalent value in stokes.
➂ If the viscosity is 0.0126 stokes what is the equivalent kinematic viscosity in
m2/s.

Solution:
➀ Kinematic viscosity:
µ
υ=
ρ
1.8 x 10-3
υ = 0.90(1000)

υ = 2 x 10-6 m2/s

➁ V in stokes

[ 1 stoke
V = 2 x 10-6 1 x 10-4 m/s2 ]
V = 0.02 stokes

➂ Kinematic viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity = 0.0126 (10)-4
Kinematic viscosity = 1.26 x 10-6 m2/s

HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 7:
During a flow of 500 liters, the gage pressure is +68 kPa in the horizontal 300 mm supply line
of a water turbine and a - 41 kPa at a 450 mm section of the draft tube 2 m. below. Estimate
the horsepower output of the turbine under such conditions assuming efficiency of 85%.

➀ Compute the total head extracted by the turbine.

➁ Compute the output horsepower of the turbine.
➂ Assuming an efficiency of 85%, compute the horsepower input of the turbine.

Solution: 300 mm ø
A
➀ Total head extracted by the turbine:
T
Q1 = Q2 = 0.50 m3/s Turbine
2m
0.50
V1 = Datum
π
(0.3)2 B 450 mm ø
4
V1 = 7.08 m/s
Q
V 12 P 1 V 22 P 2
2g + γw + Z1 = 2g + γw + Z2 + HE
(7.08)2 68 (3.15)2 41
2(9.81) + 9.810 +2= 2(9.81) - 9.81 +0 + HE
H.E. = 15.16 m.

➁ Output horsepower of the turbine: ➂ Horsepower input of the

Q γw E turbine:
HP = 746 Output
Eff. = Input
0.50(9810)(15.16)
HP = 746 (input) 84.73
0.85 = Input hp
HP = 99.68 input hp
HP = 99.68(0.85) Input hp = 99.68 hp
HP = 84.73 output hp
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 8:
Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep is the ocean at point where an air bubble,
upon reaching the surface, has six times the volume than it had at the bottom?

Solution:
W = 10104 N/m3 for salt water (sp.gr. = 1.03) w.s. 1
Using Boyle’s Law: P1 = 101.356 kPa (barometric pressure)
P1 V1 = P2 V2
P2 = 101.356 + 9.81h(1.03)
P2 = 101.356 + 10.104h h
P1 = 101.356
V1 = 6V2
101.356(6)V2 = 101.356 + 10.104h (V2)
2
h = 50.16 m

PROBLEM 9:
A vertical tube 3 m long, with one end closed, is inserted vertically with the open end down,
into a tank of water until the open end is submerged to a depth of 1.2 m. Neglecting vapor
pressure, how far will the water level in the tube be below the level in the tank?

Solution: A
Boyle’s Law:
P1 V1 = P2 V2
P1 = 101.356 kPa
1.8 m
V1 = (3)(A)
P2 = 101.356 + 9.81x 3m w.s.
V2 = (1.8 + x)A
Substituting, x
1.2 m
101.356(3A) = 101.356 + 9.81x(1.8 + x)A
304.07 = 101.356 + 9.81x(1.8 + x)
304.07 = 182.44 + 119.01x + 9.81x2
9.81x2 + 119.01x – 121.63 = 0
x = 0.948 m
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 10:
The tank in the figure is 3 m. wide into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric
pressure, compute the following. Use 9.79 kN/m3 as unit weight of water.
A
➀ Horizontal force on the quarter-circle panel BC.
4m
➁ Vertical force on the quarter-circle panel BC.
➂ Resultant force on the quarter-circle panel BC. O 5m B
➃ Angle that the resultant makes with the horizontal. 5m

Solution : C
5m
A
➀ Horizontal force:
4m 4m
Ph = γw A h=6.5
O 5m Pv
P = 9.79(6.5)(5)(3) B
2.5
O
Ph = 954.5 kN 5m 5m
Pn Pv
R
➁ Vertical force: C
Pv = weight of water on the shaded area
9.79(π )(5)2 (3)
Pv = 9.79(4)(5)(3) + 4
Pv = 1164 kN
③ Resultant force:
R2 = (954.5)2 + (1164)2
R = 1505 kN
➃ Angle that the resultant makes with the horizontal:
Pn=954.5
1164
tan θ = 954.5 θ
Pv=1164
R
θ = 50.6˚
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
PROBLEM 11:
A triangular gate 1.20 m base and 1.80 m. high is placed on the face of a dam as shown in the figure. Its
bases is hinged and the vertex is attached to a cylindrical buoy whose weight is 440 N. The external
diameter of the buoy is 1.2 m. and the weight of the gate is 880 N. The mechanism is such that the buoy
will open the gate if the water surface will rise higher than 4 m.
440 N
➀ Compute the hydrostatic force acting normal to the gate.
➁ Compute the location of the normal force form the hinge of the gate.
θ
③ What is the length of the cable when the gate is about to open?
Hinged
3m
Solution: 4m
1.2
➀ Hydrostatic force: θ 880 N
0m
P = γw A 3m
h
9810(3)(1.2)(1.8)
P= 2 P e 0.6
1.8
0m
0 1.2
0m
P = 31784.4 N 1.2 G C
0

1.8
0m
➁ Location of normal force:
Ig
e=
A
1.2(1.8)3/36
e = 1.2(1.8) T θ
2 (3.6)
3m
880 N
Hinged
e = 0.05
31784.4 CG 0.6
0
Location from the hinge = 0.65 m. 0.6
CP 5

③ Length of cable when the gate is about to open:

∑Mo = 0 1.2 m ø
880(0.60) Cos 56.4˚ + 31784.4(0.65) = T (1.8) Cos 56.4˚ 440 N
T = 21034 N

π
21034 + 440 = 9810 ( 4 ) (1.2)2 h h
h = 1.94 m.
BF
Length of cable = 4 - 2.06
Length of cable = 2.06 m.
21034 N
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 12:
A rectangular barge weighing 200,000 kg is 14 m long, 8 meters wide and 4.5 meters deep.
It will transport to Cebu 20 mm diameter by 6 meters long reinforcing steel bars.
① If a draft (submerged depth of the barge) is to be maintained at 3 meters, how many
pieces of the bars can it carry if density of salt water equal to 1026 kg/m3 and steel
weighs 7850 kg/m3.
② What is the draft from the barge when one half of its cargo is unloaded in fresh water?.
③ If the draft of the barge in fresh water is equal to 2 m., determine the number of bars that
it can carry.
W1=200,000 kg
Solution:
➀ Pieces of bars:
x = no. of bars 1.5 W2 w.s.

π(0.02)2 salt water

W2 = (6)(7850) x 3.0 Bo
4
W2 = 14.79 x kg (wt. of steel bars)
W1 + W2 = BF BF
200,000 + 14.79x = 3(8)(14)(1026) 8m
x = 9786 no. of bars
W2
w.s.
➁ Draft from the barge:
Total weight = W1 + W2
W = 200,000 + 14.79(9786) d
W = 200,000 + 144736
W = 344736 kg Fresh water
BF
When the barge is at the fresh water
the total weight is only W2.
144736
W2 = 200,000 + 2
W2 = 272368 kg ③ Number of bars that it can carry:
B.F. = W2 = 272368 (2)(8)(14)(1000) = 200,000 + 14.79x
272368 = d(8)(14)(1000) x = 1623 bars
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
d = 2.43 m. (draft in fresh water)
PROBLEM 13:
A rectangular barge weighing 200000 kg is 14 m long, 8 m. wide and 4.5 m deep. It will
transport to Manila 20 mm diameter; 6 m. long steel reinforcing bars having a density of 7850
kg/m3. Density of salt water is 1026 kg/m3.
➀ Det. the draft of the barge on sea water before the bars was loaded.
➁ If a draft is to be maintained at 3 m., how many pieces of steel bars could it carry?
➂ What is the draft of the barge when one half of its cargo is unloaded in fresh water?

Solution : 200000 kg
➀ Draft of empty barge on sea water:
4.5

200000 = 14(8)(d)(1026) d
d = 1.74 m.
8m

➁ No. of bars loaded:

8(14)(3)(1026) = 200000 + Wb Steel bars

200000+Wb
Wb = 144736 kg
!
Wb = 4 (0.02) 2 (6) N (7850)
! 3m
144736 = 4 (0.2) 2 (6)(7850) N
N = 9782 bars 8m

➂ Draft of barge on fresh water when one

half of its cargo is unloaded: 200000+1/2Wb
1
200000 + 2 (144736) = 8(14)(d)(1000)
d = 2.43 m.
d

8m
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)


PROBLEM 14:
A triangle having a base of 1.20 m and altitude of 1.8 m wholly immersed in water, its base being in the
surface and its plane vertical. If the triangle will be divided by a horizontal line through its center of
pressure.

➀ Find the pressure on the lower area of the triangle.

➁ Find the pressure on the upper area of the triangle.
③ Find the ratio between the pressures on the two areas of the triangle.

Solution:
➀ Pressure on the lower area of the triangle.
1.2m w.s.
Ig
e=
Ss 0.6
2
(1.2)(1.8)3 e h=1.2m
Ig = 36
0.3
x
1.8m
Ig = 0.1944
0.9 1
(1.2)(1.8)
Ss = 2 (0.6)
Ss = 0.648
0.1944
e = 0.648
e = 0.3 0.6
1.2 x 0.3
1.8 = 0.9
0.45
0.90
x = 0.6
P1 = γ A
1 0.6
P1 = γ (1.2) 2 (0.6)(0.9)
P1 = 0.324 γ
P1 = 0.324(9.81)
P1 = 3.18 kN

➁ Pressure on the upper area of the triangle. ③ Ratio between the pressures
0.9(0.6) on the two areas of the triangle.
P2 = γ (0.45)(0.6)(0.9) + γ (0.3) 2 P1 0.324 γ
P2 = 0.324 γ P2 = 0.324 γ = 1
P2 = 0.324(9.81)
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
P2 = 3.18 kN

PROBLEM 15:
A vertical rectangular gate as shown is 2 m. wide, 6 m. high is hinged at
the top, has oil (sp.gr. = 0.84) standing 7 m. deep on one side, the liquid
surface being under a pressure of - 18.46 kPa.
➀ Compute the hydrostatitc force acting on the gate.
➁ How far is the force acting below the
hinged. P=-18.46 kPa
➂ How much horizontal force applied at
the bottom is needed to open the gate.
2m
Solution : Oil
Hinged
7m
➀ Force on the liquid on the gate: (0.84)
6m
18.46
h equivalent = 9.81(0.84)
h equivalent = 2.24 m.
P=γhA
P = 9.81(0.84)(1.76)(2)(6)
P = 174.04 kN
h equivalent=2.24
➁ Location of force below the hinged: 2m

Ig 7m
Hinged
e=Ah h=1.76
6m
d=4.76 m e
(2)(6)3/12 3m
e = 2(6) (1.76)
e = 1.705 Hinged

Location of force below hinged = 3 + 1.705 O

Location of force below hinged = 4.705 m.
4.705
6m
➂ Horizontal force needed to open the gate:
∑Mo = 0 174.04 F
F(6) = 174.04 (4.705)
F = 136.48 kN
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 16:
A rectangular channel 5.6 m. wide by 1.2 m. deep is lined with a smooth stone, well laid and has a
hydraulic slope of 0.002. Using n = 0.013.
➀ What is the capacity of the channel in m3/s.
➁ What savings in earth excavation could have been offered by using more favorable proportions but
adhering to the same delivery and slope.
➂ What savings in lining per meter length by using more favorable proportions but adhering to the
same delivery and slope?
Solution:
➀ Capacity of channel:
A = 5.6(1.2) = 6.72 m2
P = 1.2(2) + 5.6 = 8 m. 1.2 m
A 6.72
R= = = 0.84
P 8
5.6 m
A R 2/3 S1/2
Q=
n
➂ Savings in lining per meter length:
6.72(0.84)2/3 (0.002)1/2
Q= = 20.58 m3 / s
0.013
1.2 m
➁ Savings in earth excavation by
using more favorable proportions:
Use most efficient section. 5.6 m
b = 2d
d 1.794
R=2
d
A=bd
3.587
A = 2 d2
Lining of old channel = [1.2(2) + 5.6](1)
b=2d
A R 2/3 S1/2
Q= Lining of old channel = 8 m2
n
2d2 (d/2)2/3 (0.001)1/2 Lining of new channel
20.58 =
0.013
= [1.794(2) + 3.587] (1)
d = 1.794
= 7.175 m2
b = 2d = 2(1.794) = 3.587 m.
Savings in excavation: Savings in lining = 8 - 7.175
Savings = 5.6(1.2) – 1.794(3.587) Savings in lining = 0.825 m2/m.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
Savings = 0.2849 m2
PROBLEM 17:
A square frame 3 m by 3 m in dimension is submerged in water vertically with its
top 3 m from the surface. If oil (s = 0.80) occupies the top meter,

➀ Determine the horizontal pressure acting on the frame.

➁ Determine the pressure at the top of the gate.
➂ Determine the pressure at the bottom of the gate.

Solution:
➀ Horizontal pressure acting on the frame:
_
P=γ hA
__ Oil 1m
h = 1(0.8) + 2 + 1.5 H2O
__ 2m
h = 4.3 h

P = 9.81(4.3)(3)(3)
P = 379.65 kN
3m
e
P
➁ Pressure at the top of the gate:
P = 9.79(0.8)1 + 9.79(2) 3m
P = 27.41 kPa

➂ Pressure at the bottom of the gate:

P = 9.79(0.8)1 + 9.79(5)
P = 56.78 kPa
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 18:
Piston A has a cross-section of 1,200 cm2 while that of B is 800 cm2. B is higher
than A by 2m. If the intervening passages are filled with oil having sp. gr. of 0.8
and a force of 4 kN is acting on B,
➀ What must be the pressure at piston B.
➁ What must be the pressure at piston A.
➂ What must be the force exerted at piston A.

PB
Solution : PA
➀ Pressure at piston B: A=800 cm2
PB (800) = 4,000
A=1200 cm2
PB = 5 N/cm2
PB = 50,000 N/m2 h=2m

➁ Pressure at piston A: sp. gr. = 0.80

PA = PB + wh
PA = 50,000 + 9810 (.8) (2)
PA = 65696 N/m2

➂ Force exerted at piston A:

65696 (1200)
P=
(100)2
P = 7883.52 N
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 19:
The radius of the tube as shown in the figure is 1 mm. The surface tension of
water at 20˚C is equal to 0.0728 N/m. For a water-glass interface θ = 0˚.

➀ Compute the capillary rise in the tube in mm. θ

➁ Compute the total force due to surface

tension. h
➂ Compute the weight of water above the
surface due to surface tension.

Solution:
➀ Capillary rise in the tube in mm:
2r
2 σ Cos θ
h=
ρgr
2 (0.0728) Cos 0˚
h = 1000 (9.81)(0.001)
h = 0.0148 m.
h = 14.8 mm.

➁ Total force due to surface tension:

F = σ π d Cos θ
F = 0.0728(2π) (0.001) Cos 0˚
F = 4.57 x 10-4 N

➂ Weight of water:
W = γ Vol = 9810 π (0.001)2 (0.0148)
W = 4.56 x 10-4 N

HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 20:
A 1 x 1 x 1 m. tank is 50% filled with oil (sp.gr. 0.82) and the 0.5 Oil
a
remaining is water. When it is translated vertically upward at
5.10 m/s2. 1.0
0.5 Water
➀ Determine the pressure at the bottom.
➁ Determine the velocity at the orifice 50 mm diam. located
1.0
at the bottom of the tank.
➂ Determine the discharge if the coefficient of discharge C is equal to 0.6.

Solution:
➀ Pressure at the bottom.
Oil
0.5 a

a
P = P static (1 + g )
1.0
0.5 Water

P static = w h
h = 0.5 (0.82) + 0.5(1)
h = 0.91 m.
5.10 1.0
P = 9.81(0.91) (1 + 9.81 ) = 13.57 kPa

Oil
➁ Velocity at the orifice 50 mm diam. 0.5 a

located at the bottom of the tank. 1.0

( 5.10
h = 0.91 1 + 9.81 ) 0.5 Water

h = 1.38 m.
V = 2g h
1.0
V = 2(9.81)(1.38)
V = 5.20 m/s

➂ Discharge if the coefficient of 0.5 Oil

a
discharge C is equal to 0.6.
1.0
Q = CA 2g h 0.5 Water

0.60(π)(0.05)2
Q= 2(9.81)(1.38)
4
Q = 0.0061 m3/s
1.0
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 21:
The cross section of a right triangular channel is shown with a coefficient of roughness n = 0.012. If the
rate of flow = 4 m3/s.
➀ Calculate the critical depth. B=2dc
dc dc
➁ Calculate the critical velocity.
➂ Calculate the critical slope.
dc
45˚ 45˚
Solution: 2dc
➀ Critical depth:
2dc dc
A= = dc 2
2
B = 2 dc
Q2 A3
g = B
(4)2 (dc2)3
9.81 = 2 dc
dc5 = 3.26
dc = 1.267 m.

➁ Critical velocity:
A
Vc = g B
A = (1.267)2
A = 1.605 m2
B = 2(1.267)
B = 2.534
9.81(1.605)
Vc =
2.534
Vc = 2.49 m/s

➂ Critical slope:
1 A 1.605
Vc = n R2/3 Sc1/2 R= = = 0.448
P 3.58
P = 2 2 dc 1
2.49 = 0.012 (0.448) 2/3 Sc1/2
P = 2 2 (1.267)
P = 3.58 Sc = 0.0026
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 22:
A jet of water 250 mm in diameter impinges normally on a flat steel plate. If the discharge is 0.491 m3/s.
➀ Find the force exerted by the jet on the stationary plate.
➁ If the flat plate is moving at 2 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet, find the force exerted by the
jet on the plate.
➂ If the flat plate moving a 4 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet, find the work done on the plate
per second.

Solution:
➀ Fiorce exerted by the jet on the stationary plate:
F=R
Q γw
-R = (V2 - V1)
g V1
V2=0
Q=AV R
F
π 2
0.491 = 4 (0.25) V1
V1 = 10 m/s
0.491(9.81)
-R= (0 - 10)
9.81
R = 4.91 kN

➁ Force exerted by the jet on the plate: V1=10 m/s V2=2 m/s
Q γw
- R = F = g (V2 - V1) R
F
0.491(9.81)
-R= (2 - 10)
9.81
R = 3.928 kN

➂ Work done on the plate per second:

F=R
Q γw V1=10 m/s V2=4m/s
- R = g (V2 - V1)
0.491(9.81) R
-R= (4 - 10) F
9.81
R = 2.946 kN
Work = 2.946 (1000)(4)
Work = 11784 N-m/s
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 24:
A piece of wood floats in water with 50 mm projecting above the water surface. When
placed in glycerine of sp.gr. 1.35, the block projects 75 mm above the liquid surface.

➀ Find the height of the piece of wood.

➁ Find the sp.gr. of wood.
➂ Find the weight of the wood if it has a cross sectional area of 200 mm x 200 mm.

Solution:
➀ Height of wood:
W = 9.81(A)(h - 0.05)
S h (9.81)(A) = 9.81A (h - 0.05) 0.05
S h = h - 0.05
W = 9.81(1.35) A (h - 0.075) h-0.05
S h (9.81) A = 9.81(1.35) A (h - 0.075)
S h = 1.35(h - 0.075)
water
h - 0.05 = 1.35 (h - 0.075)
0.35h = 0.05125
h = 0.146 m. 0.075

➁ Sp.gr. of wood:
h-0.075
S h = h - 0.05
S (0.146) = 0.146 - 0.05
Glycerine
S = 0.658

➃ Wt. of wood:
W = 9.81(0.658)(0.146)(0.2)(0.2)
W = 0.038 kN
W = 38 N
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 26:
A pipe network consists of pipeline 1 from A to B, then at B it is connected to pipelines 2 and 3, where it
merges again at joint C to form a single pipeline 4 up to point D. Pipelines 1, 2 and 4 are in series
connection whereas pipelines 2 and 3 are parallel to each other. If the rate of flow from A to B is 10
liters/sec and assuming f = 0.02 for all pipes, compute the following:

Pipelines Diameter Length 1 2 4

1 200 mm ø 3000 m. A B C D
2 300 mm ø 2200 m.
3 200 mm ø 3200 m. 3
4 400 mm ø 2800 m.

➀ Rate of flow of pipeline 3.

➁ Rate of flow of pipeline 2.
➂ Total head loss from A to D.

Solution: 1 2 4
➀ Rate of flow of pipeline 3:
A B C D
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q1 = Q4 3
hf2 = hf3
0.0826 fL (Q2)2 0.0826 f L (Q3)2
(D2)5 = (D3)5 ➂ Total head loss from A to D:
0.0826 fL Q12
2200(Q2)2 3200(Q3)2 hf1 = D1 5
(0.3)5 = (0.2)5
0.0826(0.02) 3000(0.01)2
hf1 = (0.2)5
Q22 = 11.045 Q32 hf1 = 1.55 m.
Q2 = 3.323 Q3
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 0.0826(0.02)(2200)(0.00769)2
0.01 = 3.323 Q3 + Q3 hf2 =
(0.3)5
Q3 = 0.00231 hf2 = 0.088 m.
Q3 = 2.31 liters/s
0.0826(0.02)(2800)(0.01)2
hf4 =
➁ Rate of flow in pipeline 2: (0.4)5
Q2 = 3.323 Q3 hf4 = 0.045 m.
Q2 = 3.323 (2.31)
Q2 = 7.69 liters/sec. Total head loss from A to D:
HL = hf1 + hf2 + hf3
HL =1.55 + 0.088 + 0.045
HL = 1.6838 m.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 28:
The three reservoirs A, B and C are connected by pipelines A, B and C respectively. the elevation of
reservoir A is equal to 200 m. while that of C is 178 m. The discharge flowing towards reservoir B is 0.60
m3/s. Reservoir B is higher than that of C.
Pipes Diam. Length Friction factor "f"
A 800 mm 1500 m 0.0158
B 600 mm 450 m 0.0168
C 450 mm 1200 m 0.0175

➀ Compute the rate of flow out of reservoir A.

➁ Compute the rate of flow towards reservoir C.
③ Compute the elevation of reservoir
Solution : El. 200m
➀ Rate of flow out of reservoir A: A hf1

0.0826fLQ22 hf2
hf2 =
D25
1 B hf3
0.0826(0.0168)(450)(0.60)2 2
hf2 = = 2.89 m.
(0.6)5
El. 178
hf1 + hf3 = 200 - 178 3
C
hf1 + hf3 = 22 m.
0.0826(0.0158)(1500)Q12 0.0826(0.0175)(1200)Q32
+ = 22
(0.8)5 (0.45)5
5.974Q12 + 94Q32 = 22 ➁ Rate of flow towards reservoir C:
Q3 = Q1 - Q2 Q3 = Q1 - 0.60
Q3 = Q1 - 0.60 Q3 = 1.0135 - 0.60
Q3 = 0.4135 m3/s
5.974Q12 + 94(Q1 - 0.60)2 = 22
5.974Q12 + 94(Q12 - 1.20Q1 + 0.36) = 22
③ Elev. of B:
99.974Q12 - 112.8Q1 + 33.84 = 22 0.0826(0.0158)(1500)(1.0135)2
hf1 =
99.974Q12 - 112.8Q1 + 11.84 = 0 (0.8)5
hf1 = 6.14 m.
Q12 - 1.13Q1 + 0.118 = 0
Elev. of B = 200 - hf1 - hf2
1.13 ± 0.897 Elev. of B = 200 - 6.14 - 2.89
Q1 = = 1.0135 m3/s
2 Elev. of B = 190.97 m.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 29:
Two reservoirs A and B have elevations of 250 m and 100 m respectively. It is
connected by a pipe having a diameter of 250 mmø and a length of 100 m. A
turbine is installed at point in between reservoirs A and B. If C = 120, compute the
following if the discharge flowing in the pipeline is 150 liters/sec.

➀ Headloss of pipe due to friction.

➁ The head extracted by the turbine.
➂ The Power generated by the turbine.
Solution :
El. 250m
➀ Headloss of pipe: B
10.64LQ1.85 150m
hf = C1.85D4.87 El. 100m
Q = 0.15 m3/s T
A

250 mm ø
10.64(100)(0.15)1.85
hf = (120)1.85(0.25)4.87
hf = 3.87 m.

➁ Head extracted by the turbine:

VA2 PA VB2 PB
2g + w + ZA = 2g + w + ZB + HE + HL
0 + 0 + 150 = 0 + 0 + HE + 3.87
HE = 150 - 3.87
HE = 146.13 m.

➂ Power generated by the turbine:

Power = QwE
Power = 0.15(9810)(146.13)
Power = 215030 watts
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

Power = 215.03 kW
PROBLEM 30:
A rectangular scow 9 m. wide 15 m. long and 3.6 m. high has a draft in sea water of 2.4 m.
Its center of gravity is 2.7 m. above the bottom of the scow.

➀ Determine the initial metacentric height.

➁ If the scow is tilted until one end is just submerged in water, find the sidewise shifting of
the center of buoyancy.
③ Determine the final metacentric height.

Solution: Upright Position

➀ Initial metacentric height MG M
ø = 0 (upright position)
(9)2 G
MBo = 12(2.4) (1 + 0)
1.5
2.4m Bo 2.7
MBo = 2.81 m. 1.2
9m
Alternate Solution:
I
MBo = V
15(9)3
I = 12
I = 911.25 m4 (moment of Inertia about
the longitudinal axis)
V = (2.4)(15)(9)
V = 324 m3
911.25
MBo = 324
MBo = 2.81 m.
GBo = 2.7 - 1.2
GBo = 1.5
MG = MBo - GBo
MG = 2.81 m. - 1.5
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
MG = 1.31 m.
PROBLEM 30: (CONTINUATION)
➁ Sidewise shifting of the center of buoyancy:
1.2
tan θ = 4.5
θ = 14.93˚
MG
xB M

2.81
Sin θ = MB
o θ
I
[
MBo = V 1 + 2
tan2 θ
] G
θ
x 1.2
MBo = 2.81 1 + [ tan2 14.93
2 ] Bo

4.5
MBo = 2.91 m.
xB = 2.91 Sin 14.93˚
xB = 0.75 m.

③ Final metacentric height.

(9)2
MBo = 12(2.4) 1 + (
tan2 14.93˚
2 )
MBo = 2.91
MG = MBo - GBo
MG = 2.91 - 1.5
MG = 1.41

HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 31:
An open tank, 10 m. long, is supported on a car moving on a level track and uniformly
accelerated from rest to 30 kph. The tank was filled with water to within 15 cm. of its top,
when it was accelerated.
➀ Compute the acceleration of the car.
➁ Find the shortest time in which the acceleration maybe accomplished without liquid
spiling over the edge of the tank.
➂ The height of water is 1 m. when the tank is at rest. Determine the total force acting on
the bottom of the tank when the tank was accelerated if it has a width of 2 m.

Solution :
➀ Acceleration of the car. 0.15m
a θ
tan ø = g 1.15
0.15

0.15 a 0.85

5 =g
5m 5m
a = 0.29 m/s2

➁ Shortest time in which the acceleration maybe accomplished without liquid spiling over
the edge.
V2 = V1 + at
V1 = 0
8.33 = 0 + 0.29 t
30000
V2 = 3600 = 8.33 m/s t = 28.74 sec

➂ Total force acting on the bottom of the tank if the width of the tank is 2 m.
P1 = γw h1
P1 = 9.81(1.15)
P1 = 11.28 kPa
P2 = γw h2 h1=1.15
θ
P2 = 9.81(0.85)
h2=0.85
P2 = 8.34 kPa
(P1 + P2) 10m
F= 2 A
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
(11.28 + 8.34)
F= 2 (10)(2) = 196.2 kN
PROBLEM 32:
PROBLEM 33:
An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m. and a height of 1.20 m. is filled with water at a depth of
0.90 m.

➀ How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis if half of its volume is spilled out?
➁ How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out?
➂ How fast will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure with 0.20 m. from
the center of the tank.

Solution:
➀ Speed of rotation so that one half of its volume is spilled out:
π(0.30)2 y π(0.30)2 (0.60) πx 2 (y - 1.2)
- - = 0.50π(0.30)2 (0.90)
2 2 2
0.045y - 0.027 - 0.5(x2)(y - 1.2) = 0.0405
0.045y - 0.5x2 (y - 1.2) = 0.0675
0.30m
x2 = ky
when x = 0.30 ω 2 r2
y=
(0.30)2 = ky 2g 0.90m

0.09 ω2 (0.3)2
k= y 1.6 = 2(9.81)
when x = x ω = 18.68 rad/sec r=0.30m
y = y - 1.20 18.68(60)
ω= ω
2π
r=0.30
x2 = k(y - 1.20) ω = 178.34 rpm
0.09
x2 = y (y - 1.20)
0.60
0.045y - 0.5x2 (y - 1.2) = 0.0675 volume
1.20 spilled
0.5(0.09)(y - 1.2)2 out
0.045y - = 0.0675 y
y
0.090y2 - 0.09(y - 1.2)2 = 0.135y
0.090y2 - 0.09y2 + 0.216y - 0.1296 = 0.135y y-1.20

x x
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
0.081y = 0.1296
y = 1.6 m.

PROBLEM 33: (CONTINUATION)

➁ Speed of rotation so that no water will be spilled out:
ω 2 r2
y=
2g
ω2(0.3)2
0.60 = 2(9.81)
ω = 11.44 rad/sec
11.44(60)
ω=
2π
ω = 109.21 rpm

➂ Speed of rotation when x = 0.15:

x = 0.20 m ω
x = 0.30
r=0.30
y=y
y = y - 1.20
0.60
(0.30)2 (0.20)2
=
y y - 1.20
1.20
0.09y - 0.108 = 0.04y
0.05y = 0.108 y
y = 2.16
ω 2 r2
y = 2g y-1.20

ω2 (0.30)2 x x
(2.16) = 2(9.81)

ω = 21.70 rad/sec
21.70(60)
ω=
2π
ω = 207.22 rpm
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 34:
A 1.8 m. diameter closed cylinder 2.7 m. high is completely filled with glycerine sp.gr. is 1.60
under a pressure of 245.25 kPa at the top. The steel plates which form the cylinder are 15
mm. thick and can withstand an allowable tensile stress of 82404 kPa.
➀ Compute the max. pressure at the bottom of the tank to resists hoop tension if it is
rotated about its vertical axis.
➁ What is the equivalent height of imaginary water at the top of the tank on its sides?
➂ What is the max. speed in rpm that can be imposed on the cylinder?
Solution :
➀ Max. pressure at the bottom of the tank:
Consider 1 m. strip T = S t (1)
ω
2T = PD (1) T = 82404(0.015)(1)
P (1.8)(1) T = 1236 kN
T= 2 1236 = 0.9 P Imaginary
water surface y
T = 90.9 P P = 1373 kPa Closed
P/w

➁ Equivalent height of imaginary water at the

top of the tank on its sides: 2.7

P
Equivalent: h + A
A
γw A A P=wh
1.8
1373 = 245.25 + 9.81h + 2.7(9.81)(1.6) 1.8

h = 110.64 m.
245.25
Equivalent ht = 110.64 + 9.81 T
PD (1)
Equivalent ht = 135.64 m. T

➂ Max. speed in rpm that can be imposed on the cylinder: D 1cm

ω 2 r2
y= 2g
ω2 (0.9)2
110.64 = 2 (9.81)
ω = 51.77 rad/sec.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

51.77(60)
ω= = 494.4 rpm
2π
PROBLEM 35:
A block of wood is 20 mm thick floating in seawater. The
specific gravity of wood is 0.65 while that of seawater is 1.03. 80 kg
Find the area of a block of wood, which will just support a
man weighing 80 kg when the top surface is just at the water
surface. w.s. Ww
0.02 m
Solution:
80 + Ww = BF BF
80 + 1000(0.65)(A)(0.02) = 1000(1.03)(A)(0.02)
A = 10.50 m2

PROBLEM 36:
A wooden spherical ball with sp.gr. of 0.42 and a diameter of 0.30 m. is dropped from a
height of 4.2 m. above the surface of the water at the deep end of the swimming pool. If the
ball barely touch the bottom of the pool before it began to float, how deep is the pool at that
point?
Spherical ball
Solution:
4
Vol. of ball = ϖ r3
3
4.2 m
4
Vol. of ball = ϖ(0.15)3 = 0.014 m3
3 w.s.
Weight of ball:
W = V γs (s.g.)
W = 0.014(9.81)(0.42) h

W = 0.05768 KN Positive work = Negative work

W(4.2 + h) = BF(h)
0.15 m
Bouyant force: 0.05768(4.2 + h) = 0.1373h
BF = Vγs h = 3.04
BF = 0.014(9.81) Depth = 3.04 + 0.15
Depth = 3.19 m.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
BF = 0.1373 KN

PROBLEM 37:
An orifice at the side of the tank is located 1 meter above the bottom of the tank which is
resting on the ground. The jet of water strikes a distance of 2.75 m. horizontally away from
the orifice with Cv = 0.98. The height of the tank is 4 m. and it is filled with water 2 m. depth
and on top of it is another liquid having a depth of 1 meter.
➀ Determine the velocity of the jet.
➁ Determine the equivalent constant head of water that causes flow out of the tank.
③ Determine the specific gravity of the liquid.

Solution:
➀ Velocity of jet:
1
y = 2 g t2 1m sp. gr.=?

1 h 4m
1 = 2 (9.81) t2 1m
V
t = 0.45 sec. 1m
water

x=Vt
2.75 = V (0.45) 2.75m
V = 6.11 m/s

➁ Equivalent constant head of water:

V = Cv 2g h
6.11 = 0.98 2(9.81) h
h = 1.98 m.

③ Specific gravity of liquid:

h = 1 + 1(sp.grr)
1.98 = 1 + sp.gr.
sp.gr. = 0.98
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 38:
The length of weir of a reservoir is 200 m. long. After a heavy down pour the depth of water
over the weir was 4 m. The total discharge through the weir was 1,000,000 m3.
➀ Compute the average rate of flow of the water, until the flow over the weir lasted.
➁ How long did the flow over the weir lasted?
➂ What is the depth of water after 300 sec. when the discharge through the weir is only
540000 m3.

Solution:
➀ Average rate of flow:
Q1 = 1.84 LH3/2 4m
Q1 = 1.84(200)(4)3/2
Q1 = 2944 m3/s
Q2 = 1.84(200)(0)3/2
L=200 m
Q2 = 0
2944 + 0
Qave = 2 = 1472 m3/s

➁ Time the flow over the weir lasted:

Volume
t= Q
ave
1000000
t = 1472
t = 679.35 sec.

➂ Depth of water after 300 sec:

Vol.
t= Q 4m
2.88
540000
300 = Q
ave
Qave = 1800 m3/s L=200 m

Q1 = 1.84(200) H3/2
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
1800 = 1.84(200) H3/2
H = 2.88 m.

PROBLEM 39:
A jet of water 250 mm in diameter impinges normally on a flat steel plate. If the discharge is
0.491 m3/s.

➀ Find the force exerted by the jet on the stationary plate.

➁ If the flat plate is moving at 2 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet, find the force
exerted by the jet on the plate.
➂ If the flat plate moving a 4 m/s in the same direction as that of the jet, find the work done
on the plate per second.

Solution :
➀ Force exerted by the jet on the plate:
Q
V=A F
0.491
V=
π
(0.25)2
4
V = 10 m/s
F = ρ A V2 V1=2 m/s
π
F = 1000 ( 4 ) (0.25)2 (10)2 F
F = 4908.7 N
F = 4.91 kN

➁ Force exerted by the jet on the plate if ➂ Work done per second if the plate is
the plate is moving at 2 m/s in the same moving at 4 m/s in the same direction as
direction at the jet: the jet:
F = ρ A (V - V1)2 F = ρ A (V - V1)2
π π
F = 1000 ( 4 ) (0.25)2 (10 - 2)2 F = 1000 ( 4 ) (0.25)2 (10 - 4)2
F = 3142 N F = 1767 N
Work done = 1767(4)(1)
Work done = 7068 N.m/sec.
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
F = 3.142 kN

PROBLEM 40:
A rectangular canal is to discharge 1.86 m3/s per meter of width, with a minimum energy
content. The channel is 12 m. wide and n = 0.017.
➀ Compute the minimum energy content.
➁ Compute the corresponding depth.
➂ What slope would be necessary to maintain this depth and rate of discharge?
Solution: energy gradient

➀ Min. energy content:

q = 1.86 m3/s V2/2g
2
dc = 3 E
E
V2 1 dc
2g = 3 E
2g E
V= 3
q=AV 0.71
2g E
1.86 = dc (1) 3 12
2 2g E
1.86 = 3 E (1) 3 ➂ Slope to maintain this depth:
2(9.81) E3 Q=AV
7.7841 = 3 1.86(12) = 0.71(12) V
E = 1.0598 m. V = 2.633 m/s
A
R=P
➁ Corresponding depth: 12(0.71)
2 R = 12 + 2(0.71)
dc = 3 (1.0598)
R = 0.635
dc = 0.71 m. 1
V = n R2/3 S1/2
(0.635)2/3 S1/2
2.633 = 0.017
S = 0.00367
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 41:
A trapezoidal canal with a bottom width of 1.5 m. and with side slopes of 2 horizontal to 1
vertical has a velocity of 1.2 m/s. If the depth of flow is 2.4 m. and has a slope of channel
bed of 0.000212, compute the following.

➀ Discharge of the canal.

➁ Roughness coefficient of the canal.
➂ Shearing stress at the boundary of the canal.

Solution:
11.10
➀ Discharge of canal:
4.8 1.5 4.8
(11.10 + 1.5)(2.4)
A= 2
1 1
A = 15.12 m2 2 2.4 2.4 2
Q = AV 5.37 5.37
Q = 15.12(1.2) 1.5
Q = 18.144 m3/s

➁ Roughness coefficient:
P = 1.5 + 2(5.37)
➂ Shearing stress:
P = 12.23
τ = γw RS
A
R=P τ = 9.81(1.24)(0.000212)
15.12 τ = 0.00258 kPa
R = 12.23 τ = 2.58 N/m2
R = 1.24
R2/3S1/2
V= n
(1.24)2/3 (0.000212)1/2
1.2 = n
n = 0.014
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

PROBLEM 42:
A trapezoidal flume of most efficient proportion has a base of 1.5 m. Its full discharge is 3 m3/s. If the
same material is used for a most efficient rectangular section.
➀ Compute the average depth of the trapezoidal section.
➁ Compute the normal depth of the rectangular section.
➂ Compute the decrease in the discharge.
Solution:
➀ Ave. depth of trapezoidal section: B=2b
d = b Sin 60˚ b/2 b b/2
d = 1.5 Sin 60˚ (3 + 1.5)(1.299)
d = 1.299 m. A = 2
B = 2b A = 2.92275 m2 b d d b
B = 2(1.5) = 3 A 60˚ 60˚
(B + b) d Average depth = B
A= 2 2.92275 b=15
P = 3(1.5) Average depth = 3
P = 4.5 Average depth = 0.974 m.
➁ Depth of rectangular section:
For trapezoidal section:
d ➂ Decrease in discharge:
R=2 d
R=2
1.299 d
R = 2 = 0.6495 1.125
R= 2
Q = AV
AR2/3S1/2 b R = 0.5625
Q= b = 2(1.125)
n
b = 2.25
S1/2
3 = 2.92275(0.6495)2/3 n A = 2.25(1.125)
A = 2.53125 m2
S1/2
AR2/3S1/2
n = 1.3688 Q=
n
For the rectangular section (most efficient)
P = 4.5 S1/2
Q = 2.53125(0.5625)2/3 n
b = 2d
Q = 2.53125(0.5625)2/3(1.3688)
Q = 2.36 m3/s
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
d
R=2
4.5 = 2d + b
4.5 = 2d + 2d
d = 1.125 m.

PROBLEM 43:
Water flows over a spillway into a rectangular channel forming a hydraulic jump in order to
dissipate mechanical energy. The spillway and the settling basin is 20 meters wide. Before
the jump the water has a depth of 1 m. and a velocity of 18 m/s.

➀ Determine the depth after the jump.

➁ Determine the velocity after the jump.
➂ Determine the Froude No. after the jump.

Solution:
➀ Depth after the jump: V2
q2 d1d2(d1 + d2) w.s.
g = 2
q = A 1V 1 V1
q = (1)(1)(18) d2
q = 18 m3/s d1
(18)2 (1 + d2)
9.81 = (1) d 2 2
d2 = 7.64 m.

➁ Velocity after the jump:

q = A 2V 2
18 = 7.64(1) V2
V2 = 2.36 m/s

➂ Froude No:
V2
F=
gd2
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
2.36
F=
9.81(7.64)
F = 0.273

PROBLEM 44:
A trapezoidal masonry dam with vertical upstream face is 6 m. high, 0.6 m. at the top and 3 m. wide of the
bottom. Wt. of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3.
➀ Find the depth of water on the vertical upstream face if the pressure at the toe is twice the average
pressure at the base.
➁ Using the computed depth of water, compute the hydrostatic uplift force if the uplift varies from full
hydrostatic pressure at the heel to zero at the toe.
➂ Compute the factor of safety against sliding if the coefficient of friction on the base is equal to 0.80.
Consider the hydrostatic uplift.
0.6
Solution: 2.7
3
➀ Depth of water: W1

P = γw h A 1.6

P = 9.81 ( )
h
2
(h)(1) h
6m
P W2

P = 4.905 h2 h/3

U
W1 = 0.6(6)(1)(23.5) 3.0

W1 = 84.6 kN x=1.0
R
6(3)
W2 = 2 (1)(23.5)
➁ Uplift force:
W2 = 211.5 kN γw h = 9.81(5.94)
γw h = 58.27kN/m2
R =84.6 + 211.5 58.27(3)
R = 296.1 kN U=
2
U = 87.41 kN
RM = 84.6 (2.7) + 211.5(1.6)
RM = 566.82 kN
➂ Factor of safety against sliding:
OM = P 3( )
h µR
FS = P
4.905 h2 R = 296.1 - 87.41
OM = (h)
3 R = 208.69 kN
OM = 1.635 h3 P = 4.905 h2
P = 4.905(5.49)2
P = 147.84 kN
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

R x = RM - OM
296.1(1) = 566.82 - 1.635 h3
h = 5.49 m.

PROBLEM 45:
The crest gate shown consists of a cylindrical surface of which AB is the trace,
supported by a structural frame hinged at C. The length of the gate is 10 m.

➀ Compute the horizontal force acting on AB.

➁ Compute the vertical force acting on AB.
③ Compute the location of resultant force horizontally from C.

B
Solution:
w.s.

➀ Horizontal force acting on AB:

10
m
Fx = γ A 60˚ Hinged
Fx = 9.81(4.33)(8.66 x 10) A
10 m
C
Fx = 3678.53 kN
Fy
10 D B
➁ Vertical distance of Fx from A
8.66 F
h= 3 8.66
Fx
8.66 m
Hinged
h α
h = 2.89 m. 5m 5m C
A
z
Area ABD = Area ADBC - Area ABC F
Fy
1 π(10)2 (60˚) α
Area ABD = 2 (5 + 10) 8.66 - 360˚ Fx

Area ABD = 12.59 m2 F

2.89m
Fy = 9.81(12.59) (10) α
z
Fy = 1235.08 kN
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

③ Horizontal distance of Fy from C = z

From similar triangles,
z 2.89
=
3678.53 1235.08
z = 8.61 m.

PROBLEM 46:
A vertical tube 3 m. long with one and closed is inserted vertically with the open end down,
into a tank of water until the open end is submerged to a depth of 1.0 m. Assume absolute
atmospheric pressure is 101.5 kPa. Neglecting vapor pressure, how far will the water level in
the tube be below the level in the tank?

Solution:

2m

w.s.

x
1m
1-x

Lot A = cross-sectional area of tube

P1 V1 = P2 V2
P1 = 101.5 kN/m2
V1 = 3A
P2 = P1 + wh
P2 = 101500 + 9810x
V2 = (2 + x) A
101500(3A) = (101500 + 9810x)(2 + x) A
304500 = 203000 + 19620x + 101500x + 9810x2
x2 + 12.35x - 10.35 = 0
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
x = 0.787 m.

PROBLEM 47:
A circular aluminum (n = 0.020) channel 2.44 m. in diameter has a Froude Number
of 0.50. in uniform half-full flow.
➀ Compute the critical velocity.
➁ Compute the channel slope.
➂ Compute the specific energy. B=2.44
r =1.22
Solution:
➀ Critical velocity:
gA
Vc = B
π(1.22)2
A= 2
A = 2.34
B = 2(1.22)
D
B = 2.44 m. R= 4
9.81(2.34) 2.44
Vc = 2.44 R= 4
Vc = 3.07 m/s R = 0.61
R2/3S1/2
➁ Channel slope: V= n
V (0.61)2/3S1/2
F= 1.535 =
gdm 0.020
S = 0.00182

➂ Specific energy:
V2
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)

V
F=
gA
B
V
0.50 =
9.081(2.34)
2.44
V = 1.535 m
PROBLEM 48:
If water flows full in a trapezoidal canal having a base width of 1.8 m., width at the top of 2.8 m. and a
depth of 1.2 m. Slope of channel bed is 0.002, coefficient of roughness is 0.012.

➀ Compute the rate of flow in the canal.

➁ Compute the critical depth.
➂ Determine the type of flow.

Solution: 2.8
➀ Rate of flow: 0.5 1.8 0.5
(2.8 + 1.8)(1.2)
A= = 2.76
2
P = 1.30(2) + 1.8 = 4.4
1.2
A A R22/3 S1/2 1.30 1.30
R= Q=
P n
2.76 2.76(0.63)2/3 (0.002)1/2
R = 4.4 Q= 0.012 1.8
R = 0.63 Q = 7.56 m3/s

➁ Critical depth:
Q2 A3
g = B B
x 0.5 x 1.8 x
=
dc 1.2
x = 0.417 dc
B = 1.8 + 2(0.417) dc 1.2 dc dc
B = 1.8 + 0.834dc 0.5
(1.8 + 0.834dc + 1.8) dc
A=
2 1.8
A = (1.8 + 0.417 dc) dc
HYDRAULICS- Coaching Notes (Nov. 2016)
A = 1.8 dc + 0.417 dc2
Q2 (A)3 ➂ Type of flow:
= when d > dc the flow is subcritical
g B
1.20 > 1.11
(7.56)2 [1.8dc + 0.417dc2]3
= when d < dc the flow is supercritical
9.81 1.8 + 0.834dc
when d = dc the flow is critical
[1.8dc + 0.417dc2]3
5.826 = 1.8 + 0.834 dc
Try dc = 1.11 m.