Switchyard Protection Study at NTPC Ramagundam Power Plant

Switchyard protection
Project Report on
OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION OF 400KV

SWITCH YARD
STUDY CARRIED AT
NTPC Limited,
Ramagundam.
Submitted By
P. RamyaSri (16JJ1A0246)
P. Niharika (16JJ1A0244)
M. Lavanya (16JJ1A0241)
CH. Lavanya (17JJ5A0201)
K. Mounika (16JJ1A0231)
G. Mounika (16JJ1A0216)
Under the guidance of
Shri Suresh Bhukya (Project Guide)

Shri Rajashekar (Project Coordinator)
NTPC Ltd.,
Ramagundam.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JAGITYAL
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION

OF 400KV SWITCHYARD” in NTPC Ltd; Ramagundam Unit has been
successfully carried out as a partial fulfillment for the award of “Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from JNTUH COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING, Jagityal.
This bonafide has been carried out by
P. RamyaSri (16JJ1A0246)
P. Niharika (16JJ1A0244)
M. Lavanya (16JJ1A0241)
CH. Lavanya (17JJ5A0201)
K. Mounika (16JJ1A0231)
G. Mounika (16JJ1A0216)
Students of “JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAGITYAL ”under

our guidance and supervision at “NTPC Limited – Ramagundam”, during
the academic year 2018-2019.
Project guide
Sri.Suresh. Bhukya
Manager (Operation)
Ntpc., Ramagundam
Project coordinator
Shri. G.Rajashekar
AGM (Operation)
Ntpc., Ramagundam
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With profound respect and gratitude, we take the opportunity to convey our
thanks to complete the mini project here.
We are thankful to Mr.G.Rajashekar(Additional General Manager NTPC),for

providing us this opportunity to be a part of this esteemed organization.
We express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Praveen Manager(HR-EDC),RSTPS for

assigning this project and extending co-operation and encouragement. We do
extend our thanks to Our Project guide Sri.Suresh. Bhukya Manager
(Operation) for guiding us throughout the completion of this project .
We are thankful to head of the department Sri.S.Jagdish Kumar, principal

Sri.Dr.N.V.Ramana and Vice principal Sri.Dr.Vishwanadaraj for their kind
cooperation in completion of this project.
We also extremely grateful to all the technical staff of NTPC, Ramagundam for
their cooperation and guidance that has helped us a lot during the course.
We are thankful to each and every one who helped us in completion of this
project report.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “OPERATIONAL

DESCRIPTION OF 400KV SWITCH YARD” is carried out by us
independently in “NTPC LTD, RAMAGUNDAM” under the Guidance of
Shri.Suresh. Bhukya Manager (Operation).
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Signature of candidates
P. RamyaSri
P. Niharika
M. Lavanya
CH. Lavanya
K. Mounika
G. Mounika
ABSTRACT
The demand for power is increasing day by day. It’s becoming

challenging task to generate power as per increasing demand. To achieve
present demand, we are producing power by different ways i.e. hydro, thermal,
gas, nuclear, biogas etc. presently contribution of thermal power is major part in
power production. Substation plays important role in maintaining reliability
and availability of power supply
This project report gives brief idea about Thermal power plant, Switchyard and
its major equipment and its operational activities. It explains basic principle of
Rankine cycle on which a power plant works. Main aim of this project is to
study the operation of switchyard which facilitates switching operations in
transmitting electrical energy from generating station to substation
andprotection methods facilitated by the switchyard and switchyard equipment
and their operation in detail and isolation of switchyard equipment and
measures to be taken in case of a blackout.
The details and the data provided in this are of 400KV Switchyard of NTPC-
Ramagundam in TG.
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S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO

1 INTRODUCTION TO NTPC 8-11
2 SALIENT FEATURES OF NTPC 12-13
RAMAGUNDAM
3 BASIC STRUCTURE OF POWER 14-21
PLANT AND ITS COMPONENTS
4 RANKINE CYCLE 22-28
5 ABOUT RSTPS 400KV 29-30
SWITCHYARD
6 SWITCHYARD OPERATIONAL 31-32
ACTIVITIES
7 SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT 33-35
8 SWITCHYARD CONTROL 36-40
ROOM EQUIPMENT
9 RELAYS & PROTECTION 41-44
SCHEMES
10 SWITCHYARD EMERGENCIES 45-59
AND PLAN OF ACTION
11 DE ENERGISATION AND 60-65
ISOLATION OF SWITCHYARD
EQUIPMENT
12 NORMALISATION & 66-73

CHARGING OF LINES &
TRANSFORMERS
13 BLACK OUT OF STATION AND 74-77
BLACKSTART PROCEDURES
INDEX
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1.Introduction of NTPC
NTPC, India’s largest power company with an installed capacity of 41,184MW
is presently operating 16 coal based, 7 gas based power stations and 4joint
ventures. NTPC contributed nearly one-third of the countries entire power
generation during the year 2011-12 and plans to be become a 75,000MW power
company by 2017. NTPC has moved ahead by diversifying its portfolio to
emerge has an integrated power major with presence across entire energy value
chain. NTPC has been allocated 6 mine blocks which are expected to produce
48 million tons per annum. NTPC has also ventured into oil and gas
exploration. It was founded on November 7, 1975.
Leader in power sector:
NTPC with an installed capacity of 41,184 MW is generating 28.60% of the
countries entire power requirement. So, it is recognized as the India’s largest
power utility. Power is an important infrastructure in developing countries.
Power development in INDIA received a big boost with the dawn of NTPC.
NTPC is established on 7th of November 1975 to construct, operate and

maintain large capacity power developing stations. NTPC has 16 Coal-fired
stations and 7 Gas-based stations spread across India as follows:
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Coal-fired stations:
STATION STATE CAPACITY(MW)
Singarauli Uttar Pradesh 2000
Korba Chhattisgarh 2600
Ramagundam Andhra Pradesh 2600
Farakka West Bengal 1600
Vindyachal Madhya Pradesh 4260
Rihand Uttar Pradesh 2500
Kahalgon Bihar 2340
Dadri Uttar Pradesh 1820
TalcherKaniha Orissa 3000
Unchahar Uttar Pradesh 1050
Talcher Thermal Orissa 460
Simhadri Andhra Pradesh 2000
Tanda Uttar Pradesh 440
Madhapur Delhi 705
Sipat Chhattisgarh 2980
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Mouda Maharashtra 1000
Coal-based joint ventures of NTPC:

Durgapur West Bengal 120
Rourkela Orissa 120
Kanti Bihar 110
IGSTPP, Jhajjar Haryana 500
Bhilai Chhattisgarh 574
Gas-based stations:
Anta Rajasthan 413
Auraiya Uttar Pradesh 652
Kawas Gujrat 645
Dadri Uttar Pradesh 817
Jhanor Gujrat 648
Kayankulam Kerala 350
Faridabad Haryana 430
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Unit Sizes Stage-I: 3 x 200, Stage-II: 3 x 500

Stage-III: 1 x 500
Location Peddapalli (dist.), TS
Source of Coal Singareni Coal fields and Coal India ltd.
Water Source Yellampally reservoir
40,000 tons per day (approx.)14.6 million tons per

annum
Coal Consumption
Water Consumption 250 cusecs per annum
Total Transmission System 2475 km of 400Kv lines
Total Plant Area 10,000 Acres
Reservoir Area 5000 Acres
Coal Transportation System Merry Go Round(MGR) System of 27 kms

Total Investment 3475 crores
Man Power Requirement 1560(0.6 per MW)
Height of Chimney Stage-I: 225 meters, Stage-II: 250 meters

Stage-III: 275 meters
Length of Earthen Dam 8.5 km
Beneficiary States Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Goa, Kerala,

Pondicherry, Karnataka.
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2.SALIENT FEATURES OF NTPCRAMAGUNDAM:
Water Requirements:
The water requirement for thermal stations come under two main groups, the
first requirement is the water required for steam generation and the second
requirement is for cooling purposes. The Pochampad Dam was built on river
Godavari. Measures were taken to ensure that station is not required to be
closed under closure of irrigation canal or during draughts. Water requirement
of the plant during such conditions can be met for 9-10 weeks without any
replacement from the distributory canal.
Ash Disposal:
Large area of land is required for the disposal of the waste like coal ash. Ash
being generated from the plant is pumped in slurry from through pipelines to the
ash pond at Kundanpalli, which are 5km away from the power station. The
ash disposed is utilized in various forms.
Environmental Control:
Station is equipped with highly efficient ESP system and with tall chimney of
about 275m height. Effluent treatment plant was also installed for reuse of
decants ash water from ash pond.
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Distribution of Electricity:
Total Capacity of Ramagundam NTPC is 2600MW of stage 1, 2&3(i.e. 1, 2,

3&4, 5,&7 units) distributing electricity to following states in MEGA WATT
STATE MW PERCENTAGE (%)
ANDHRA PRADESH 838MW 32%
TAMILNADU 666MW 26%
KERALA 388MW 15%
GOA 75MW 3%
PONDICHERRY 108MW 4%
-: UNITS COMMISSIONED:-
Unit 1 -------------- 200MW --------------------- Nov 1983
Unit 2 -------------- 200MW --------------------- May 1984
Unit 3 -------------- 200MW --------------------- Dec 1984
Unit 4 -------------- 500MW --------------------- June 1988
Unit 5 -------------- 500MW --------------------- Mar 1989
Unit 6 -------------- 500MW --------------------- Oct 1989
Unit 7 -------------- 500MW --------------------- Aug 2004
Transmission Lines: 15 Outgoing feeders
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 Hyderabad ------------------ 4
 NagarjunaSagar ------------------- 2
 Chandrapur ------------------ 2
 Khammam ----------------- 1
 Dichpelly ------------------ 1
 AP Transco ------------------ 5
3.Basic Structure of Power Plant
Turbine
Generator
Boiler Condensor
Pump
Principles of Combustion
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The primary function of oil and coal burning systems in the process of steam
generation is to provide controlled efficient conversation of the chemical energy
of the fuel into heat energy which is then transferred to the heat absorbing
surfaces of the steam generator. The combustion element of a fuel consists of
carbon, hydrogen and usually a small amount of Sulphur. When combustion is
properly completed the exhaust gases will contain, carbon dioxide, water
vapour, Sulphur dioxide and a large volume of Nitrogen, Combustion is brought
about by combining carbon and hydrogen or hydrocarbons with the oxygen in
air. When carbon burns completely, it results in the formation of a gas known as
carbon dioxide. When carbon burns incompletely it forms Carbon monoxide.
Composition of air: the supply of oxygen for combustion is obtained

from air. This is as important as the supply of fuel. The average composition of
air is
79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen by volume
77% nitrogen and 23% oxygen by weight
Nitrogen does not burn but passes through the combustion chamber to the
chimney.
Major components of thermal power plant:
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3.1. Boiler:
The function of boiler is steam production. It is also called steam generator. It
converts given chemical energy into heat energy. Chemical energy given to
boiler is fossil fuel or coal. This coal is burning with air and produce heat. This
heat is absorbed by water and thus water converts into steam.
Boiler is specified with its features like dry bottom, corner fired, coal fired,
forced circulation, balanced draft, single drum. Generally boiler consist of
boiler drum, economizer, super heater zone, re-heater zone, water walls etc.,
Initially the firing in boiler started by burning of HFO (heavy fuel oil) till the
temperature raise ignition temperature of coal.
3.2. Turbine:
The function of turbine is to convert given heat energy into mechanical energy.
The superheated steam produced in boiler is impinged on turbine to produce
mechanical energy. It consists of 3 cylinders called high-pressure turbine (HPT),
intermediate pressure turbine (IPT), low-pressure turbine (LPT). Each turbine is
a set of stages. Each stage is set of moving and fixed blades.
HPT is single flow turbine and consist of 18 stages. Main steam with high-
pressure impinged on to it. This steam flows through each stage. The steam
losses pressure and temperature in each stage. The exhaust of this (steam outlet
of last stage) sent to boiler.
IPT is double flow turbine and consist of 14 stages in each flow path thus totally
consists of 14X2 stages. The steam enters into it with medium pressure. This
flows through each stage in both directions. The exhaust of last stages sent on
LPT.
LPT is double flow turbine and consist of 6 stages in each flow path,
totally it consist of 6 X 2 stages. The steam pressure entering into this is at low
pressure. The exhaust of this sent to condenser.
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3.3. Generator:
This converts given mechanical energy into electrical energy. Mechanical
energy fed to it by turbine and produced electrical energy transmitted to load
centers through GT s and transmission lines. This is hydrogen-cooled generator.
This hydrogen is cooled by water.
Overall efficiency of unit depends on boiler efficiency, turbine efficiency,
generator efficiency and cycle efficiency.
Overall efficiency
ŋ = Boiler efficiency X Turbine efficiency X Generator efficiency X Cycle
efficiency
3.4. Condenser:
There are two condensers entered to the two exhausters of the L.P. turbine.
These are surface type condensers with two pass arrangement. Cooling water
pumped into each condenser by a vertical C.W. pump thru' the inlet pipe. Water
enters the inlet chamber of the front water box, passes horizontally through the
brass tubes to the water box at the other end, takes a turn, passes thru' the upper
cluster of tubes and reaches the outlet chamber in the front water box. From
these, cooling water leaves the condenser through the outlet pipe and discharge
into the discharge duct.
Steam exhausted from the L.P. turbine washing the outside of the condenser
tubes losses its latent heat to the cooling water and is connected with water in
the steam side of the condenser. This condensate collects in the hot well, welded
to the bottom of the condensers.
3.5. CONDENSATE EXTRACTION PUMP:
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Condensate extraction pump is a part of condensate system which is used to

feed condensate from Hot well to deaerator through ejectors, gland steam cooler
and all three low pressure heaters
3.6. FEED WATER HEATERS:
A) HIGH PRESSURE HEATERS (HPHs):
High pressure heaters are designed for recovering the heat from the turbine
extraction steam for preheating the boiler feed water to improve efficiency. Feed
water flows inside the tubes and heating steam flows in the shell of the heaters
to maintain back pressure in the heaters, drip level to be maintained. A
pneumatic operated normal drip level control value (between 6&5 heater Zero
meter level) maintains level in HPH-6 and allows drip to flow to HPH - 5.
Emergency drip from HPH-6 flow to deaerator (control valve at deaerator floor)
Normal drip from HPH-5 (valve at 5.5 mts near B-row wall) flows to
deaerator and emergency drip (control valve near HP flash tank) flows to
condenser.
B) Low Pressure Heaters:
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Low pressure heaters (LPHs) are indirect type and are designed for recovering
heat from steam extracted from IP turbine and LP turbine to increase condensate
temperature going to deaerator and thus improving efficiency of the cycle.
There are three LP heaters for this system
In LP heaters, condensate flows through tubes whereas steam extracted from

turbine is admitted in the shell. Steam after giving heat to condensate finally
forms in to drip. There is an arrangement for normal drip and alternate drip to
flow. Normal drip of each heater flows through cascading system where as
alternate drip directly flows into condenser in case of high drip level.
Each normal drip and alternate drip has pneumatic control valve with two
manual isolating valves and a bypass motor operated valve. Normally control
valve maintains the drip level, whenever it fails to operate, motor operated by
pass valve can be operated. Each LP heater has provision for bypassing heater
on condensate side, whenever any tube leakage inside the heater.
LP heaters are provided with level controllers, level transmitters and level
switches connected on a stand pipe for measuring and maintaining drip levels.
LP heaters are provided with safety valves to vent out in case of pressurization.
3.7.Deaerator
The presence of certain gases, principally oxygen, carbon-di-oxide and
ammonia, dissolved in water is generally considered harmful because of their
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cor
rosive attack on metals, particularly at elevated temperatures. The prevention of
internal corrosion in modern boilers is achieved by embodying into the boiler
feed system a deaerating unit, whose function is to remove dissolved gases from
the feed water by mechanical means. Particularly the unit must reduce the
oxygen content of the feedwater to as low a valve as is possible or desirable,
depending upon the individual circumstances, residual oxygen content in
condensate at the outlet of deaerating plant usually specified is 0.005/litre or
less.
3.8) MAIN PUMP :
Main pump is a multi (8 stage) centrifugal pump. Mechanical seals are provided
on the shaft and cooling of each shaft seal is cooled by (1) circulating water by a
cooler with magnetic filters connected in parallel (2) jacket cooling of seal
casing
3.9.Feed Regulating Station
In order to ensure security of supply it has been considered necessary to provide

amultiple feed-water regulating valve arrangement and on 200 MW units there
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is a 100%regulating valve. In addition there are two smaller regulating valves

for low load conditions which can also be used for standby duty.
The three-element feed-flow regulating system has been develop to meet the
requirements of the modern boiler. The essential factors in obtaining the fine
degree of regulation required are the steam flow from the boiler, the feed water
flow to the boiler and the water level in the boiler drum.
To maintain the rate of feed-water input in correct ratio to the steam output
under all conditions of loading, the system measures feed flow and steam -flow
and the meter readings are balanced against each other by means of a
differential linkage.
3.10. MOTOR& TURBINE LUB OIL SYSTEM:

The oil used for lubrication as well as for governing is same and is filled in
main oil tank (SP 32). The governing system is designed for 14 Ksc and lub oil
at 2.0 Ksc.Lub oil system lubricates turbine bearings as well as generator
bearings and supplies to makeup oil to seal oil system of generator.
Heat rate:
It is important parameter, which can give idea about efficiency of unit.
It shows the input given in terms of heat to produce electrical output. It is
defined as KCals required to generate a KWhr. Higher the HR means more
KCals required to generate a KWhr i.e. more heat energy required to produce
same amount of electrical energy. As heat rate decreases efficiency of unit
increases. It should be as low as possible.
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4.Rankine Cycle:-
The Power Plant works on the basic principle of “ Rankine Cycle”.
To increase work done by system presently we are using modified

Rankine cycle in which exhaust of turbine is sent back into boiler for reheating.
This reheated steam is sent to turbine again to generate power. Rankine cycle is
a mathematical model that is used to predict the performance of steam engine
that converts heat energy into mechanical work. It generates about 90% of all
electric power used throughout the world including solar, thermal, coal, nuclear,
biomass power plant.
Rankine cycle is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish

professor.
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1 – 2, Pumping (CEP, LP Heaters, Deaerator, BFP)
2 – 3, heating i.e. Sensible heat (HP Heaters)
3 – 4, Heating i.e. Latent heat (Boiler drum, Water wall tubes)
4 – 5, Superheating (Super heaters)
5 – 6, Expansion (High Pressure Turbine)
6 – 7, Reheating (Reheater)
7 – 8, Expansion (IP Turbine, LP Turbine)

8 – 1, Condensing (Condenser)
The main advantage of this modified Rankine cycle is that it prevents the
vapour ending up in the superheat region after the expansion in the turbine
which reduces the energy removed by the condensers.
The efficiency of Rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid. This
fluid follows a closed loop and is reused constantly.
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SWITCHYARD
Switchyard is a place where the entire primary protecting equipment of the

power system is arranged in a systematic manner from generator
transformer to feeders by connecting the transmission lines
It is a switching station which has the following credits
 Main link between Generating station and

Transmission system.
 Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels
depending upon the Network requirement.
 Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control
devices, (such as reactors and capacitors) which has
effect on Quality of power.
 As it handles large amount of power , it is
considered essential that it remains secure and
serviceable to supply the outgoing transmission
system even under condition of major equipment
faults or bus bar faults.
 Generally substation are relying on SCADA
(supervisory control and data acquisition system)
for remote supervision and control.
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5. ABOUT RSTPS 400 KV SWITCH YARD
400 KV Switchyard of Ramagundam Super Thermal Power Station is the most

vital switching station in the southern Grid 2600 MW of Bulk Power generated
by three 200 MW Units and four 500 MW Units of NTPC Ramagundam is
evacuated for supplying to the southern states.
Switchyard consists of two 400 KV busbar systems fed by 7 Nos. of generator

feeders, 9 Nos of 400 KV feeders, 3 Nos of 220 KV feeders and two nos. of 132
Kv feeders as shown in the single line diagram of 400 Kv switch yard.
In addition to the above, three nos. of Tie Transformers, five nos. of Auto
Transformers and two nos. of Shunt Reactors are provided as shown in the
switchyard line diagram.
5.1. 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINES

1. Ramagundam Nagarjunasagar 1 Double Circuit lines (267
Circuit Km length)
2. Ramagundam Nagarjunasagar 2
Circuit
3. Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit 1 Independent lines
4. Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit 2
(189 Km length)
5 Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit 3
6 Ramagundam Hyderabad Circuit 4
7. Ramagundam Khammam Circuit 1 Single line (202 Km length)
8. Ramagundam Chandrapur Circuit 1 HVDC back to back intergrid
9. Ramagundam Chandrapur Circuit 2
connecting double circuit lines
(180 Km length)
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5.2 220 KV TRANSMISSION LINES

1. NTPC AP Transco line 1 Through 400 Kv/220KV
2. NTPC AP Transco line 2
250MVA A.T # 3 & 4
3. NTPC AP Transco line 3 Through 400 KV/220KV
315 MVA A.T # 5
5.3 132KV TRANSMISSION LINES

1. NTPC AP Transco line 1 Through 400 Kv/132KV
2. NTPC AP Transco line 2
200MVA A.T # 1 & 2
5.4AUTO TRANSFORMERS
Five Auto Transformers with on Load Tap Changers are provided to
interconnect the 400 Kv system of NTPC and 220/132 Kv system of AP
Transco, Malyalapally substation situated 1.8 Km away from the RSTPS
switchyard.
5.5 TIE TRANSFORMER
Four nos. of Tie Transformers are provided for feeding power to station
auxiliaries like Cooling water & Raw water pumps, Coal Handling & water
treatment Plants, Ash & Fuel Handling pumps, Cooling towers and lighting
requirements of station & colony.
5.6SHUNT REACTORS
Long lines when lightly loaded, the receiving end voltage raises, due to Ferranti
effect. Shunt Reactors produce lagging MVAR there by control the receiving
end voltages during lightly loaded conditions. Shunt reactors also limit the
short circuit fault levels. Therefore, Shunt reactors are provided on both the
ends of Nagarjunasagar lines 1 & 2, the length of these lines being about 267
km
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6. SWITCHYARD OPERATION ACTIVITIES

RSTPS switchyard is handling bulk power and its operation and Maintenance
has become critical. Any ambiguity in the operation of the switchyard may
lead to such disasters like grid failure, station outages crippling not only the
normal life of people but also the very economy of the country. Even in less
serious situations such as cascade tripping of Auto Transformers due to
unplanned over loading has caused underutilization of our generating capacity
many times. The operation of switchyard calls for a very alert staff that shall
have to sense the abnormalities in time and prompt to concern timely to enable
normalcy of the system. The following are some of the identified activities of
400 KV switchyard operations.
1. Identifying of faulty equipment, safe isolation of equipment without

disturbing other system as much as possible, raising job cards,
arranging shutdowns, trial charging and normalization of 400 KV
SWYD. And 132KV Swyd, associated equipment like CBs, Isolators,
Ats, TTS, Shunt Reactors, ACDBs, DCDBs, Battery Plant, Charges
PLCC equipment, Swyd. Compressors and lighting.
2. Daily inspection of indoor/outdoor swyd equipment, checking of oil
leakages, temperatures and any other abnormalities like sparks etc.
SF6 gas pressures, compressed air pressures, running period of
compressors, availability status of mulsifier system, swyd. And
station P.A. system and PLCC communication system etc. monitoring
of physical conditions of swyd equipment.
3. Analyzing and locating of fault leading to feeder/Transformer trip,
reporting emergencies to the higher authorities, coordinating with
other agencies like AP Transco/Genco, PGCIL in clearing faults and
normalization of system.
4. Close monitoring of grid parameters, coordinating with IOCC,
SRLDC, OS (SR), OS (ED), LDC (APSEB), Shift charge Engineer &
Desk Engineers for smooth operation of grid system, timely action to
ensure continuity of power supply.
5. Quick arrangement of startup power supply in case of grid failures,
station outages.
6. Continuous monitoring of system parameters like voltage, frequency,
line and Transformer, loading unit generations, MVAR and MW net
exports etc. recording and corrective action where the abnormality
found.
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7. Preparing of daily power generation / export/import energy reports,

exchanging data with IOCC, OS (ED), OS (SR), collection of
generation details from other power projects and storing.
8. Assisting the shift in charge in transmitting the flash report,
availability report, unit trip/synchronization messages, shutdown
messages, generation back down messages, modification of
availability declarations, feedback to shift in charge, the deviation if
any in total generation with respect to the declaration.
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7. SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT
To perform switchyard operation activities perfectly, operation staff should

have good knowledge about the equipment provided in switchyard as well as in
control room. They should be familiar with the control system adopted here
and a good understanding about the procedures to be followed during the
emergencies, outage requirements and charging.
Equipment used in Switchyard are:
 Transformers
 Switch Gears
 Circuit Breaker
 Isolators
 Earth Switches
 Surge Arrestors
 Wave Traps
 Reactive Power compensating device
 BUS Bars
 Conductors / Auxiliary Items
 Post Insulators and supporting structures
7.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER
It is an automatic device capable of making and breaking an Electrical Circuit

under normal and abnormal conditions such as short circuits. SF6 is the arc
quenching media for all the 400 KV and 220 KV breakers installed in the
switchyard. Pneumatic operating system is provided in AEG, ABB and NGEF
make breakers and Hydraulic operating system is provided in BHEL make
breakers. 132KV breakers provided in 132 KV lines are of Minimum oil type
operating on spring charge mechanism.
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7.2 ISOLATORS
Isolator is an off load device provided in conjunction with circuit breaker to

disconnect the equipment or the section, which is to be isolated from all other
live parts. The isolators provided in the switchyard are of central break type.
The operation of Isolators can be done from control room (remote) or local.
Motorized operation for opening & closing of Isolator is provided, however
Isolators can also be opened & closed manually in the event of non-availability
of motorized operation.
7.3 EARTH SWITCH
Earth switch is mounted on the isolator base on the line side or breaker side
depending upon the position of the isolator. The earth switch usually comprises
of a vertical break switch arm with the contact, which engages with the isolator
contact on the line side. Earth switch is required to discharge the trapped
charges on the line or equipment (under shut own) to earth for maintaining
safety. Earth switch can be operated only from local either by electrical
operation or manually.
7.4 BUSBAR
Busbar is an Aluminum tube of 4” IPS having wall thickness of 0.4”, where all
incoming and outgoing feeders are connected in a schematic way to enable
smooth operation and Maintenance of equipment without any interruption to
the system. At RSTPS one and half breaker scheme is provided for 200 MW
generator feeders and 400 KV outgoing lines, Two-breaker scheme is provided
for 500 MW generator feeders.
7.5 SURGE / LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Surge Arresters are provided to ground the over voltage surges caused by
switching and lighting surges. Surge Arresters provide leakage path to the
ground whenever the system voltage rises above the specified value. They are
equipped with surge monitors, which measures the leakage currents and a
counter to record the number of surges taken place.
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7.6 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)
Current Transformers are provided to step down the current to low values
suitable for measuring protection and control instruments. Current
Transformers also isolate measuring and protective devices from high system
voltage. CTs in the switchyard consist of five secondary cores. Core 1&2 are
used for busbar protection, 4 & 5 are for main 1&2 protection and core 3 is for
measuring instruments.
7.7 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT)
CVTs step-down the system voltage to sufficiently low value (110 V) for
measuring, protection and synchronizing circuits. CVT has a H.F. terminal
point for receiving & transmitting the high frequency signals for carrier
protection and communication.
7.8 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER (GT)
This Transformer is provided to feed the power generated by the generating

unit to the grid. This is a step-up transformer of 21KV/400 KV. Generator
outgoing terminals are solidly connected to the LV side of the transformer
through a bus duct making it a single unit. Any fault occurring on GT will result
in tripping of the generator.
7.9. WAVE TRAP
Wave Trap is a parallel resonant circuit tuned to the carrier frequency

connected in series with the line conductor at each end of the protected
transmission line section. Wave trap offers high impedance path for high
frequency signals and low impedance path for power frequency current. This
keeps carrier signal confined to the protected line section and does not allow
the carrier signals to flow into the neighboring sections.
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8.SWITCH YARD CONTROL ROOM

EQUIPMENT
The control room is the place where the conditions of the system are
monitored, controls initiated and operations are integrated. Control room
consists of the following equipment.
8.1 CONTROL PANELS
Corridor type flat control panels are provided in U shape with doors at both the
end panels. Between the front and rear panels, there is adequate space for
inspection of interior wiring. The controlling knobs are provided on front panel
for opening & closing of breakers and isolators. The close/open position of the
breakers / isolators / earth switches is indicated through lamps or semaphore
indicators. The relative position of each equipment is shown in the mimic
single line diagram that is painted on front side of the control panels. The
indicating instruments (MW, MVAR, voltage, current etc.) and annunciation
windows are provided on the top of front panel for monitoring of the
equipment. Breaker monitoring and protective relays such as LBB, Auto
reclosure, check synchronization, Trip circuit monitoring, Annunciation relays
and energy meters are mounted on the rear side of the panel.
8.2 RELAY PANELS
Relay panels are of cubicle type, flat independent boxes with a door at
backside. All the protective relay units related to one bay are divided into two
groups viz. Main 1 protection, stub protection, O/V protection and their
auxiliary & trip relays as group 1 and Main 2 protection, U/v protection and
their auxiliary & trip relays as group 2 relays. Group 1 & group 2 relays are
mounted on front side of two separate panels side by side. Fault locator and
disturbance recorder of the corresponding bay mounted on front side of the
third panel. A separate glass door is provided front side of all the panels to
cover the relays from dust.
8.3 EVENT LOGGER
Event Logger recognizes the changes in signal-input states, plus time data
allocation for sequential recording of events. It displays the events in a time
sequential of 1/ sec, such as opening/closing of breaker poles, Isolator poles,
E/S etc. pressure high/low of air, SF6, N2 Oil etc. Alarm Appeared/reset of all
32
protection / trip relays, it also displays the status of equipment, in service/ out
of service in a regular period say 8 hrs. This is one of the important diagnostic
equipment available to operation staff to understand the type of emergency in a
flick of a second.
8.4 MASTER CLOCK
One maser clock (make Keltron) is provide in switchyard control room to

synchronize the timings of all the Event loggers, DAS (Data Acquisition
system of units), Disturbance Recorders, clocks provided in control rooms, etc.,
to maintain a uniform time, so that the sequence of events can be recorded and
analyzed to know the cause of disturbance.
8.5-GENERATION DATA ACQUISITION AND MONITORING

SYSTEM (GDAMS)
At large switchyard control rooms like RSTPS it is essential to record and

continuously monitor the parameters of the Generation & transmission system.
NTPC is the largest power utility of the country generating power from 20
thermal/ gas power stations at various places of the country. Many more power
stations are yet to come. To manage all these power stations efficiently and
effectively NTPC has established an operational services control room at
corporate office in New Delhi, where generation data from all the stations is to
be monitored continuously. To facilitate the above function, Generation Data
acquisition and Monitoring system is provided at all NTPC switchyard control
rooms. CMC Ltd. has supplied the necessary software on Microsoft Windows
NT environment and installed the PC based GDAMS network in Server Client
configuration. GDAMS scans automatically the real time measurements like
load on units, load flows on feeders. Bus voltage, grid frequency, MVR loads,
etc. for every second through RTUs and record it. The Acquired data is linked
up to OS control room though satellite communication channel. The types of
data displays available in GDAMS are given below.
33
TYPES OF DISPLAYS
1 Alpha Numeric Display Displays direct of measured parameter along

with name of the parameter in a tabular
form
2 Mimic Diagram Display In this Display the single line diagram of the
circuit with position of the breakers along
with real time power flow is indicated.
3 Graphical Display This displays the graph of quantities
4 Threshold Display In threshold blackout Display the threshold
(border) values of quantity are Displayed.
5 Alarm Displays Alarms are Displayed to draw the attention
of operator.
6 Trend display In this display the trend of the quantity real
time values in a specified time blocks are
shown
The data Acquisition by GDAMS is more vital in analyzing the faults,

forecasting the local trends, impact of the line and unit outages, estimation of
variations in frequency and voltages in different seasons, generating reports etc.
8.6 DISTURBANCE RECORDER
All 400 KV lines connected to this switchyard are provide by the Disturbance
Recorders (D/R), D/R is a PC based or Microprocessor based on line
monitoring equipment D/R is the most vital diagnostic equipment in analysis of
post fault trappings.
8.7 FAULT LOCATOR

When a line tripped on fault, the Fault Locator provided in the Relay panel
indicates the approximate distance of the fault location so that Maintenance
group easily tract the fault and clear it. When F.L. indicates zero or very less
distance, operation staff should assume that the fault is in the switchyard
equipment, and check for all equipment connected to the concerned bay, which
was tripped on fault.
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8.8 INDICATING & RECORDING INSTRUMENT
The following measuring instruments were providing on control panels of all

bays.
a) At the top of the control panel.
1. Ammeters in three phases.
2. Volt (KV) meters in three phase
3. Reactive power (MVAR) meter
4. Watt (MW) meter
5. Winding Temperature indicating meter (for only
Transformer bays)
6. Tap position indicating meter (for only transformer bays)
b) Rear side of the each bay control panel
1. Main energy meter (export)

2. Check Energy meter (export)
3. Main energy meter (import)
4. Check Energy meter (import)
8.9.PLCC ( power line carrier communication )
In order to achieve fast clearance and correct discrimination for faults in 400
KV transmission network, it is necessary to signal between the points at which
protection relays are connected. PLCC is high frequency signal transmission
along with actual overhead power line. It is robust and therefore reliable,
constituting a low loss transmission path that is fully controlled by the power
authority. PLCC is required for the following cases.
a) Inter tripping
In inter trip (direct or indirect trip) applications; if the command is unmonitored

by a protective relay at the receiving end, reception of the command causes
circuit breaker operation.
b) Permissive tripping
Permissive trip commands are always monitored by a protection relay. The

circuit breaker can be operated only when reception of the command coincides
with operation of protective relay responding to a system fault.
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c) Blocking
Blocking commands are always monitored by a protection relay. The circuit

breaker can be operated only if the command is absent when the protection
relay is operated by a fault.
d) Telemetry
Telemetry refers to science of measurement from remote location. The various

measurements obtained from transducers converts into signals and these signals
transmit to remote control rooms through PLCC ex. All lines and generators of
RSTPS parameters like MW, MVAR, etc. linked up to IOCC through PLCC.
e) Telephone
PLCC can be used as a speech channel. All substations connected to RSTPS

are providing by one direct telephone (hot line) for speedy communication.
Communication is also available for all PGCIL S/S through PLCC telephone
exchanges.
8.10. 220 V DCDB & BATTERY PLANT
220 VDC supply is required mainly for the following applications.
a) Control supply for 400, 220, 132, 33 KV breakers, and associated

equipment.
b) Control supply for relaying and protection circuits.

c) Annunciation & indication circuits.
d) Emergency lighting.
36
9. RELAYS AND PROTECTION SCHEMES

Every power system element is subjected t a fault or a short circuit.
9.1The cause of fault is any of the following:
1. Healthy insulation in the equipment subjected to either transient over

voltages of small time duration due to switching and lighting strokes,
direct or indirect.
2. Aging of insulation.
3. An external object, such as a tree branch, bird, kite, rodent etc. spanning
either two power conductors or a power conductor and ground.
9.2. EFFECTS OF FAULTS
1. Equipment is likely damaged due to overheating and sudden

mechanical force developed.
2. Arcing faults invariably are a fire hazard and damage the equipment.
3. A frequency drop may lead instability among interconnected system.
4. Unsymmetrical faults result in voltage imbalance and negative

sequence currents, which lead to overheating.
9.3 PROTECTIVE RELAYS
A relay detects the faulty element in the integrated power system and removes
it, with the help of the circuit breaker, from the remaining healthy system as
quickly as possible to avoid damage and maintain security or reliability of
supply in the healthy system. The quality of relaying depends on its sensitivity,
selectivity, speed and reliability. Varieties of protection relays are provided to
protect EHV lines and Transformers. A brief Description is given below about
the relays used for protection of Transformers and lines connected to
switchyard.
37
9.4 OVER CURRENT RELAY
There are basically three types of OC relays
1. Instantaneous OC relay
As the name signifies instantaneous OC relay operates without any intentional

time delay as and when the input current exceeds the pickup value or the plug
setting.
2. Definite time OC relay (DTOC Relay)
The DTOC Relay has two settings; the first one is the pick value in amperes
(plug setting.). Another setting is the constant or definite operating time of the
relay. The relay delivers trip output only when the current exceeds the pickup
value and that after a specified time delay.
3. Inverse Definite Minimum Time OC Relay (IDMT OC Relay)
The operating time of IDMT relay is inversely proportional to the square of the
relay input current (plug setting) and the travel time of the disk to close the NO
contacts. The travel time of the disk to close the NO contact can be changed by
moving the backstop of the relay (Time multiplier setting).
9.5 DIRECTIONAL RELAYS
Conventional over current relays are non-directional, which means the relay
operates on current magnitude and not on its direction or phase shift. The
Directional over current relay comprises two elements, a directional element
and OC relay element. The OC element is inhibited for operating until the
directional element has operated. The directional element is a watt metric
device, which measures the direction of power flow.
9.6 EARTH FAULT RELAY
Earth fault relay is a sensitive protection against earth faults, which responds
only to residual current of the system, since a residual component that exists
only when fault current flow to earth. The residual component is extracted by
connecting the line CTs in parallel.
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9.7 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:
The differential relay checks the difference between the input and output
currents for any power system element, either in amplitude or in phase or both,
to determine whether the state of the power system is healthy or faulty. In the
event of a substantial difference, the element is assumed to be faulty and trip
the concerned breakers.
9.8 PILOT WIRE PROTECTION:
Pilot wire protection scheme can be used for protection of transmission lines of
220 KV and below voltages. Similar current Transformers at each end of the
protected zone are interconnected through pilot wires. Current transmitted
through the zone causes secondary current to circulate round the pilot circuit
without producing any current flow in relay. A fault within the protected zone
will cause secondary current flow in to protection relay.
9.9 PHASE COMPARISON RELAY
The basic principle of the phase comparison relay is to check the phase
difference of current at both ends of the protected line. The carrier channel is
used to convey the phase angle of the current at one relaying point to another
for comparison with the phase angle of the current at that point.
9.10 DISTANCE RELAY
Distance relay is of the high speed class can provide both primary and back up
facilities in a single scheme. Distance relay operate only for faults occurring
between the relay location and the selected reach point, thus giving
discrimination for faults that may occur between different line sections. The
basic principle is comparing of the fault current ‘seen’ by the relay with voltage
at the relaying point; by comparing these two quantities sit is possible to
determine whether the impedance of the line up to the point of the fault is
greater than or less than the predetermined reach point independence.
For EHV, line where fast fault clearance and high reliability vital ‘full scheme
of distance relays are provided. Full distance scheme uses six measuring units
per zone, three for phase faults and three for earth faults. All 18 measuring
39
units in three zones operate independently to protect the line and provide
backup to the adjacent lines.
9.11 POWER SWING BLOCKING
Power swings are variations in power flow which occur when the voltage of
generators at different points of the power system slip relative to each other to
cater changes of load magnitude and direction or as a result of faults and their
subsequent clearance. In the case of a transient power swing, it is important that
the Distance relay should not trip and should allow the power system to return
to a stable condition. For this reason Distance, protection scheme has an
optional power swing-blocking feature.
40
10.SWITCHYARD EMERGENCY AND PLAN OF

ACTION
10.1 CONDITION MONITORING
The abnormalities in equipment or system are continuously monitored by the

relays, pressure/level switches etc. and initiate a trip / alarm followed by an
annunciation. The Alarm alerts the operator and annunciation flashes give the
first information of the type of breakdown. Event logger provides the sequence
of events taken place along with time. This does allow some assessment in
relation to failure of equipment. Basing on this information operator has to
start quick remedial action.
10.2 BREAKDOWN ANALYSIS
The details break down analysis can be done after checking the relays,
protections operated at relay panels. Disturbance recorder provides the voltage
and current graph with respect to time of pre and post incident of fault
conditions. D/R also provide the sequence of protections operated.
10.3 ANNUNCIATIONS AND ALARM SCHEME
Annunciation and alarm scheme is provided to call attention of the operation

staff against any abnormality in the switchyard equipment and control system,
so the quick preventive measures can be initiated. The annunciation flashes
along with an alarm on the control panel until it is acknowledged. The
annunciation is reset only after normalization of the system. The operation
staff upon receiving an alarm has to comprehend the nature of the problem to
take appropriate steps at the earliest, thus saving the equipment system from
failing further. The various annunciations are provided for 400 KV lines and
Auto Transformers at RSTPS switchyard control room are shown in the
following tables.
41
10.4 Types of Annunciation
Annunciations are grouped into three categories.
A) Annunciations initiated by the Circuit Breaker condition monitoring

relays.
B) Annunciations initiated by the protective relays provided to monitor

the healthiness of line and its related equipment.
C) Annunciations initiated by the protective relays provide to monitor the

healthiness of Transformers and its accessories.
A brief description about the annunciations provided, and the plan of action to
be taken by the operation staff is as follows.
A) CIRCUIT BREAKER CONDITION MONITORING ANNUNCIATIONS
1. C.B. AUTO TRIP
This annunciations appears whenever circuit breaker trips on a protection or on

intertrip signal (Other than manual trip)
PLAN OF ACTION
1. Confirm the opening of the other end breaker if it is a line feeder or

opening of the LT side breaker if it is a Transformer.
2. Check for the protective Relay operations if any.
3. Check for the event logger and D/R printouts for various relay operations
and events taken place.
4. If CB auto trip indication appears during the closing operation of the

breaker, check for closing interlocks.
5. Reset the CB auto trip indication by giving the trip impulse with the
breaker close/open handle at control panel.
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2. CB POLE DISCREPANCY TRIP
All the three poles of a circuit breaker must open or close at a time when a trip
or close command initiated. If one of the pole fails or delayed to open or close
within a specified (0.02 secs) time, circuit breaker trips immediately followed
by C.B. pole discrepancy alarm.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check the flag indication for operation of pole discrepancy relay

(62x) in relay panel.
2 Confirm from local, the opening of all the three poles of breaker. If
not immediate action to be taken to open the poles.
3 Breaker tripped on pole discrepancy protection shall be charged only
after checking and rectifying the problem.
3. LBB PROTECTION OPERATED
This annunciation appears when the master trip relay (86) operates in
response to a fault but the concerned circuit breaker fails to trip. Local Breaker
Breakup relay (50Z) acts and initiates the busbar protection of the respective
bus, which trips all other circuit breakers connected to the bus.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for the protection relay, which caused operation of Group A/B
trip relays.
2 Check for the busbar protection trip relay (96) for Main/tie breaker
whichever LBB has operated.
3 Check for physical opening of breakers for which LBB relay
operated.
4 Inform Maintenance group for attending the problem.
5 Restore the normalcy through the other breaker (Tie breaker) in case
of Main breaker failed to trip and vice versa.
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4. TRIP COILS 1/2 CKT. FAULTY
All the circuit breakers are provided with two trip coils to facilitate breaking
operation reliability. This annunciation appears whenever either of the trip
circuit gets open circuited. As the failure of one of the trip circuit reduces the
reliability of the tripping operation of the breaker in the vent of fault.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for operation of relays 195AR, 195BR/195AY,

195BY/195AB, 195BB Or combination of these relays and identify
fault is in T.C. 1 and respective pole.
2 Check for operation of relays 295AR, 295BR/295AY, 295BY
295AB, 295BB or combination of these relays and identify fault is in
TC. 2 and respective pole.
3 This annunciation appears in case of operation lockout, failure of DC
or actual failure of trip coil. Verify the actual cause.
4 In case of failure of both the trip coils of the breaker, the breaker
shall be isolated from the system by making the load flow zero and
opening of both sides of isolators of breaker.
5 Inform to the Maintenance staff for attending the problem.
5. C.B. SF6 DENSITY LOW/ AIR PRESSURE LOW
This annunciation appears whenever SF6 gas pressure/ Air pressure falls below
the specified value.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check the SF6 pressure / Air pressure locally, and asses the rate of
leakage.
2 If the rate of leakage is high, after obtaining necessary clearance trip
and isolate the breaker as early as possible. Otherwise the breaker
may go into lockout state, which is to be avoided as much as
possible.
3 If leakage rate is low inform Maintenance group for attending the
problem.
6)CB OPERATION LOCKOUT
This annunciation appears whenever either air pressure (oil pressure in case of
hydraulic operated breakers) or SF6 gas pressure falls below specified values.
44
In operation lockout state circuit breaker will not operate. This feature is very
much required to prevent the breaker operation in adverse conditions of
operating system and/or arc quenching media (SF6 gas)
The settings for this annunciation are given below for reference.
AIR / OIL PRESSURE SF6 PRESSURE

AEG MAKE (pneumatic operation common <6.5 bar
compressor) <30.0 bar
ABB (pneumatic individual compressor) <6.5 bar
<23.0 bar
NGEF(pneumatic individual compressor) <6.5 bar
<31.5 bar
BHEL (hydraulic oprn) <253 bar <6.0 bar
PLAN OF ACTION
A)FOR PNEUMATIC OPERATED BREAKER

1 Check for the air pressure and SF6 gas pressure locally.
2 Identify the problem. If heavy leakage is observed in SF6 gas/ AIR
system, then sought permission from IOCC for isolates the breaker from
connecting bus.
3 Isolate the breaker by opening the both the side isolators after making
the load flow zero.
4 If leakage is minute, Inform Maintenance staff to attend the problem.
After normalizing SF6/Air parameters the reset alarm.
B) FOR HYDRAULIC OPERATED BREAKERS
1 Check for the loss of oil/N2 gas pressure /SF6 gas pressure locally and
also AC supply to the pump.
2 Conform the running of the pump if oil pressure is low.
3 Identify the problem. If leakage is observed in SF6 gas line, sought
permission from IOCC to isolate the breaker.
4 If leakage is minute, inform the Maintenance staff to attend the problem.
After normalizing SF6/Oil parameters rest the alarm.
45
B. ALARMS RELATED TO TRANSMISSION LINE FEEDER

PROTECTION
1. MAIN 1/2 PROTECTION OPERATED
Two main protection relays are providing for the protection of each EHV
transmission line against phase to phase and phase to earth faults. Two distance
relays or combination of one distance relay and one phase comparison relay are
provided as main protection relays in each line. Main 1/2 operated alarm
appears when one of the main protection relays operates.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check the operation of protection relays.

2 Check the phase and the zone of operation.
3 Confirm the breaker tripping at both ends.
4 Collect the other end relay operations and fault locator reading and
correlate with the relay operations this end.
5 Take the prints of D/R And E/L prints and analyze the cause of tripping.
6 Check the Auto reclosures switch position and confirm from D/R and
E/L the auto reclosure operation. In case the auto reclosure operation
taken place, do not attempt to change the line until Maintenance group
gives clearance.
7 In case the Auto reclosure switch is in non-auto position or line tripped
other than line fault, an attempt may be made to test charge the line.
2. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION OPERATED (86 O/V)
Over voltage relay operate when the line voltage rises above a specified value.
Instantaneous and definite time over voltage relay is provided for each line. If
the voltage exceeds 40% of the rated voltage (400kv) instantaneous relay picks
up and trip the line. If voltage exceeds 10% of rated value for duration of more
than 5 sec. the time delay relay picks up and trip the line.
1 Check whether time delayed or instantaneous element has picked up.

2 Confirm the relay operations/ breaker tripping at the other end.
3 Check the D/R and voltage recorder printouts.
4 Check the CVT physically for any+ damage of equipment.
5 Find out there is any system disturbance at other end.
6 Line is to be charged only after testing CVT secondary voltages and
obtaining clearance from Maintenance group.
46
3. MAIN /12 PROTECTION UNHEALTHY (97XY)
This alarm appears when one of the main protections becomes unhealthy due to
D.C. supply failure for relay unit or some in built problem in the relay.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Identify the faulty relay

2 Check for the DC fail indication
3 Inform to Maintenance staff for rectification
4. PROTECTION PANEL D.C. SUPPLY FAIL (80 MT/80MZ)
All protection relays work on 220 volts DC supply; Protection panels are
provided with two separate sources of 220 volts DC supply. This alarm appears
whenever one or both D.C. supply sources fails.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check the operation of the DC supply supervision relays 80MI/80M2

and identify which source of DC supply failed.
2 If both the sources of DC supply failed, immediate action to be taken to
restore the supply with the help of Maintenance group.
5. VT FUSE FAIL (97RX/XX)
6 No’s of fuses are provided for the three secondary cores of a CVT. VT fuse
fail annunciation appears in case of one of the fuse fails.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for the flag indication for the operation of the relay indication.
2 Inform Maintenance group for replacing the CVT fuse/rectifying the
problem.
47
3 In case the rectification of problem takes more time. The voltage inputs
to the over fluxing relay, directional over current relay and VT fuse
failure relay shall be shifted to other 400 KV bus.
6. INTERTRIP SIGNAL RECEIVED

(PERMISSIVE INTERTRIPPING 85XY)
In carrier aided distance schemes carrier signal is used in connection with

distance relays to speed up fault clearance, falling in delayed zone 2, from
both ends. The delay inherent in the second zone may be overcome by
transmitting an intertrip signal to the relay at the remote terminal via a carrier
channel, transmission being initiated by local zone 1 relay operation. The
intertrip signal thereby allows simultaneous and fast tripping at both ends of the
line and also permits application of auto reclosure schemes.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Confirm the breakers tripping at both ends.

2 Collect the other end relay operations and analyze the fault
3 After getting the clearance from the other end operator and IOCC charge
the line.
7. GROUP 1/2 PROTECTION OPERATED (95CA/95CB)
The protection scheme provided for the bay equipment are divided into two
groups and connected separately to two trip relays. Operation of any protection
relay will operate the trip relay connected to that group. The operation of any
one of the two trip relays initiates the above annunciation.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for protection relays in the group operated.

2 Confirm the breaker opening at both the ends.
8. CARRIER L/O RELAY OPERATED 85 LO DIRECT

INTERTRIP)
48
Carrier L/O relay operates through remote end carrier signal and give direct trip
command to the local breaker during the following conditions.
1. Voltage high protection operated.
2. LBB protection operated.
3. Bus bar protection operated with other (main/tie) breaker is in open

condition.
4. Reactor protection operated.
5. Hand trip with other breaker open condition.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check the protection relays operated if any.

2 Collect the remote end relay operations and the cause of trip.
9. AUTO RECLOSURE LOCKOUT (186 A/B)
Auto reclosure feature is provided to ensure availability of feeder during

transient faults. In the event of a feeder fault, protection relay detect the fault
and trips the line. Auto reclosure relay operate and close the breaker after a
specified time (0.5m sec). If the fault is still persisting, the breaker trips again
on protection relay operation. Auto reclosure relay locks out on its own after
one reclosure effect.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Collect the other end relay and breaker operation and correlate with the
operations of this end.
2 Do not charge the line until Maintenance clearance obtained.
49
10. CARRIER CH I/II FAILS (30X1 /Y1 30X2/Y2)
The carrier aided distance schemes (Micromho, LZ 96, RAZFE) and phase
comparison scheme (P 40 contra phase relay) use signaling to convey a single
Command, usually in the form of a contact closure, from a remote relaying
point to a local relaying point, where the additional information is used to aid
or speed up clearance of faults within a protected zone or to prevent tripping
for faults outside a protected zone. For more reliability in EHV protection
schemes the carrier signals send/receive in two channels. If one of the channels
fails this alarm appears.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for supervision relay flag indication for CH 1/2

2 Identify the faulty PLCC panel in PLCC room
3 Check the 50V DC supply system
4 Check whether MCB in panel supply module of ETI 21/21 is off.
5 Witch on the panel if it is off. If it trips again inform Maintenance staff.
11. FAULT LOCATOR FAULTY (CS57)
This alarm appears whenever power supply unit of fault locator fails (power
switch off position etc.) or some in built problem in the unit arises.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for DC supply fuse for F/L

2 Check the selector switch in/out
3 Check the 50VDC supply system
4 Check whether MCB in panel supply modules of EIT 21/21 is off.
5 Witch on the panel if it is off. If it trips again inform Maintenance staff.
11. FAULT LOCATOR FAULTY (CS57)
50
This alarm appears whenever power supply unit of fault locator fails (power
switch off position etc.) or some in built problem in the unit arises.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for D.C. Supply fuse for F/L

2 Check the selector switch in/out
3 Inform Maintenance group to attend.
51
12. DISTURBANCE RECORDER FAULTY (DRX) / 86B CIRCUIT

FAULTY
This alarm appears whenever power supply unit of D/R fails (power switch off
position etc.) Or some in built problem in the unit arises.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for the DC supervision relay flag indication.

2 Inform Maintenance group to attend.
13. REACTOR TROUBLE (30 L/M/O/R/G/H/J/K)
Reactor trouble Annunciation indicates the unhealthiness of the reactor or NGR

(Neutral Grounding reactor) Generally, neutral point of a reactor is grounded
through a reactor. This annunciation appears when one or more of the
following events taken place.
1. Reactor Buchholz alarm

2. Reactor winding. Temp. High alarm
3. Reactor oil temp. High alarm
4. Reactor oil level low alarm
5. NGR Buchholz alarm
6. NGR winding. Temp. High alarm
7. NGR oil temp. High alarm
8. NGR oil level low alarm
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for the protection relay operations of the reactor and identify the
fault.
2 Check physically reactor and its NGR (Neutral grounding reactor)
observe any oil spillage in the surroundings, oil leakages, gas
accumulation in buchholz relay.
52
3 If any abnormality observed take permission from IOCC and trip the
line.
4 Inform to Maintenance group to attend the problem.
C. ALARMS RELATED TO TRANSFORMER PROTECTIONS
1. TRANSFORMER COOLER TROUBLE
Cooler trouble alarm appears when one or more of the following conditions.
1. Failure of cooler supply

2. Cooling fan failure
3. Cooling pump failure
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for the cooling fans and pumps operation.

2 In case of a group of fans or pumps not in service check their overload
relay operation and reset.
3 Check for availability of two sources of power supply
2. TRANSFORMER BUCHHOLZ ALARM/ TRIP
Buchholz relay is a gas-operated relay. When a slight or incipient fault occurs

in the Transformer, the gas generated will collect in the top of the buchholz
relay. A preset volume of gas collection in the relay causes the buchholz
annunciation / trip contacts to operate.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Confirm the flag indication for the operation of the relay

2 Check for the gas accumulation in Buchholz relay
3 If gas collection is found, Transformer shall be hand tripped
After getting clearance from SCE, DGM (EM), IOCC and AP TRANSCO
53
PLAN OF ACTION
1 The Transformer can be charged only after carrying out tests including
DGA and obtaining clearance in writing from EM dept.
2 In case the gas is not found in buchholz relay, the reason shall be
established for operation of buchholz relay and then the Transformer
should charged.
3 In case of air accumulated in Buchholz relay, the Transformer can be
charged after releasing the air.
3. TRANSFORMER WDG. TEMP/OIL TEMP. HIGH
This alarm appears when the winding. Temp/oil temp of the Transformer goes
beyond the set value.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Confirm from local the actual winding/ oil Temperature

2 Confirm the running of all the cooling fans and oil pumps
3 If the fans and pumps are not running, start them in manual mode. In
case not possible to start inform Maintenance group.
4 Request IOCC and LDC to reduce the local on Transform
4. TRANSFORMER OIL LEVEL LOW
The magnetic oil level gauge fitted on the main conservator initiates
annunciation / trip in the event of the oil level falling below the preset levels
due to any reason.
54
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Confirm from the local the actual level of oil.

2 Check for any heavy leakage of oil from the Transformer if found then
take immediate action to trip the Transformer
3 Inform Maintenance group to attend the problem
5. TRANSFORMER OVER LOADED
The load (current) on Transformer exceeds its rated (or set) value for more than
a specified time, then Transformer over loaded annunciation appears.
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check the current readings of the Transformer, in case the current is

more than the set value, request LDC to reduce load.
2 Check the system voltage and frequency. Also check voltage and
frequency recorders for any sudden change.
3 Request IOCC to coordinate with SREB and AP LDC to bring the
system parameters with in the limits.
7. PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE OPERATED
Pressure release device allows for the rapid release of excessive pressure that
may be generated in the event of a serious fault in the Transformer. A bright
color coded Mechanical indicator pin in the cover moves with the valve disc
during operation of PRD and is held in position by an in the pin bushing. This
pin is clearly visible from the ground level indicating that the device is
operated.
55
PLAN OF ACTION
1 Check for any other protection relays operated to identify the problem.
2 Check for both LT and HT side breaker tripping. If any one of the
breaker in service hand trip the same.
3 Check for any gas accumulation in Buchholz relay
4 Transformer may be charged only after thorough investigation for the
reason of PRD operation and obtaining clearance from Maintenance
group.
11. DE-ENERGISATION AND ISOLATION OF

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT
De energization of equipment isolation from live parts, normalization of the
equipment after completion of Maintenance jobs trail charging and taking in to
service are the important day-to-day operation activities.
11.1 IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN SWITCHYARD OPERATION
Isolation and charging of high voltage equipment have great potential for
hazardous occurrences and need to consider safety at each juncture. Safety in
electrical system concerns three different areas; protection of life, protection of
equipment, protection of uninterrupted productive output. The protection of
human life is paramount. Equipment can be replaced lost production can be
made up. However, human life can never be recovered nor human sufferings
compensated. Therefore, only qualified and authorized persons shall be
allowed to operate switchyard equipment.
11.2 GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
a) All apparatus should be legibly marked for every identification.

These makings should not be placed on removable part.
b) There must be checks and cross checks to confirm that you are at
right apparatus for the particular operation.
c) NO part of the body should touch any part of the equipment under
charging during isolation or normalization.
56
d) Proper illumination should be there to avoid poor visibility in any

part.
e) All control knobs and indicative lamps should be in working

condition.
f) Operation staff for their own safety should use the personal protective
equipment like safety shoe, hand gloves etc. at work.
g) Always put DANGER TAGS after isolating the equipment and

remove the danger ages after and normalization of the equipment.
h) Operation staff they must understand operations to be done and be

completely familiar with every details of his part of operation.
i) Should not start a switching sequence until it is correct in every

respect.
j) Once begum the switching sequence keeps total attention on what is

doing, ignoring distractions, until the job is completed. If attention is
diverted to another tasks while executing a switching operation, then
should not continue the operation before carefully checking what has
already been done.
57
11.3 DE-ENERGIZATION & ISOLATION OF EQUIPMENT
De energization and Isolation of equipment required during the following

situations.
1. When carrying out preventive or breakdown Maintenance it is essential

to isolate reliably the equipment or section on which the work is to be
done, from all other live parts on the installation in order to ensure
complete safety of working staff.
2. When some abnormality observed in a section of the system, the

faulty section should be isolated from the main system to safe guard
the rest of the system.
3. When the equipment found defective while in service, isolation of

defective equipment or section is necessary to stop further damage to
that equipment or surrounding equipment.
11.4 PLANNING OF SHUTDOWN OF EQUIPMENT
If it is a planned shutdown, to attend a preventive or break down

Maintenance job, the problem will be discussed in daily planning meeting in
the presence of operation and Maintenance representatives and the
shutdown schedule of equipment will be planned.
If it is an emergency shutdown, Maintenance and operation HOD’s discuss

the emergency and decide the plan of shutdown of the equipment.
If the required shutdown is going to affect the power flow in the tie lines
connected to PGCIL substations, then shutdown concurrence must be
obtained from IOCC. For the line belongs to AP Transco, shutdown
concurrence must be obtained from LDC.
11.5 REQUESTS FOR PERMIT TO WORK (PTW)
The concerned authorized area Maintenance Engineer requests for a permit

to work (PTA) on the shutdown-planned equipment in a specified form to
the authorized operation engineer of the location. Operation Engineer takes
58
the responsibility of de energizing and isolating the equipment for which

shutdown is required with the help of the controllers and operators.
11.6 PRE REQUISITES BEFORE DE ENERGISAITON
a) Take clearance from the shift in charge for de energization of

the equipment.
b) Inform the Maintenance group before de energization.
c) If the de energization is for a tie line or auto Transformer inform the

other end substation operator and take clearance.
d) Check the line loads and ensure that the shutdown of the equipment,
should not make over loading the other lines or Transformers.
e) Identify the correct bay and concerned main and tie breakers to be
tripped for de energization of the line/ Transformer.
f) Keep the Auto Recloser switches of the main and tie breakers in N.A.
position.
g) Give announcement in swyd. PA system, the name and the number of

the breaker, which is going to hand, trip to aware the personnel working
in swyd.
h) Give announcement in station PA system, the name of the line or

Transformer that is going to hand trip, to alert the unit desk operation
engineers to face any abnormality arises during line de energisation.
i) Inform orally to the other end substation shift in charge regarding the de
energization of line/Transformer and hold him on line.
11.7 PROCEDURE OF DE ENERGISATION
A) DE ENERGISATION OF 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINES
1. Hand trip Main/ Tie breaker whichever bay is to be energized.

Subsequently trip the other breaker if the bay equipment is not under
PTW.
2. Confirm from the other end operator on telephone that the breaker at
their end tripped on intertrip signal.
59
B) DE ENERGISATION OF 220 KV/132 KV LINES
1. Hand trip the main breaker of the line to be de energized if the line is
connected to main bus or the transfer bay breaker if the line is
connected to transfer bus.
2. Confirm from the other end operator on telephone that the breaker at their
end tripped on intertrip signal.
C) DE-ENERGISATION OF 400 KV/220KV AUTO TRANSFORMERS
1. Hand trip Main/ Tie breaker (400 KV SIDE) whichever bay is to be de

energized. Subsequently trip the other breaker also if the bay equipment is
not under PTW.
2. Hand trip line breaker (220 KV side) and inform the other end shift in
charge on phone that the Transformer is de energized and ensure that the
other end breaker tripped on intertrip signal.
D. DE ENERGISATION OF 400KV/132 KV AUTO TRANSFORMERS
1. Hand trip Main/ Tie breaker (400 KV SIDE) whichever bay is to be de

energized. Subsequently trip the other breaker also if the bay equipment is
not under PTW.
2. Hand trip the LT breaker (220 KV SIDE) of the Transformer is on main

bus or hand trip the transfer bus breaker if the Transformer is on transfer
bay. Inform the other end operator on telephone that the Transformer is
de energized.
11.8 POST DE ENERGISATION CHECKS
1. Check for any window annunciation or alarms appeared.
2. Check for the breaker open events in event logger.
3. Check for the semaphore indication of breakers in open position.
60
4. Check the breaker on/off indication lamp and ensure the breaker is in
off position.
5. Check for the fall of flags in three phase of the trip relay.
11.9 ISOLATION OF 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE BAY
1. Physically check at breaker for open indications in 3 poles and ensure

that the breaker is absolutely in open position.
2. Open the 400 KV side (HT) isolator from remote or local mode.
3. Open the 220kv/132kv side (LT) isolator either from remote or from
local position.
4. Ensure physically all the three poles of isolators opened.
5. Close the 400kv side isolator earth switch and 220kv/132kv side
earth switches and lock them.
6. Keep the danger tags at breakers on/off handle giving the details of
the permit being issued.
7. Note down on the permit card the isolations done along with the
precautions to be taken further by the recipient at time of work carrying
the work and issue the permit card to the applicant.
61
12. NORMALIZATION AND CHARGING OF

LINES AND TRANSFORMERS
For normalizing and charging the transmission lines and Transformers, certain
preconditions are required to be met so as to safely normalize and charge the
feeder or Transformer. As the transmission lines in 400 KV network are so
long and Transformer s are of large capacities, certain conditions like enough
capacity of the system to absorb the line MVAR to be ensured. Safety of
personnel to be ensured. While synchronizing the feeder, enough precautions
to be taken to ensure that the grid system is compatible and within limits so that
there should not be power swings owing to a synchronism.
12.1 COMMON INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHARGING THE LINE AND

TRANSFORMERS
a) Lines or Transformers shall be charged always from the strong source

end, where there is a facility to absorb reactive power and
synchronization shall be done from the other end in normal conditions.
b) Generally, voltage at charging end bus shall be kept below 400 kv before
charging of the line.
c) When a line or a Transformer is charging after completion of

Maintenance works trips on a fault, second attempt shall not be made
until it is thoroughly investigated and reasons for tripping should be
established.
d) If the frequency and voltage are not in synchronism limits. Line /

Transformer shall not synchronies to Grid. A synchronous inter connection may
lead to unwarranted power swings that may cause not only grid disturbances
but also accidents SRLDC shall coordinate with SEBs to bring the parameters
within the limits.
62
12.2 CHECKS BEFORE NORMALIZATION
a) Ensure that all permits issued on Line equipment / the authorised area
Maintenance engineer canceled Transformer. Also, ensure that any
NBFC issued to the other end substation was returned back in writing.
b) Check physically the work area for removal of men and Material.
c) Take clearance from IOCC, if the line is connected to PGCIL

substations or from LDC, if the line is connected to AP Transco
substations and take clearance from shift in charge.
d) Ensure that all switchyard equipment associated with the line or

Transformer under shutdown is in operating condition.
e) Check for SF6 gas and air/ oil pressure of main/ tiebreakers.
f) Ensure that the Local / Remote switches of the Main/ Tie breakers are
kept on remote position.
g) Check physically for the removal of all the temporary earthlings done
at the work site.
h) Check physically for the healthiness of line shunt reactor or the

Transformer going to be charged.
i) Ensure that all relay flags are reset.
j) Check that no window indication is persisting and ensure that

annunciation lamp test OK.
k) Ensure that disturbance recorder, fault recorder, and event logger are
in service.
l) Check the communication book for remarks if any on the equipment

associated to the shutdown bay. Remarks if any found take written
clearance for charging the bay form the concerned area Maintenance
engineer.
m) Return back the NBFC obtained from the other end substation
through written message and take clearance in writing for charging
the line.
63
12.3 NORMALIZATION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE BAY

EQUIPMENT
a) Open the earth switch of the line isolator. Also open the earth
switches of main and tie bay isolators if any closed position.
b) Close the line isolator of the line under shut down.
c) Close the Bus 1 / Bus 2 connecting isolators in main bay, if permits

are not pending on the concerned bay equipment.
d) Close the tie bay isolators I the permits are not pending on Tie bay
equipment.
e) Close the shunt reactor isolator if shunt reactor available for the line
and it is in isolated condition.
f) If isolators are closed in remote mode, check physically to confirm all

the three poles closed properly.
12.4 CHARGING OF TRANSMISSION LINES
In case of IOCC instructed to charge the line from this end and to synchronize
from the remote substation.
a) Inform IOCC that the line is ready for charging and take the final
clearance for charging the line.
b) Inform orally to the other end substation operator that the line is ready
for charging and hold him on line.
c) Give announcement in swyd PA system regarding line charging to

aware the Maintenance group any body working in swyd.
d) Give announcement in station PA system for alerting the unit desk

operation engineers to face abnormality if any arises during process
of line charging.
64
e) Keep heck synchronizing selector switch in bypass position (switch

available in control panel no.12) and plugin the synchroscope into the
concerned breaker synchronizing socket Keep the synchroscope in
on mode.
f) Close main/ tiebreaker which ever bay is made ready for charging the
line (dead line charging). Subsequently close the other breaker also If
the bay equipment not under permit.
g) Inform the remote end operator on telephone that the line is charged
and give clearance for synchronizing to the grid.
12.5 SYNCHRONIZING THE LINE AFTER CHARGING AT

REMOTE END
In case, IOCC instructed to charge the line at remote end and synchronize the
line this end.
a) Inform IOCC that the line is ready for synchronizing and take the final
clearance for synchronizing and take the final clearance for
synchronizing the line.
b) Ensure that check synchronizing selector switch is on position and plug

in synchronic scope into the concerned breaker-synchronizing socket.
Make synchroscope on and check for syncronization in limit indication.
If it is not in limits inform to IOCC which parameter (Voltage/
frequency) is not matching and request them to coordinate in bringing
the voltage/ frequency within limits i.e. 0.4% in respect of frequency and
10% in respect of voltage.
c) Once again, ascertain that the voltage and the frequency are within
synchronizing limits.
d) Inform orally to the other end substation operator that the line is going to
be synchronized and let him hold on line.
e) Give announcement in switchyard PA system regarding closing of the

beaker to aware the persons anybody working in switchyard.
65
f) Given announcement in station PA system regarding line charging to

alert the unit desk operation engineers to face any abnormality if arises
during the process of line charging.
g) Close Main/ tiebreaker whichever bay is made ready for charging the
line. Subsequently close the other breaker also if the bay equipment not
under permits.
12.6 NORMALIZATION OF TRANSFORMER BAY EQUIPMENT
a) Inspect the Transformer physically and check the following.
1. Conservator oil level of main tank and OLTC is maintained
2. Breather silica gel colour is blue.
3. Check for heavy oil leaks if any from tank, radiator, pipes and
bushings.
4. Check the availability of cooler supply and healthiness of fans

and pumps by running in manual mode.
5. Note down the WTI and OTI readings, confirm they are
working.
6. Check the cleanliness of Transformer & surround area.
7. Check any removal of HT/LT connections and fuses in

marshaling box.
8. Check the emulsifier system operation.
b) Open the earth switches of the 400 KV Bus side Isolator (HT) and
200Kv line side isolator (LT) . Also open the earth switches of main and
tie-bay isolators if any found in close position.
c) Check for any portable earthlings on bay equipment. If found any, request
Maintenance staff to remove the same.
d) Close 220 kv side isolators and 400 kv side main and tie bay isolators
provided the permits are not pending.
e) If isolators are closed in remote mode, check physically to confirm
all the three poles closed properly.
66
12.7 CHARGING OF TRANSFORMER FEEDER
In case, AP Transco requested to change the 220 KV line from this end and to
synchronize at their substation.
a) Inform LDC that the 220 KV line is ready for charging and take the
final clearance for charging the line.
b) Inform orally to the AP Transco substation Engineer that Auto

Transformer is going to be charged at our end.
c) Give announcement in swyd& station PA system regarding charging

of Transformer.
d) Keep check synchronizing selector switch in by pass position and

plug in the synchroscope into concerned breaker synchronizing
socket. Keep the synchroscope in on mode.
e) Close Main/ Tie breaker which ever bay is made ready for charging
the Transformer. Subsequently close the other breaker also if the bay
equipment not under permits.
f) Inform to the AP Transco Engineer on telephone that 20 kv line is

going to charge and hold him on line.
g) Keep Auto recolor switch in NLA mode. Close the line breaker of the
feeder to be charged.
h) Inform AP TRANSCO ENGINEER that feeder is charged and check

for voltage at their end. Give clearance to synchronize the feeder at
their end.
12.8 SYNCHRONIZING THE TRANSFORMER FEEDER
67
In case, AP LDC requested to charge the Transformer feeder at remote end

and synchronize at this end.
a) Give clearance to AP Transco Engineer to charge the 220 Kv line at

their end.
b) After getting information from AP Transco Engineer regarding the

closing of 220 KV line breaker at their end, check for the line voltage
at control panel meter and confirm.
c) Keep check synchronizing selector switch in bypass position and

plugin the sysnchroscope into the concerned Auto Transformer
breaker-synchronizing socket. Keep the synchro scope in on mode.
d) Close Main/ Tie breaker which ever bay is made ready for charging
the Auto Transformer. Subsequently close the other breaker also if
the bay equipment is not under permit.
e) Auto Transformer is in idle charge condition. Check the current in

three phases to ascertain the healthiness of the Transformer.
f) Normalize the check-synchronizing switch from by pass position.
g) Inform the AP Transco Engineer on telephone that 220 KV line is

going to synchronies and hold him on line.
h) Keep the check synchronizing selector switch in on position and

plugin the synchroscope into the concerned line breaker-
synchronizing socket. Make the syncrhoscope on.
i) Ascertain that the voltage and the frequency are within synchronizing
limits.
j) Give announcement in switchyard & station PA system regarding

closing of breaker
k) Close the 220 kv line breaker (LT breaker of Auto Transformer).
l) Inform to AP Transco S/S & APLDC that the line is synchronized.
68
13. BLACKOUT OF STATION AND BLACK

START PROCEDURES
Despite of all precautions and protective measures, the integrity of the
power system is occasionally at risk owing to human error, malfunction of
equipment, lack of complete information, and natural disasters. The
emergency like grid failure/ partial grid failure may lead to total loss of
power supply in the region / station, which is called the blackout condition.
In case of total Blackout of station / region due to grid failure or partial grid
failure, operation staff are responsible.
a. To analyze and locate the fault leading to the situation
b. To inform all the authorities and units about the problem.
c. To arrange startup power at the earliest to bring back the units.
13.1 PLAN OF ACTION DURING STATION BLACKOUT
1. See and ensure DC lighting has come in auto.
2. Have a broad lock on the panel, see whether any unit has survived
on house load and / or any line feeding on house load has
survived.
3. Inform shift charge engineer and all units about the status on
emergency PA system through group call.
4. Specifically inform shift charge engineer, Sr. supdt. (Operation)

DGM (O), DGM (EM), AGM (O&M), and GM (R) about grid
failure.
5. Check and not down the relays operated, ascertain the reasons of
cause leading to grid failure also whether it is from station side or
switchyard side or substation side.
6. See that all outgoing feeder breakers have opened out, if not, open
them manually.
69
7. Normal sources of startup power are Chandrapur HVDC S/S and

Nagarjunasagar Hydro power station (AP GENCO). Find out how
much startup power can be made available.
8. Inform shift charge engineer about the amount of startup power

available and quantum thereof. This I necessary to decide further
course of action regarding bringing back the units.
9. As per recommendations of IOCC/LDC, Hyderabad startup power

is to be availed through respective feeder.
13.2 BLACK START FACILITIES AT RSTPS
In general at least one of the 400 KV ChandrapurRamagundam HVDC back-to-

back lines is always in service. With the consent of SRLDC, startup power
supply can be taken immediately from Western region by passing HVDC back
to back like at Chandrapur.
In case of startup power not available form CHANDRAPUR S/S due to outage
of equipment or any other, reason the following alternate arrangements to be
made.
13.3 QUICK RESTORATION OF STARTUP POWER IN BLACKOUT

CONDITION
I. IN THE EVENT OF TRIPPING OF ALL UNITS OF STATION WITH

SURVIVAL OF RAMAGUNDAM THERMAL POWER STATION
(R.T.S ‘B’ STATION AP GENCO).
Request AP LDC / AP GENCO / AP TRANSCO to
1. Charge 132 kV RTS B station Malyalapally substation line.

2. Charge 220 kvMalyalapally NTPC line 1, 2 or 3
3. Charge 400 /220 kv Auto Transformer 3/4/5
4. Charge 400 kv Bus ½ at RSTPS Switchyard.
5. Charge 400/33 KV tie Transformer 1 or 2 or 3.
6. Charge 33 kv Bus of 33 kv switchgear
70
II. IN CASE OF PARTIAL BLACKOUT OF REGION WITH

SURVIVAL OF KOTHATUDEM 5TH STAGE OF AP GENCO
Request AP LDC/IOCC/SRLDC/PGCIL to change.
1. 220 KV Khammam lines at Kothagudem substation.

2. 315 MVA ICT’s of 220/400 kV at Khammam substation.
3. 400 KV Khammam switchyard.
4. 400 KV KhammamRamagundam line.
5. Charge Bus1/2 of RSTPS switchyard and inform to SCE that startup
power is available.
III. IN CASE OF PARTIAL BLACKOUT OF REGION WITH

SURVIVAL OF KOTHAGUDEM 1ST OR 2ND STATE OF
AP GENCO
Request AP LDC / AP GENCO / AP TRANSCO to
1. Charge 132 kvKothagudem Warangal line at Kothagudem S/S/

2. Charge 100 MVA ICT’s 132/220 kv at Warangal S/S
3. Charge 220 kv substation at Warangal.
4. Charge 20 kv Warangal Malyalapally line at Warangal S/S
5. charge 220 kvMalyalapally substation.
6. Take start-up power supply from Malyalapally substation.
IV. IN CASE OF PARTIAL BLACKOUT OF REGION WITH

SURVIVAL OF VIJAYAWADA THERMAL POWER STATION
OF AP GENCO
Request AP LDC/IOCC/ SRLDC/PGCIL t charge
1. 220 kv VTPS Nunnalines at VTPS substation

2. 315 MVA ICT’S OF 220/400 KV AT Nunna substations.
3. 400 KV Nunna (PGCIL) switchyard.
4. 400 kV NunnaKhammam line.
5. 400 kV Khammam (PGCIL) Switchyard.
6. 400 KV KhammamRamagundam line
7. Charge Bus ½ of RSTPS switchyard inform t SCE that start up power
is available.
71
V. IN CASE OF TOTAL BLACKOUT (GRID FAILURE) IN THE

REGION WITH TRIPPING OF ALL HYDEL, THERMAL AND
NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
Request to AP LDC/ AP TRANSCO / AP GENCO to
1. Startup Nagarjunasagar or SrisailamHydel units.

2. Charge Thallapallyy 220 Kv substation
3. Charge any one of the 3 x 3 315 MVA ICT’s at Thallapally.
4. Charge 400 kV bus at Nagarjunasagar (PGCIL) switchyard.
5. Charge 400 kV Nagarjuna sagar Ramagundam line.
6. Charge 400 kV Bus 1 or 2 at RSTPS switch yard.
13.4 ACTIVITIES AFTER OBTAINING STARTUP POWER
a) Close 400 KV breakers pertaining to above set feeder and thus charge
400 kV buses 1 or 2
b) Charge 400/33 kV Tie Transformer 1 or 2 or 3.
c) Charge 33 kV bus 1 and / r 2 and / or 3.
d) Depending on the quantum of power available and units to be brought on

bar; seek shift charge engineer instructions regarding charging of CW
Transformers, WTP Transformers, Station Transformers and act
accordingly.
e) Charge switchyard service Transformers and extend supply to

switchyard MCC and lighting panel
f) After normal supply is resumed, switch off DC lights.
g) Due to lack of power, battery chargers had tripped and the ENTIRE
Batteries supplied load.
i) Check the condition of batteries and accordingly keep the chargers in

service.
j) See that air compressor, providing compressed air for breaker

operations, have started and developing adequate pressure.
k) Now situation is normal. Once units are ready for synchronization seek
instructions from IOCC and LDC, accordingly take lines in service and
synchronize the units.
72
CONCLUSION
With advancement of power systems, line and other equipment
operates at high voltage and carry large current when a short circuit
occurs on the system heavy current flowing through the equipment
may cause damage. Switchyard is a place where the entire primary
protecting equipment of the power system is arranged in a systematic
manner to protect the generating station from the faults. It suppress
the faults by making them not to reach the generating unit. Thus, a
switchyard plays a vital role in the protection.
As non-renewable sources like coal will get extinguished in future it
is important to make use of every form of energy available naturally.
There is no advanced technology to utilize the over voltages occurred
due to lightning, let’s hope for that improved technology in near
future to save nonrenewable resources.
73
REFERENCES:
1) NTPC SCHEMATIC DIARY – NTPC RAMAGUNDAM INTRANET
2) POWER PLANT FAMILIRIZATION - NTPC
3) POWER PLANT OPERATION- NTPC
4) SWITCHYARD OPERATION AND PROTECTION MANUAL-NTPC

RAMAGUNDAM INTRANET
5) SWITCHYARD -WIKIPEDIA
74

Switchyard Protection Study at NTPC Ramagundam Power Plant

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Switchyard protection

OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION OF 400KV

Shri Suresh Bhukya (Project Guide)

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

This is to certify that the project entitled “OPERATIONAL DESCRIPTION

This bonafide has been carried out by

Students of “JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAGITYAL ”under

We are thankful to Mr.G.Rajashekar(Additional General Manager NTPC),for

We express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. Praveen Manager(HR-EDC),RSTPS for

We are thankful to head of the department Sri.S.Jagdish Kumar, principal

We hereby declare that the project work entitled “OPERATIONAL

The demand for power is increasing day by day. It’s becoming

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE.NO

12 NORMALISATION & 66-73

NTPC is established on 7th of November 1975 to construct, operate and

STATION STATE CAPACITY(MW)

Singarauli Uttar Pradesh 2000

Korba Chhattisgarh 2600

Ramagundam Andhra Pradesh 2600

Farakka West Bengal 1600

Vindyachal Madhya Pradesh 4260

Rihand Uttar Pradesh 2500

Kahalgon Bihar 2340

Dadri Uttar Pradesh 1820

TalcherKaniha Orissa 3000

Unchahar Uttar Pradesh 1050

Talcher Thermal Orissa 460

Simhadri Andhra Pradesh 2000

Tanda Uttar Pradesh 440

Madhapur Delhi 705

Sipat Chhattisgarh 2980

Mouda Maharashtra 1000

Coal-based joint ventures of NTPC:

STATION STATE CAPACITY(MW)

STATION STATE CAPACITY(MW)

Anta Rajasthan 413

Auraiya Uttar Pradesh 652

Kawas Gujrat 645

Dadri Uttar Pradesh 817

Jhanor Gujrat 648

Kayankulam Kerala 350

Faridabad Haryana 430

Unit Sizes Stage-I: 3 x 200, Stage-II: 3 x 500

Location Peddapalli (dist.), TS

Source of Coal Singareni Coal fields and Coal India ltd.

Water Source Yellampally reservoir

40,000 tons per day (approx.)14.6 million tons per

Total Transmission System 2475 km of 400Kv lines

Total Plant Area 10,000 Acres

Reservoir Area 5000 Acres

Coal Transportation System Merry Go Round(MGR) System of 27 kms

Man Power Requirement 1560(0.6 per MW)

Height of Chimney Stage-I: 225 meters, Stage-II: 250 meters

Length of Earthen Dam 8.5 km

Beneficiary States Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Goa, Kerala,

2.SALIENT FEATURES OF NTPCRAMAGUNDAM:

Total Capacity of Ramagundam NTPC is 2600MW of stage 1, 2&3(i.e. 1, 2,

ANDHRA PRADESH 838MW 32%

TAMILNADU 666MW 26%

KERALA 388MW 15%

Unit 1 -------------- 200MW --------------------- Nov 1983

Unit 2 -------------- 200MW --------------------- May 1984