PSYCH 9 | Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
1. Most commonly diagnosed and most severe depression; extremely depressed mood state
that last at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms (such as feelings of worthlessness
and indecisiveness) and disturbed physical functions (such as altered sleeping patterns,
significant changes in appetite and weight, or a notable loss of energy) to the point that even
the slightest activity or movement requires an overwhelming effort
2. Physical symptoms suggested as the most central indicators of a full major depressive
episode, along with the behavioral and emotional “shutdown”
3. Loss of energy or inability to engage in pleasurable activities or have any “fun”
4. The duration of a major depressive episode, if untreated, is approximately _____
5. Second fundamental state in mood disorders; period of abnormally excessive elation or
euphoria; require a duration of 1 week
6. Speech is typically rapid and may become incoherent, because the patient is attempting to
express so many exciting ideas at once
7. The duration of an untreated manic episode is typically _____
8. DSM-5 defines it a less severe version of a manic episode that does not cause a marked
impairment in social or occupational functioning and need last only days rather than a full
week
9. Patients who experience either depression or mania; their mood remains at one “pole” of
the unusual depression
10. Condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at
the same time; also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode; in DSM-5,
this term requires specifying whether a predominantly manic or predominantly depressive
episode is present and noting if enough symptoms of the opposite polarity are present to
meet the mixed features
11. Patterns of recurrence and remittance
12. Only one extreme of mood is experienced
13. Both depressed and elevated moods are experienced; some depressive episodes and
some manic or hypomanic episodes
14. Most easily recognized mood disorder; defined by the presence of depression and the
absence of manic or hypomanic episodes, before or during the disorder; involving one (single
episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent) major
depressive episodes
15. Share many of the symptoms of major depressive disorder but differ in its course; defined
as depressed mood that continues at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be
symptom free for more than 2 mos. at a time even though they many not experience all of
the symptoms of a major depressive episode
16. Patients who suffer from both major depressive episodes and persistent depression with
fewer symptoms; severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed
over a background of persistent dysthymic mood. Also called “persistent depressive disorder
with intermittent major depressive episodes”
17. Specification of PDD: one has not met criteria for a major depressive episode in at least
the preceding 2 years
18. Specification of PDD: indicating the presence of a major depressive episode over at least a
2-year period
19. Specification of PDD: previously called “double depression”; mild depressive symptoms
with additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently
20. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: mood congruent > directly to depression
21. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: mood incongruent > do not seem consistent
with the depressed mood
22. Seeing or hearing things that aren’t there
23. Strongly held but inaccurate beliefs
24. Believing that their bodies ae rotting internally and deteriorating into nothingness
25. Some may hear voices telling them how evil and sinful they are
26. Believing they are supernatural or supremely gifted
27. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: Most important addition to specifiers for
mood disorders in DSM-5; the presence of severity of accompanying anxiety, whether in the
form of comorbid anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms that do not meet all the criteria for
disorders
28. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: Predominantly depressive episodes that
have several (at least three) symptoms of mania
29. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: rare and rare still in mania; involves the
absence of movement (a stuporous state) or catalepsy; catatonic symptoms may also involve
excessive but random or purposeless movement
30. Motor movement disturbance seen in people with some psychoses and mood disorders
in which body postures are waxy and can be “sculpted” to remain fixed for long periods
31. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: Individuals with this specifier consistently
oversleeps and overeat during their depression and therefore gain weight, leading to a higher
incidence of diabetes
32. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: Period of time just before and just after
birth
33. More minor reactions in adjustment to childbirth, typically lasts a few days and occur in
40% to 80% of women bet. 1 to 5 days after delivery
34. Ad’l defining criteria for Depressive Disorder: applies to current major depressive disorder
(and also to bipolar disorder); accompanies episodes that occur certain seasons (for example,
winter depression)
35. Involving a cycling of episodes and corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically
with depression occurring during the winter
36. In Fairbanks, Alaska, the answer in no. 35 is called ________
37. A hormone secreted by the pineal gland, produced only at night (since exposure to light
suppresses ______ production), and tends to increase in winter when there is less sunlight,
might trigger depression in vulnerable people
38. Patients are exposed to 2 hrs. of bright light immediately on awakening
39. Depression followed a ____: highest in young adults, decreases across middle adulthood,
and then increased again in older age.
40. Grief: Grieving process peaked within the first 6 mos.
41. Grief: Finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged and the individual adjusts
PSYCH 9 | Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
to the loss
42. Grief: Ability to imagine events in the future is generally impaired, since it is difficult to
think of a future without the deceased
43. Clinically significant problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the
reproductive cycle of a woman
44. Condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability
without any accompanying mania
45. Key identifying feature is the tendency of manic episodes in an unending-roller-coaster-
ride from the peaks of elation to the depths of despair
46. Alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
47. Alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic
episodes).
48. A milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder; Chronic (at least 2 years) mood
disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as
severe as manic or major depressive episodes.
49. There is one specifier that is unique to bipolar I and II disorders: Some people move
quickly in and out of depressive or manic episodes.
50. Direct transition from one mood state to another happens, it is referred to as ______ and
is a particularly treatment-resistant form of the disorder
51. _____ lengths that only last for days to weeks and
52. _____ in cases where cycle lengths are less than 24 hours. In _______, switches into
depression occurred at night and switches into mania occurred at daytime, suggesting that
for patients with mood cycles of 48 hours or less, the switch process is closely linked to
circadian aspects.
53. First-degree relatives of an individual known to have the disorder
54. Hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in
psychopathology
55. Is called a stress hormone because it is elevated during stressful life events.
56. Thought to be a biological test for depression, the _________
57. Is a glucocorticoid that suppresses cortisol secretion in normal participants
58. The_____, among other things, is responsible for keeping stress hormones in check and
serves important functions in facilitating cognitive processes such as short-term memory.
59. Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an
attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in
reality).
60. Depressive attributional style: in that the individual attributes negative events to personal
failings (“it is all my fault”)
61. Depressive attributional style: in that, even after a particular negative event passes, the
attribution that “additional bad things will always be my fault” remains
62. Depressive attributional style: in that the attributions extend across a variety of issues
63. Cognitive error: is evident when a depressed individual emphasizes the negative rather
than the positive aspects of a situation
64. Cognitive error: As an example of______, when your professor makes one critical remark
on your paper, you then assume you will fail the class despite a long string of positive
comments and good grades on other papers.
65. They make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate
world, and their future, three areas that together are called the_____; Thinking errors in
depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and
their future.
66. An enduring negative cognitive belief system about some aspect of life
67.______, individuals feel personally responsible for every bad thing that happens.
68._______ they believe they can never do anything correctly.
69. Four basic types of antidepressant medications are used to treat depressive disorders:
70. _______ specifically block the presynaptic reuptake of serotonin. This temporarily
increases levels of serotonin at the receptor site, but again the precise long-term mechanism
of action is unknown, although levels of serotonin are eventually increased
71. ______ were the most widely used treatments for depression before the introduction of
SSRIs, but are now used less commonly
72. The best known, venlafaxine (Effexor) is related to tricyclic antidepressants, but acts in a
slightly different manner, blocking reuptake of norepinephrine as well as serotonin.
73. _____ work differently. As their name suggests, they block the enzyme MAO that breaks
down such neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and serotonin. The result is roughly
equivalent to the effect of the tricyclics. Because they are not broken down, the
neurotransmitters pool in the synapse, leading to a downregulation.
74. Natural herb with antidepressant properties
75._____ is a common salt widely available in the natural environment; It is found in our
drinking water in amounts too small to have any effect.
76. A medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that
is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood
77. _____ has recently overtaken lithium as the most commonly prescribed mood stabilizer
for bipolar disorder (Thase & Denko, 2008) and is equally effective, even for patients with
rapid-cycling symptoms
78.________ the most controversial treatment for psychological disorders after
psychosurgery; Biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application
of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. The reasons for its effectiveness
are unknown
79. Altering electrical activity in the brain by setting up a strong magnetic field has been
introduced. This procedure is called _____ and it works by placing a magnetic coil over the
individual’s head to generate a precisely localized electromagnetic pulse
80. _____ involves implanting a pacemaker-like device that generates pulses to the vagus
nerve in the neck, which, in turn, is thought to influence neurotransmitter production in the
brain stem and limbic system
81. _____ has been used with a few severely depressed patients. In this procedure,
electrodes are surgically implanted in the limbic system (the emotional brain). These
electrodes are also connected to a pacemaker-like device
82. Two major approaches have the most evidence supporting their efficacy for treating
PSYCH 9 | Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
depression 103. Great sociologist who defined a number of suicide types, based on the social and
83. Beck’s ______ grew directly out of his observations of the role of deep-seated negative cultural conditions in which they occurred.
thinking in generating depression. Clients are taught to examine carefully their thought 104. Type of suicide: “formalized” suicides that were approved of, such as the ancient custom
processes while they are depressed and to recognize “depressive” errors in thinking. of hara-kiri in Japan, in which an individual who brought dishonor to himself or his family was
84. Related cognitive-behavioral approaches to depression include the _____, which expected to impale himself on a sword. Durkheim referred to this as _________.
integrates cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal strategies and focuses on problem solving 105. Type of suicide: Durkheim also recognized the loss of social supports as an important
skills, particularly in the context of important relationships provocation for suicide; he called this______. (Older adults who kill themselves after losing
85. ______ has been found to be effective for treating depression and preventing future touch with their friends or family fit into this category.)
depressive relapse and recurrence 106. Type of suicide: are the result of marked disruptions, such as the sudden loss of a high-
86. ____ has been evaluated and found effective for the most part in the context of prestige job. (Anomie is feeling lost and confused.)
preventing relapse or recurrence in patients who are in remission from their depressive 107. Type of suicide: result from a loss of control over one’s own destiny.
episode. This approach seems particularly effective for individuals with more severe 108. _______ pioneered the study of risk factors for suicide. Among the methods he and
disorders, as indicated by a history of three or more prior depressive episodes others have used to study those conditions and events that make a person vulnerable is
87. Focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning to form important __________.
new interpersonal relationships; is highly structured and seldom takes longer than 15 to 20
sessions, usually scheduled once a week
88. Interpersonal issue: such as marital conflict
89. Interpersonal issue: such as grief over the death of a loved one
90. Interpersonal issue: such as getting married or establishing professional relationships
91. Interpersonal issue: that prevent the person from initiating or maintaining important
relationships.
92. Stage of dispute: Both partners are aware it is a dispute, and
they are trying to renegotiate it.
93. Stage of dispute: The dispute smolders beneath the surface and results in low-level
resentment, but no attempts are made to resolve it.
93. Stage of dispute: The partners are taking some action, such as divorce, separation, or
recommitting to the marriage.
94. Type of program by Institute of Medicine (IOM): which are applied to everyone
95. Type of program by Institute of Medicine (IOM): which target individuals at risk for
depression because of factors such as divorce, family alcoholism, and so on
96. Type of program by Institute of Medicine (IOM): in which the individual is already
showing mild symptoms of depression
97. Combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to
prevent relapse following therapy
98. In an evaluation of this approach, called ______. Patients receiving IPSRT survived longer
without a new manic or depressive episode compared with patients undergoing standard,
intensive clinical management
99. ______ is officially the 11th leading cause of death in the United States, and most
epidemiologists agree that the actual number of suicides may be 2 to 3 times higher than
what is reported
100. Indices of suicidal behavior: thinking seriously about suicide
101. Indices of suicidal behavior: the formulation of a specific method for killing oneself
102. Indices of suicidal behavior: the person survives
PSYCH 9 | Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
KEY 43. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
44. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
1. major depressive episode 45. Bipolar disorder
2. Somatic o vegetative symptoms 46. Bipolar I Disorder
3. Anhedonia 47. Bipolar II Disorder
4. 4 to 9 mos. 48. Cyclothymic disorder
5. mania 49. rapid-cycling specifier
6. Flight of ideas 50. rapid switching or rapid mood switching
7. 3 to 4 mos. 51. ultra-rapid cycle
8. Hypomanic episode 52. ultra-ultra-rapid cycling
9. Unipolar mood disorder 53. proband
10. Mixed features 54. neurohormones
11. Temporal course 55. Cortisol
12. Unipolar mood disorder 56. dexamethasone suppression test (DST).
13. Bipolar mood disorder 57. Dexamethasone
14. Major depressive disorder 58. hippocampus
15. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) 59. Learned Helplessness theory of depression
16. Double depression 60. internal
17. PDD “with pure dysthymic syndrome” 61. stable
18. PDD “with persistent major depressive episode” 62. global
19. PDD “with intermittent major depressive episodes” 63. Arbitrary inference
20. Hallucinations and delusions 64. overgeneralization
21. Delusions of grandeur 65. depressive cognitive triad
22. hallucinations 66. negative schema
23. delusions 67. self-blame schema
24. Somatic (physical) delusions 68. negative self-evaluation schema
25. Auditory hallucinations 69. selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mixed reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic
26. Delusions of grandeur antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
27. Anxious distress specifier 70. selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
28. Melancholic features specifier 71. Tricyclic antidepressants
29. Catatonic features specifier 72. mixed reuptake inhibitors
30. catalepsy 73. MAO inhibitors
31. Atypical features specifier 74. St. John’s wort
32. Peripartum onset specifier 75. lithium carbonate
33. Baby blues 76. mood-stabilizing drug
34. Seasonal pattern specifier 77. Valproate
35. Seasonal affective disorder 78. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
36. Cabin fever 79. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
37. melatonin 80. Vagus nerve stimulation
38. phototherapy 81. Deep brain stimulation
39. U-shaped pattern 82. cognitive-behavioral approach; interpersonal psychotherapy
40. Acute grief 83. cognitive therapy
41. Integrated grief 84. Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy
42. Complicated grief
PSYCH 9 | Abnormal Psychology
Chapter 7: Mood Disorders and Suicide
(CBASP)
85. mindfulness-based therapy
86. mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
87. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
88. dealing with interpersonal role disputes
89. adjusting to the loss of a relationship
90. acquiring new relationships
91. identifying and correcting deficits in social skills
92. Negotiation stage
93. Impasse stage
93. Resolution stage
94. universal programs
95. Selected interventions
96. indicated interventions
97. maintenance treatment
98. interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT),
99. Suicide
100. suicidal ideation
101. suicidal plans
102. suicidal attempts
103. Emile Durkheim
104. altruistic suicide
105. egoistic suicide
106. egoistic suicide
107. Anomic suicides
108. fatalistic suicides
109. Edward Shneidman; psychological autopsy