Hydro power

engineering
Types of Turbine

THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA

 HYDRO POWER ENGINEERING

HYDRO POWER ENGINEERING

TYPES OF TURBINES

Guided By :
Prof. Gopal Bhati Sir

Prepared By :
1. Palekar Arti (Roll No.-47)
2. Patel Richa (Roll No.- 58)

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Contents
1. What Are Hydraulic Machines? ................................................................. 3
2. Hydraulic Turbines ................................................................................... 3
1.1. Based On Flow Path ............................................................................ 3
1.2. Based On Pressure Change ................................................................. 4
1.3. Based On Head ................................................................................... 4
1.4. Based On Specific Speed..................................................................... 4
1.5. Based On Disposition Of Turbine Main Shaft ...................................... 4
3. Parts of A Hydroelectric Plant .................................................................. 5
4. Pelton Turbine/ Wheels ............................................................................ 6
4.1. Main Parts Of A Pelton Wheel ............................................................. 6
4.2. Working Principle of Pelton Turbine ................................................... 6
5. Francis Turbine ........................................................................................ 7
5.1. Main Parts Of A Francis Turbine ......................................................... 7
5.2. Applications of Francis Turbine .......................................................... 8
5.3. Working Principle Of Francis Turbine ................................................. 9
6. Kaplan Turbine....................................................................................... 10
6.1. Main Parts Of A Kaplan Turbine........................................................ 10
6.2. Working Principle Of Kaplan Turbine ................................................ 11
6.3. Draft Tube ........................................................................................ 12
6.4. Governing of Turbines ...................................................................... 12
7. Deriaz Turbine ....................................................................................... 13
7.1. Advantage of Deriaz Turbine............................................................. 14

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1. What Are Hydraulic Machines?

 Machine which convert hydraulic energy (energy possessed by water)

into mechanical energy (which is further converted into electrical
energy) “turbine”

 Machine which convert mechanical energy into hydraulic Energy

“pump’’

2. Hydraulic Turbines

 Hydraulic Turbines have a row of blades fitted to the rotating shaft or

a rotating plate. Flowing liquid, mostly water, when pass through the
Hydraulic Turbine it strikes the blades of the turbine and makes the
shaft rotate. While flowing through the Hydraulic Turbine the velocity
and pressure of the liquid reduce, these result in the development of
torque and rotation of the turbine shaft.

 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines:

 Based on flow path

 Based on pressure change
 Based on head
 Based on specific speed
 Based on disposition of turbine main shaft

1.1. Based On Flow Path

 Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: This category of Hydraulic Turbines

has the flow path of the liquid mainly parallel to the axis of rotation.
Kaplan Turbines has liquid flow mainly in axial direction.

 Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: Such Hydraulic Turbines has the

liquid flowing mainly in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

 Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines: For most of the Hydraulic Turbines

used there is a significant component of both axial and radial flows.

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Such types of Hydraulic Turbines are called as Mixed Flow Turbines.

Francis Turbine is an example of mixed flow type, in Francis Turbine
water enters in radial direction and exits in axial direction.

1.2. Based On Pressure Change

 Impulse Turbine: The pressure of liquid does not change while

flowing through the rotor of the machine. In Impulse Turbines
pressure change occur only in nozzles of the machine.

 Example of impulse turbine: Pelton Wheel.

 Reaction Turbine: The pressure of liquid changes while it flows

through the rotor of the machine. The change in fluid velocity and
reduction in its pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades; this
is where from the name Reaction Turbine may have been derived.

 Examples: Francis and Kaplan Turbines fall in the category of

Reaction Turbines.

1.3. Based On Head

 High head turbine (Above 250 m) Pelton Turbine

 Medium head turbine (60 – 250 m) Francis Turbine

 Low head turbine (Below 60 m) Kaplan Turbine

1.4. Based On Specific Speed

 Specific speed Ns = N √P / H5/4

 Low specific speed (8.5 – 30) - Pelton Turbine

 Medium specific speed (50 – 340) - Francis Turbine

 High specific speed (255 – 860) - Kaplan Turbine

1.5. Based On Disposition Of Turbine Main Shaft

 Horizontal shaft

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 Vertical shaft

Figure -1 Layout Of A Hydro Electric Power Plant

3. Parts of A Hydroelectric Plant

 Dam.- Raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also
controls the flow of water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect,
stored energy.

 Turbine.- The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's

blades causes the turbine to spin. A water turbine is much like a
windmill, except the energy is provided by falling water instead of
wind. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy.

 Generator.- Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears so

when the turbine spins it causes the generator to spin also. Converts
the mechanical energy from the turbine into electric energy.
Generators in hydropower plants work just like the generators in
other types of power plants.

 Transmission lines.- Conduct electricity from the hydropower plant

to homes and business.

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4. Pelton Turbine/ Wheels

 Water strikes the vanes along tangent of the runner and the energy
available at the inlet of turbine is only kinetic energy, there fore is is a
tangential flow impulse turbine

 In a Pelton Turbine or Pelton Wheel water jets impact on the blades of

the turbine making the wheel rotate, producing torque and power.

4.1. Main Parts Of A Pelton Wheel

 Nozzle: It control the amount of water striking the vanes of the runner

 Casing: it is used to prevent splashing of water and plays no part in

power generation

 Runner with bucket: runner is a circular disc on the periphery of

which a number of evenly spaced bucket are fixed.

 Breaking jet: To stop the runner in short time breaking jet is used.

Figure -2 Diagrammatic View of Pelton Turbine

4.2. Working Principle of Pelton Turbine

 Water jets emerging strike the buckets at splitter and split into two.

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 Stream flow along the inner curve of the bucket and leave it in the
direction opposite to that of incoming jet.

 The high pressure water can be obtained from any water body
situated at some height or streams of water flowing down the hills.

 The change in momentum (direction as well as speed) of water stream

produces an impulse on the blades of the wheel of Pelton Turbine.
This impulse generates the torque and rotation in the shaft of Pelton
Turbine.

 Horizontal shaft - Not more than 2 jets are used and

 Vertical shaft - Larger no. of jets (up to 6) are used.

 Iron/Steel casing to prevent splashing of water and to lead water to

the tail race.

5. Francis Turbine

 1st hydraulic turbine with radial inflow.

 Water flow from outward to inward, k/a inward radial flow turbine.

 Francis turbine is a reaction turbine as the energy available at the

 inlet of the turbine is a combination of kinetic and pressure energy.

 Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting

reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate.

5.1. Main Parts Of A Francis Turbine

 Casing: The runner is completely enclosed in an air-tight spiral

casing. The casing and runner are always full of water.

 Guide mechanism: It consists of stationary circular wheel on which

stationary guide vanes are fixed. The guide vanes allow the water to
strike the vanes of the runner without shock at inlet.

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 Runner: Is a circular wheel on which a series of curved radial guide

vanes are fixed.

 Draft tube: It is used for discharging water from the outlet of the
runner to the tail race.

Figure -3 & 4 Parts of Francis Turbine

Schematic View of Francis Turbine

5.2. Applications of Francis Turbine

 Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows.

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 This, along with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely
used turbine in the world.

 Francis type units cover a head range from 40 to 600 m (130 to 2,000
ft), and their connected generator output power varies from just a few
kilowatts up to 800 MW.

 Large Francis turbines are individually designed for each site to

operate with the given water supply and water head at the highest
possible efficiency, typically Over 90%.

5.3. Working Principle Of Francis Turbine

 Francis Turbines are generally installed with their axis vertical.

 Water with high head (pressure) enters the turbine

through the

 spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes.

 The water looses a part of its pressure in the volute (spiral casing) to
maintain its speed.

 Then water passes through guide vanes where it is directed to strike

the blades on the runner at optimum angles. As the water flows
through the runner its pressure and angular momentum reduces.

 This reduction imparts reaction on the runner and power is

transferred to the turbine shaft.

 If the turbine is operating at the design conditions the water leaves

the runner in axial direction.

Water exits the turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a diffuser
and reduces the exit velocity of the flow to recover maximum energy from
the flowing water

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6. Kaplan Turbine

 Kalpan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine

 The water flows through the runner of the turbine in an axial direction
and the energy at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of kinetic and
pressure energy.

 In an axial flow reaction turbine the shaft is vertical.

 Lower end of shaft is k/a hub or boss.

 On the hub vanes are attached. If the vanes are adjustable then it is
k/a kalpan turbine, if vanes are not adjustable then is k/a propeller
turbine

 Best suited where large quantity of low head water is available.

 Kaplan Turbine has propeller like blades but works just reverse.
Instead of displacing the water axially using shaft power and creating
axial thrust, the axial force of water acts on the blades of Kaplan
Turbine and generating shaft power.

6.1. Main Parts Of A Kaplan Turbine

 Scroll casing
 Guide vane mechanism
 Hub with vanes
 Draft tube

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Figure -5 & 6 Schematic View of Kaplan Turbine

6.2. Working Principle Of Kaplan Turbine

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 The working head of water is low so large flow rates are allowed in the
Kaplan Turbine.

 The water enters the turbine through the guide vanes which are
aligned such as to give the flow a suitable degree of swirl determined
according to the rotor of the turbine.

 The flow from guide vanes pass through the curved passage which
forces the radial flow to axial direction with the initial swirl imparted
by the inlet guide vanes which is now in the form of free vortex.

 The axial flow of water with a component of swirl applies force on the
blades of the rotor and looses its momentum, both linear and
angular, producing torque and rotation (their product is power) in the
shaft.

 The scheme for production of hydroelectricity by Kaplan Turbine is

same as that for Francis Turbine.

6.3. Draft Tube

 It is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of

the runner with the tailrace.

 One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner
while the other end is submerged below the level of water in the
tailrace

 It creates a negative head at the outlet of the runner

 thereby increasing the net head on the turbine

 It converts a large proportion of rejected kinetic energy into useful

pressure energy

6.4. Governing of Turbines

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 It is the operation by which the speed of the turbine is kept constant

under all conditions of the working load. This is done automatically
by a governor which regulate the rate flow through the turbine
according to the changing load condition on the turbine.

 It is absolutely necessary if the turbine is coupled to an electric

generator which is required to run at constant speed under all
fluctuating load conditions

7. Deriaz Turbine

 A Deriaz turbine is a type of water turbine similar to a Kaplan turbine

but which has inclined blades to make it more suitable for higher
heads

 It is particularly suitable for the head range between 20 meters and

100 meters

 It is named after its inventor Paul Deriaz, a hydraulic designer, and

was the first kind of diagonal turbine to be developed.

 An early major Deriaz turbine system was installed at plants on both

the Canadian and U.S. sides of Niagara Falls.

 The Deriaz turbine is classified as a double-regulated, reaction,

mixed-flow turbine.

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Figure -7 Schematic View of Deriaz Turbine

7.1. Advantage of Deriaz Turbine

 Because the runner blades are adjustable, the Deriaz design offers a
number of other advantages:

1. smooth and efficient operation over a wide range of head and load;

2. uniform distribution of pressure and load across the blade (i.e., from
the casing to the mid-span to the hub);

3. freedom from development of cavitation across the entire operating

range.

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