Direct speech is a report of the exact words used by a speaker or writer.

Direct speech is usually placed inside quotation marks and accompanied by

a reporting verb, signal phrase, or quotative frame.

Direct & indirect speech consists of 3 types:

1. Statement
2. Command
3. Question

Changes needed from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech

1. To be & Auxiliary Verb

Direct Indirect

Am/ is/ are Was/ were

Shall/ will Should/ would

Can Could

May might

Must, have/ has to, ought to Had to

2. Time & place ( keterangan waktu dan tempat )

Direct Indirect

Now Then

Tomorrow The following day

Next week The following week

Tonight That night

Yesterday That day

Last night The day before

Here There
 This That

These Those

3. Tenses

Direct Indirect

Simple present Simple past

Simple past / present perfect Past perfect

Present continuous Past continuous

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

Simple future Past future

Sentence Form

1. Statement

In a direct speech, the word used in the main clause is not just said and told, but
can use words like suggested, admitted, advised, begged, ordered, promised,
replied, agreed. While in indirect sentence (indirect speech), need to add the word
"that" to connect the main clause (introduce phrase) with the clause (reported
words).

Pattern:

subject + said/said to/told + that + Reported words

* Mary told her friend : “I have been to Bali twice.” ( Direct speech )
– Mary told her friends that she had been to Bali twice. ( Indirect speech )

* Father said : “ I am going out of town tomorrow” . ( direct speech )

– Father said that he was going out of town the following day. ( Indirect speech )

* Mary told john : “ My father warned me last night “. ( Direct speech )

– Mary told John that her father had warned her the night before. ( Indirect speech )

* My sister said to me : “ I don’t like tennis” . ( Direct speech )

– My sister said to me that she didn’t like tennis. ( Indirect speech )
* Tom said : “ I didn’t go to school this morning “. ( Direct speech )
– Tom said that he hadn’t gone to school that morning. ( Indirect speech )

If the introductory sentence is simple present tense, then the sentence is reported to be
unchanged

* John says : “ I will go to Bandung tomorrow “. ( Direct speech )

– John says that he will go to Bandung tomorrow. ( Indirect speech )

* My Brother says: “I don’t like English”. ( Direct speech )

– My Brother says that he doesn’t like English. ( Indirect speech )

2. Command

Command can mean two things, that is telling and banning. Telling can mean doing
(being positive), while prohibiting can mean not doing (negative).

1. Positive Command

In the positive command we add to the front of his command sentence, as the
link between the introductory sentence and the command reported, the
introductory sentences of this type are

Subject + asked / told + to + infinitive

* He asked me : “ Open your book “. ( Direct speech )

– He asked me to open my book. ( Indirect speech )

* Mary told John : “ wait until I come”. ( direct speech )

– Mary told John to wait until she come. ( Indirect speech )

2. Negative Command

In the negative command we add not to in the front of the command that is
reported

* Syifa told Syamil : “ Don’t wait for me” ( Direct speech )

– Syifa told Syamil not to wait for her. ( Indirect speech )

* Father asked her : “ Don’t go there alone” ( Direct speech )

– Father asked her not to go there alone. ( Indirect speech )
 3. Question

If we ask directly (direct question) we use the words: where, when, why, what, who,
how, etc. then the words are used as a liaison in the reported speech, The question
being reported turns into a positive form. the introductory sentence is:

Subject + where/when/etc + asked + Positive Form

* The man asked me : “ Where do youlive ? “. ( Direct speech )

– The man asked me where I live. ( Indirect speech )

* Mary asked John : “ why do you get angry with me?”. ( direct speech )
– Mary asked John why he got angry with her . ( Indirect speech )

If the direct question does not use the question word, and is simply a question word
in the form of "yes & no question", then we use the words if, whether (= if, whether)
as a link between the introductory sentence and the question in report it.

* The boy asked John : “ Does mary live near here ?” ( Direct speech )
– The boy asked John if mary lived near there ?. ( Indirect speech )

REPORTED SPEECH / MIXED TYPE ( Jenis Gabungan )

Bila pertanyaan dan pertanyaan di gabung dalam Reported Speech maka kita menggunakan kata as
(= karena ) sebagai penghubung pada bagian kalimatpernyataan yang di laporkan, dalam hal
kalimat pernyataan tersebut di laporkan kemudian. perhatikanlah contoh – contoh berikut :

e.g
* She asked me : “ What is the time? my whatch has stopped “. ( Direct speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya : “ Jam berapa sekarang ? jam saya mati“.)
– She asked me what the time was as her watch had stopped. ( Indirect speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya jam berapa sekarang karena jam dia mati )

* Mary asked John : “ what is the matter with you? you don’t look well”. ( direct speech )
( Mary bertanya pada John : “ Ada apa denganmu ? kamu terlihat tidak baik ? “)
– Mary asked John what the matter was with him as he didn’t look well. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary bertanya kepada John ada apa dengan dia karena dia kelihatan tidak baik )

Bila dalam pernyataan langsung di sertai dengan jawaban Yes dan No, maka kita menggunakan kata
But sebagai penghubung untuk jawaban No, dan kata And sebagai penghubung kata Yes.

e.g
* She asked me : “ Will you go out with me? “ No, I won’t “. ( Direct speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya : “ maukah kamu pergi bersama saya ? tidak, saya tidak mau“.)
– She asked me if I would go out with her but I said I wouldn’t . ( Indirect speech )
( Dia bertanya pada saya apakah saya mau pergi bersamanya tetapi saya bilang saya tidak mau )

* Mary asked John : “ Did you phone me last night ? yes, I did”. ( direct speech )
( Mary bertanya pada John : “ Apakah kamu menelponku tadi malam? ya, saya menelponmu “)
– Mary asked John if he had phoned her the night before and he said he had. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary bertanya kepada John apakah dia menelponnya tadi malam dan dia berkata dia telah
melakukanya )
Direct & indirect with auxiliaries
Perhatikan perubahan- perubahan yang perlu dari Auxiliaries berikut :

Direct Indirect
was / were – Had been
can – could
may – might
must & have to – had to
must not – wasn’t to/ mustn’t
needn’t – didn’t have to

e.g
* Mary said : “ I was sick yesterday “. ( Direct speech )
( Mary berkata : “ saya sakit kemarin “.)
– Mary said that she had been sick the day before. ( Indirect speech )
( Mary berkata bahwa dia telah sakit kemarin)

* The man asked me : “ Can you speak English ? ”. ( direct speech )

( Seorang lelaki bertanya padaku : “ Apakah kamu bisa berbicara bahasa inggris? “)
– The man asked me if I could speak English. ( Indirect speech )
( Seorang lelaki bertanya padaku apakah aku dapat berbicara bahasa inggris ? )

* Mary said to john : “ You may come to my house tomorrow “. ( Direct speech )
( Mary berkata kepada John : “ kamu bisa datang ke rumahku besok “.)
– Mary said to John that he might come to her house the following day . ( Indirect speech )
( Mary berkata kepada John bahwa dia bisa datang ke rumahnya besok )

* Mother told John : “ You must study harder if you want to pass the exam ? ”. ( direct speech )
( Ibu berkata kepada John : “ Kamu harus belajar sungguh – sungguh jika ingin lulus ujian “)
– Mother Told John that he had to study harder if he wanted to pass the exam. ( Indirect speech )
( Ibu berkata pada John bahwa dia harus belajar dengan sungguh- sungguh jika dia ingin lulus ujian )

* The teacher told them : “ You needn’t hurry“. ( Direct speech )

( Guru berkata kepada mereka : “ Kalian tidak perlu tergesa- gesa “.)
– The teacher told them that they didn’t have to hurry. ( Indirect speech )