The Life and Numbers of Fibonacci

21/11/2019 The life and numbers of Fibonacci | plus.maths.
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The life and numbers of Fibonacci

By R.Knott and the Plus team (/content/list-by-author/R.Knott and the Plus team)
Submitted by plusadmin on November 4, 2013
Fibonacci is one of the most famous names in mathematics. This
would come as a surprise to Leonardo Pisano, the mathematician For a brief
we now know by that name. And he might have been equally introduction to the
surprised that he has been immortalised in the famous sequence – Fibonacci
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ... – rather than for what is considered his far sequence, see here
greater mathematical achievement – helping to popularise our (/content/fibonacci-
modern number system in the Latin-speaking world. sequence-brief-
introduction).
The Roman Empire left Europe with the Roman numeral system
which we still see, amongst other places, in the copyright notices
after films and TV programmes (2013 is MMXIII). The Roman numerals were not displaced until
the mid 13th Century AD, and Leonardo Pisano's book, Liber Abaci (which means "The Book of
Calculations"), was one of the first Western books to describe their eventual replacement.
Leonardo Pisano was born late in the twelfth century in Pisa, Italy: Pisano
in Italian indicated that he was from Pisa, in the same way Mancunian
indicates that I am from Manchester. His father was a merchant called
Guglielmo Bonaccio and it's because of his father's name that Leonardo
Pisano became known as Fibonacci. Centuries later, when scholars were
studying the hand written copies of Liber Abaci (as it was published before
printing was invented), they misinterpreted part of the title – "filius
Bonacci" meaning "son of Bonaccio" – as his surname, and Fibonacci was
born.
Leonardo Fibonacci
Fibonacci (as we'll carry on calling him) spent his childhood in North Africa
c1175-1250.
where his father was a customs officer. He was educated by the Moors and
travelled widely in Barbary (Algeria), and was later sent on business trips to Egypt, Syria,
Greece, Sicily and Provence. In 1200 he returned to Pisa and used the knowledge he had gained
on his travels to write Liber Abaci (published in 1202) in which he introduced the Latin-speaking
world to the decimal number system. The first chapter of Part 1 begins:
"These are the nine figures of the Indians: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. With these nine figures, and with
this sign 0 which in Arabic is called zephirum, any number can be written, as will be
demonstrated."
Italy at the time was made up of small independent towns and regions and this led to use of
many kinds of weights and money systems. Merchants had to convert from one to another
whenever they traded between these systems. Fibonacci wrote Liber Abaci for these merchants,
filled with practical problems and worked examples demonstrating how simply commercial and
mathematical calculations could be done with this new number system compared to the
unwieldy Roman numerals. The impact of Fibonacci's book as the beginning of the spread of
decimal numbers was his greatest mathematical achievement. However, Fibonacci is better
remembered for a certain sequence of numbers that appeared as an example in Liber Abaci.
The problem with rabbits
https://plus.maths.org/content/life-and-numbers-fibonacci 1/15
21/11/2019 The life and numbers of Fibonacci | plus.maths.org
One of the mathematical problems Fibonacci

investigated in Liber Abaci was about how fast
rabbits could breed in ideal circumstances.
Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits, one male,
one female, are put in a field. Rabbits are able
to mate at the age of one month so that at the
end of its second month a female can produce
another pair of rabbits. Suppose that our rabbits
never die and that the female always produces
one new pair (one male, one female) every
month from the second month on. The puzzle
that Fibonacci posed was... How many pairs will
there be in one year?
At the end of the first month, they mate, but

there is still only 1 pair.
At the end of the second month the female
produces a new pair, so now there are 2 pairs of
rabbits.
At the end of the third month, the original
female produces a second pair, making 3 pairs
in all.
At the end of the fourth month, the original
female has produced yet another new pair, the
female born two months ago produced her first
A page of Fibonacci's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca
Nazionale di Firenze (http://www.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/) pair also, making 5 pairs.
showing the Fibonacci sequence (in the box on the right)."
Now imagine that there are pairs of rabbits
after months. The number of pairs in month will be (in this problem, rabbits never
die) plus the number of new pairs born. But new pairs are only born to pairs at least 1 month
old, so there will be new pairs. So we have
which is simply the rule for generating the Fibonacci numbers: add the last two to get the next.
Following this through you'll find that after 12 months (or 1 year), there will be 233 pairs of
rabbits.
Bees are better

The rabbit problem is obviously very contrived, but the Fibonacci sequence does occur in real
populations. Honeybees provide an example. In a colony of honeybees there is one special
female called the queen. The other females are worker bees who, unlike the queen bee, produce
no eggs. The male bees do no work and are called drone bees.
Males are produced by the queen's unfertilised eggs, so male bees only have a mother but no
father. All the females are produced when the queen has mated with a male and so have two
parents. Females usually end up as worker bees but some are fed with a special substance
called royal jelly which makes them grow into queens ready to go off to start a new colony when
the bees form a swarm and leave their home (a hive) in search of a place to build a new nest.
So female bees have two parents, a male and a female whereas male bees have just one
parent, a female.
Let's look at the family tree of a male drone bee.

He has 1 parent, a female.

He has 2 grandparents, since his mother had two
parents, a male and a female.
He has 3 great-grandparents: his grandmother had two
parents but his grandfather had only one.
How many great-great-grandparents did he have?
Again we see the Fibonacci numbers :
great- great-great- great-great-great-

Number of parents grandparents
grandparents grandparents grandparents
of a MALE bee 1 2 3 5 8
of a FEMALE bee2 3 5 8 13
Spirals and shells

Bee populations aren't the only place in nature where Fibonacci numbers
occur, they also appear in the beautiful shapes of shells. To see this, let's
build up a picture starting with two small squares of size 1 next to each other.
On top of both of these draw a square of size 2 (=1+1). We can now draw a
new square – touching both one of the unit squares and the latest square of
side 2 – so having sides 3 units long; and then another touching both the 2-
square and the 3-square (which has sides of 5 units). We can continue adding
squares around the picture, each new square having a side which is as long
as the sum of the latest two square's sides. This set of rectangles whose sides are two
successive Fibonacci numbers in length and which are composed of squares with sides which are
Fibonacci numbers, we will call the Fibonacci Rectangles.
If we now draw a quarter of a circle in each square, we can build up a sort of spiral.
The spiral is not a true mathematical spiral (since it is made up of fragments which
are parts of circles and does not go on getting smaller and smaller) but it is a good
approximation to a kind of spiral that does appear often in nature. Such spirals are
seen in the shape of shells of snails and sea shells. The image below of a cross-
section of a nautilus shell shows the spiral curve of the shell and the internal
chambers that the animal using it adds on as it grows. The chambers provide
buoyancy in the water.
Fibonacci numbers also appear in plants and flowers. Some plants branch in such a way that
they always have a Fibonacci number of growing points. Flowers often have a Fibonacci number
of petals, daisies can have 34, 55 or even as many as 89 petals!
A particularly beautiful appearance of fibonacci numbers is in the spirals of seeds in a seed

head. The next time you see a sunflower, look at the arrangements of the seeds at its centre.
They appear to be spiralling outwards both to the left and the right.
At the edge of this picture of a sunflower, if you count those curves of seeds spiralling to the left
as you go outwards, there are 55 spirals. At the same point there are 34 spirals of seeds
spiralling to the right. A little further towards the centre and you can count 34 spirals to the left
and 21 spirals to the right. The pair of numbers (counting spirals curving left and curving right)
are (almost always) neighbours in the Fibonacci series.
The same happens in many seed and flower heads in nature. The reason seems to be that this
arrangement forms an optimal packing of the seeds so that, no matter how large the seed head,
they are uniformly packed at any stage, all the seeds being the same size, no crowding in the
centre and not too sparse at the edges.
Nature seems to use the same pattern to arrange petals around the edge of a flower and to
place leaves round a stem. What is more, all of these maintain their efficiency as the plant
continues to grow and that's a lot to ask of a single process! So just how do plants grow to
maintain this optimality of design?
Golden growth
Botanists have shown that plants grow from a single tiny group of cells right at the tip of any
growing plant, called the meristem. There is a separate meristem at the end of each branch or
twig where new cells are formed. Once formed, they grow in size, but new cells are only formed
at such growing points. Cells earlier down the stem expand and so the growing point rises. Also,
these cells grow in a spiral fashion: it's as if the meristem turns by an angle, produces a new
cell, turns again by the same angle, produces a new cell, and so on. These cells may then
become a seed, a new leaf, a new branch, or perhaps on a flower become petals and stamens.
The leaves here are numbered in turn – each is exactly 0.618 of a clockwise
turn (222.5°) from the previous one.
The amazing thing is that a single fixed angle of rotation can produce the optimal design no
matter how big the plant grows. The principle that a single angle produces uniform packings no
matter how much growth appears was suspected as early as last century but only proved
mathematically in 1993 by Stéphane Douady (http://www.lps.ens.fr/~douady/) and Yves
Couder (http://www.msc.univ-paris-diderot.fr/spip.php?rubrique140&lang=en), two French
mathematicians. Making 0.618 of a turn before producing a new seed (or leaf, petal, etc)
produces the optimal packing of seeds no matter the size of the seed head. But where does this
magic number 0.618 come from?
The golden ratio

If we take the ratio of two successive numbers in Fibonacci's series, dividing each by the
number before it, we will find the following series of numbers:
1/1 = 1, 2/1 = 2, 3/2 = 1.5, 5/3 = 1.666..., 8/5 = 1.6, 13/8 = 1.625, 21/13 = 1.61538...
If you plot a graph of these values you'll see that they seem to be tending to a limit, which we
call the golden ratio (also known as the golden number and golden section).
Ratio of successive Fibonacci terms.
It has a value of ( approximately 1.618034) and is often represented by a Greek

letter Phi, written as . The closely related value which we write as , a lowercase phi, is just
the decimal part of Phi, namely 0.618034... ( ), the number that accounts for the
spirals in the seedheads and the arrangements of leaves in many plants. But why do we see phi
in so many plants?
The number Phi (1.618034...), and therefore also phi (0.618034...), are irrational numbers:
they can't be written as a simple fraction. Let's see what would happen if the meristem in a
seed head instead turned by some simpler number, for example the fraction 1/2. After two turns
through half of a circle we would be back to where the first seed was produced. Over time,
turning by half a turn between seeds would produce a seed head with two arms radiating from a
central point, leaving lots of wasted space.
A seed head produced by 0.5=1/2

turns between seeds: alternate seeds
line up.
A seed head produced by A seed head produced by

0.48=12/25 turns between 0.6=3/5 turns between
seeds: the seeds form two seeds: the seeds form 5
revolving arms. straight arms.
Something similar happens for any other simple fraction of a turn:

seeds grow in spiral arms that leave a lot of space between them
(the number of arms is the denominator of the fraction). So the best
value for the turns between seeds will be an irrational number. But
not just any irrational number will do. For example, the seed head
created with pi turns per seed seems to have seven spiralling arms
of seeds. This is because 22/7 is a very good rational approximation
of pi.
What is needed in order not to waste space is an irrational number Pi turns between seeds produces
that is not well approximated by a rational number. And it turns out seven spiralling arms
that Phi (1.618034...) and its decimal part phi (0.618034...) are the "most irrational" of all
irrational numbers. (You can find out why in Chaos in number land: the secret life of continued
fractions (/content/chaos-numberland-secret-life-continued-fractions).) This is why a turn of Phi
gives the optimal packing of seeds and leaves in plants. It also explains why the Fibonacci
numbers appear in the leaf arrangements and as the number of spirals in seedheads. Adjacent
Fibonacci numbers give the best approximations of the golden ratio. They take turns at being
the denominator of the approximations and define the number or spirals as the seed heads
increase in size.
How did so many plants discover this beautiful and useful number, Phi? Obviously not from
solving the maths as Fibonacci did. Instead we assume that, just as the ratio of successive
Fibonacci numbers eventually settles on the golden ratio, evolution gradually settled on the right
number too. The legacy of Leonardo Pisano, aka Fibonacci, lies in the heart of every flower, as
well as in the heart of our number system.
Further Reading
If you have enjoyed this article you might like to visit Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden
Section (http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fib.html).
About this article

This article is based on material written by Dr R. Knott
(http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/), who was
previously a lecturer in the Department of Computing Studies at the
University of Surrey. Knott started the website on Fibonacci Numbers
and the Golden Section (http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-
sites/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fib.html) back in 1996 as an experiment at
using the web to inspire and encourage more maths investigations both
inside and outside of school time. It has since grown and now covers
many other subjects, all with interactive elements and online
calculators. Although now retired, Knott still maintains and extends the
web pages. He is currently a Visiting Fellow at the University of Surrey
and gives talks all over the country to schools, universities, conferences and maths societies. He
also likes walking, mathematical recreations, growing things to eat and cooking them.
Add new comment (/content/comment/reply/2148#comment-form)
Comments
Very interesting stuff thank
(/content/comment/2403#comment-2403)
Permalink (/content/comment/2403#comment-2403) Submitted by Anonymous on May 4, 2011
Very interesting stuff thank you

reply (/content/comment/reply/2148/2403)
Fibonacci (/content/comment/2488#comment-2488)
Permalink (/content/comment/2488#comment-2488) Submitted by Anonymous on June 6, 2011
Interesting, indeed! Now I know where the producers of the iq tests got their
number series questions.
Fibonacci sequence
Its in fact the golden mean sequence used in sacred geometry. Phi is what
Fibonacci used to make the mathmatical formula. He didn't invent the
pattern itself. That was brought here. This pattern will be above us
cosmicly to view in 2012.
Fibonacci sequence
Permalink (/content/comment/2964#comment-2964) Submitted by Anonymous on November
19, 2011
Please tell more- what do you mean above us? Exactl;y when will
this occur? I love this stuff!
love maths
(/content/comment/4143#comment-
4143)
Permalink (/content/comment/4143#comment-4143) Submitted by Anonymous on
February 17, 2013
Ive got a maths homework to research famous

mathmaticians and do a presentation on one and I chose
fibonacci . this has really helped me thanks a lot
So when did we see this

Permalink (/content/comment/4020#comment-4020) Submitted by Anonymous on January
11, 2013
So when did we see this pattern, it's 2013 now and i didn't hear
anything about this??
Jane @ Arraial d'Ajuda
Thank you. This was the most

Permalink (/content/comment/4524#comment-4524) Submitted by Anonymous on August 2, 2013
Thank you. This was the most complete report I have read on the Fibonacci. I
needed this. (http://thebestinwebhosting.wordpress.com/)
cryptography (/content/comment/2518#comment-2518)
Creating the code for secret messages to-day, how would it look like using the Fibonacci
sequence and the encryption at Kryptos (CIA) super imposed on a Mobius circle? Any one,
who comes up with a solution will be acknowledged in my new novel Thanks.
SIR My name is saksham goyal

Permalink (/content/comment/2603#comment-2603) Submitted by Anonymous on July 12, 2011
SIR
My name is saksham goyal from india. we could code like this:
1st letter a as 3rd fibonacci term 1

2nd letter b as 4th fibonacci term 2
for spaces we can use 0
for very long number such as 75025 (26th for z) we can use 7+5+0+2+5 = 19
in case for same sums like 75025 and 2584(18th) we can either right full number
or write 19 to base 18 or to base 26(i.e. in sub script)
in case you like this..............plz email me on sakshamgoyal06@yahoo.com

(mailto:sakshamgoyal06@yahoo.com)
crypros (/content/comment/3839#comment-3839)
Permalink (/content/comment/3839#comment-3839) Submitted by Anonymous on November 17, 2012
well worth thinking. Indeed it crossed from my mind when I was composing a short
story.ı would say non verbal signals such as musical tones would be my choice and
a good ear training of course.
good luck.
I knew about "The Golden

Permalink (/content/comment/2980#comment-2980) Submitted by Anonymous on December 1, 2011
I knew about "The Golden ratio" before but never understand how and why this is applicable
in "Fibonacci Sequence"...
Thanks a lot for your explanation... . Also nature loves Mathematics and it is again proved by
your example.
Report (/content/comment/3198#comment-3198)
Permalink (/content/comment/3198#comment-3198) Submitted by Anonymous on March 18, 2012
this helped me understand more about Fibonacci and his sequence of numbers for my report
on him.. thanks :)
Hybrid Fibonacci number sequence

for those that think the Fibonacci number(Fn) sequence is just a coincidence there are
MANY"non" math equations and sums on the "insides".For example by combining 3
consecutive Fn creates a new Hybrid Fibonacci number that still sums in a
sequence!!...btw...a "0"* is added where needed.
ex 0,1,1,2,3,5,8 become
011,112,123,235,358 etc
011+112=123
112+123=235
123+235=358
20305+30508=50813*
30508+50813=81321*
5813 +81321=132134
81321+132134=213455
132134+213455=345589
21034055+34055089=55089144*
this works forwards and backwards. It also works with the "sister" Lucas
numbers(Ln)sequence and of course adding 2 hybrid Fn equals a hybrid Ln and all it's
variations......and yes ....they still sum to the golden ratio!!.The Fn are the most unique
sequence there is.IMO it is the key to everything.
asking for more info

Hi, I like to study Fibonacci numbers and would like to ask you more about this
comment, if you don't mind....pls contact me
linelites 'at' gmail.com
thanks
Your site was a saviour to me

Permalink (/content/comment/4536#comment-4536) Submitted by Anonymous on August 5, 2013
Your site was a saviour to me and my project partner we had researched about why Fibonacci
had formed this sort of formula. Thanks A Lot
You (/content/comment/8715#comment-8715)
You know who else is your savior? the author of this article.
Fibonacci numbers (/content/comment/4616#comment-4616)

Permalink (/content/comment/4616#comment-4616) Submitted by Anonymous on September 9, 2013
Fibonacci sequence is interesting.

For fun and learning, I did some c++ codes for it here:
http://cppstudent.blogspot.com/2013/09/fibonacci-using-recursion.html
(http://cppstudent.blogspot.com/2013/09/fibonacci-using-recursion.html)
Fibonacci's "Liber Abaci" and "casting out the nines"

Fibonacci also described the method of "casting out the nines" (to check the accuracy of
arithmetical calculations) in his book "Liber Abaci" in 1202. See
http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1382001/One-sma...
(http://www.significancemagazine.org/details/webexclusive/1382001/One-small-step-for-
error-detection.html)
Doubt (/content/comment/5823#comment-5823)
What are the 2 major works of Fibonacci?

Why this number appears

Permalink (/content/comment/6561#comment-6561) Submitted by Anonymous on July 9, 2015
Hello,
It has been already seen that the Fibonacci sequence or Golden ratio appears in the Nature
as we can see in many examples.
However, I would like to know if there is an explanation why this specific number appears ? Is
there any plausible mathematical explanation to it ? Why nature chosen this constant number
?
Thanks.
Actually there is. If you go

Actually there is. If you go on youtube and search up Vi Hart, go and watch her
videos on Fibonacci and plants. But basically plants have a hormone that tells them
to grow and they grow away from each other if you look at the picture i the article
above you can see that happen. And It just so happens that it happens in fibonacci
numbers. Vi Hart's videos will explain it in more depth.
Hope this helps!

The explanation is in the

Permalink (/content/comment/6930#comment-6930) Submitted by Marianne on November 26, 2015
The explanation is in the last paragraphs of this article. It is connected to the

irrationality of phi.
The kind of number system Europe used before Fibonacci

introduce (/content/comment/7131#comment-7131)
Permalink (/content/comment/7131#comment-7131) Submitted by Anonymous on February 5, 2016
What was the kind of number system Europe used before Fibonacci introduced the new
number system
Roman Numerals (/content/comment/7336#comment-

7336)
Permalink (/content/comment/7336#comment-7336) Submitted by Anonymous on April 6, 2016
It was the Roman Numeral System which was very messy when doing long
calculations
this piece (/content/comment/7568#comment-7568)

Permalink (/content/comment/7568#comment-7568) Submitted by roy on June 21, 2016
A true romantic discourese on Fibinacci numbers, excellent.

Great (/content/comment/7666#comment-7666)
Permalink (/content/comment/7666#comment-7666) Submitted by Anynonymus on August 18, 2016
This was extremely helpful thanks!!!!

Fibonacci Sequence (/content/comment/7796#comment-

7796)
Permalink (/content/comment/7796#comment-7796) Submitted by Bedazzle on October 18, 2016
How was the mathematical rule for the Fibonacci patter was derived?
A question about rabbits (/content/comment/8219#comment-

8219)
Permalink (/content/comment/8219#comment-8219) Submitted by Stephen Bartels on May 19, 2017
In this paragraph:
"Now imagine that there are $x_ n$ pairs of rabbits after $n$ months. The number of pairs in
month $n+1$ will be $x_ n$ (in this problem, rabbits never die) plus the number of new
pairs born. But new pairs are only born to pairs at least 1 month old, so there will be $x_{n-
1}$ new pairs."
You say that new pairs are only born to pairs at least 1 month old but is this correct? Earlier
you state that pairs can mate at 1 month but only produce new pairs at 2 months. Therefor
new pairs are only born to pairs at least 2 months old (not 1 month old). If this is so, how
does it affect your formula?
Thanks
Fibonecci sequence (/content/comment/8344#comment-

8344)
Permalink (/content/comment/8344#comment-8344) Submitted by ALAA on August 4, 2017
Hi, I think that I discovered a new sequence related to Fibonacci sequence:

You might knew that the Fibonacci sequence starts with 0 and 1 and the following number is
the sum of the previous 2; every time you go further in the sequence, the ratio of two
consecutive numbers be nearer to the golden ratio (phi). But you can start with any two
numbers not only 0 and 1 for example (2, 6; 490, 10; 56, 56...etc.) or two similar numbers
and the ratio of two consecutive numbers is also the golden ratio. If we think deeper, we can
start with phi and phi as the first two numbers and the ratio of two consecutive numbers (if
you choose them far away from the beginning) is also approximately phi. But if you look on
the numbers of this sequence, an amazing pattern appear. The first 4 or 5 numbers are
ordinary but the 5th or 6th numbers are the beginning of the pattern. The digits after the
decimal point of these numbers is as following:
0,9,0,9,0,99,00,99,00,99,000,999,000… and so on!!!
maths (/content/comment/8711#comment-8711)
Permalink (/content/comment/8711#comment-8711) Submitted by matus hromec on March 2, 2018
one of the best articles that i ever read

Fibonacci Retracements (/content/comment/8976#comment-

8976)
Permalink (/content/comment/8976#comment-8976) Submitted by Rajan L on October 14, 2018
Hi can you explain Fibonacci Retracements and how they work?

Fibonacci retracement
Permalink (/content/comment/9097#comment-9097) Submitted by Liam Morris on January 7, 2019
In reply to the man's question 10/18, about Fibonacci retracement, this is an

expression in the investment industry referring to the % of a recent movement in
an investment's market price that is 'retraced' after a recognized reversal in the
security's price. Technical analysts within the investment management world use
the Fibonacci ratio, and variations, to aid in forecasting the probability of the 'next
turn' in the dynamic market price of a specified security or market index. It is only
one of many types of calculations and geometric observations investment analysts
use in forecasting 'probable' turning points (or reversals) in investment prices.
For example, if stock A's recent price movement was downward by $10, before it
turned, or bounced, then the 'retracement' of the $10 is what is monitored with
Fibonacci ratios to determine the next possible reversal of the stock price. In this
example, if one utilizes the most popular Fibonacci ratio of .618, then the
retracement of the $10 in our example might be be $6.18, the amount the
security's price may advance before reversing again, as in a stair step formation. As
most people are aware, stock market prices don't go straight up or down over time;
they go up and down in a stair-step fashion, and it's the Fibonacci ratios that help
analysts determine these possible change in the current trend.
In the real world, investments don't turn on the Fibonacci-calculated pricing, but
they do seem to turn at certain variations of the Fibonacci ratios, ie, the square
root of .618, or Fib squared, or even the reciprocal of Fib compared to 1, ie, .382
(1- .618). None of the various Fib ratios do not guarantee a turning point in a
stock's price, but they identify possible pricing points, that wouldn't exist otherwise.
It's not certain when the Leonardo's famous ratio started to be utilized in the
investment industry, but that would be something to investigate.
Liam Morris
Fib Fan
Fibonacci number (/content/comment/8982#comment-8982)

Permalink (/content/comment/8982#comment-8982) Submitted by V.S.Gopalakrishnan on October 15, 2018
Actually Fibonacci number was nothing original. When he was in North Africa, he studied
translated ancient Indian mathematical books from which he learnt the concept. After he
went back to Italy, Europe called the numbers Fibonacci numbers.

The Life and Numbers of Fibonacci

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21/11/2019 The life and numbers of Fibonacci | plus.maths.

The life and numbers of Fibonacci

The problem with rabbits

One of the mathematical problems Fibonacci

At the end of the first month, they mate, but

Bees are better

Let's look at the family tree of a male drone bee.

He has 1 parent, a female.

great- great-great- great-great-great-

Spirals and shells

A particularly beautiful appearance of fibonacci numbers is in the spirals of seeds in a seed

The golden ratio

Ratio of successive Fibonacci terms.

It has a value of ( approximately 1.618034) and is often represented by a Greek

A seed head produced by 0.5=1/2

A seed head produced by A seed head produced by

Something similar happens for any other simple fraction of a turn:

About this article

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Very interesting stuff thank you

Ive got a maths homework to research famous

So when did we see this

Thank you. This was the most

Permalink (/content/comment/4524#comment-4524) Submitted by Anonymous on August 2, 2013

SIR My name is saksham goyal

1st letter a as 3rd fibonacci term 1

for spaces we can use 0

in case you like this..............plz email me on sakshamgoyal06@yahoo.com

I knew about "The Golden

Hybrid Fibonacci number sequence

asking for more info

Your site was a saviour to me

Permalink (/content/comment/4536#comment-4536) Submitted by Anonymous on August 5, 2013

Fibonacci numbers (/content/comment/4616#comment-4616)

Fibonacci sequence is interesting.

Fibonacci's "Liber Abaci" and "casting out the nines"

What are the 2 major works of Fibonacci?

Why this number appears

Actually there is. If you go

Hope this helps!

The explanation is in the

The explanation is in the last paragraphs of this article. It is connected to the

The kind of number system Europe used before Fibonacci

Roman Numerals (/content/comment/7336#comment-

this piece (/content/comment/7568#comment-7568)

Permalink (/content/comment/7568#comment-7568) Submitted by roy on June 21, 2016

A true romantic discourese on Fibinacci numbers, excellent.

This was extremely helpful thanks!!!!

Fibonacci Sequence (/content/comment/7796#comment-

A question about rabbits (/content/comment/8219#comment-

Fibonecci sequence (/content/comment/8344#comment-

Hi, I think that I discovered a new sequence related to Fibonacci sequence:

one of the best articles that i ever read

Fibonacci Retracements (/content/comment/8976#comment-

Hi can you explain Fibonacci Retracements and how they work?

In reply to the man's question 10/18, about Fibonacci retracement, this is an

Fibonacci number (/content/comment/8982#comment-8982)

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