ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE &
MACHINE
LEARNING
By MD Tashin Ahamed
Student id : 5035190132
School of iot
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) is a multidisciplinary field whose goal is to automate activities
that presently require human intelligence. Recent successes in A.I. include
computerized medical diagnosticians and systems that automatically customize
hardware to particular user requirements. The major problem areas addressed in A.I.
can be summarized as Perception, Manipulation, Reasoning, Communication, and
Learning. Perception is concerned with building models of the physical world from
sensory input (visual, audio, etc.). Manipulation is concerned with articulating
appendages (e.g., mechanical arms, locomotion devices) in order to effect a desired
state in the physical world. Reasoning is concerned with higher level cognitive functions
such as planning, drawing inferential conclusions from a world model, diagnosing,
designing, etc. Communication treats the problem understanding and conveying
information through the use of language. Finally, Learning treats the problem of
automatically improving system performance over time based on the system's
experience. Many important technical concepts have arisen from A.I. that unify these
diverse problem areas and that form the foundation of the scientific discipline.
Generally, A.I. systems function based on a Knowledge Base of facts and rules that
characterize the system's domain of proficiency. The elements of a Knowledge Base
consist of independently valid (or at least plausible) chunks of information. The system
must automatically organize and utilize this information to solve the specific problems
that it encounters. This organization process can be generally characterized as a
Search directed toward specific goals. The search is made complex because of the
need to determine the relevance of information and because of the frequent occurence
of uncertain and ambiguous data. Heuristics provide the A.I. system with a mechanism
for focusing its attention and controlling its searching processes. The necessarily
adaptive organization of A.I. systems yields the requirement for A.I. computational
Architectures. All knowledge utilized by the system must be represented within such an
architecture. The acquisition and encoding of real-world knowledge into A.I. architecture
comprises the subfield of Knowledge Engineering.
Artificial Intelligence
 WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR AI ?
In computer science artificial intelligence sometimes called machine intelligence, is
intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed
by humans. AI also wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building
smart machines capable of performing tasks the typically require human intelligence. AI
is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but advancements in machine
learning and deep learning are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of
the tech industry. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech
recognition and machine vision.

AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is
an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal
assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI. Strong AI, also known as
artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human cognitive abilities.
When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution
without human intervention.
  HOW DOES AI WORK & HOW IT USED

 How Artificial Intelligence Works

AI works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and
intelligent algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or
features in the data. AI is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods
and technologies, as well as the following major subfields:

 Machine learning automates analytical model building. It uses methods from neural
networks, statistics, operations research and physics to find hidden insights in data
without explicitly being programmed for where to look or what to conclude.

 A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected units

(like neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying
information between each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the data to find
connections and derive meaning from undefined data.

 Deep learning uses huge neural networks with many layers of processing units, taking
advantage of advances in computing power and improved training techniques to learn

in large amounts of data. Common applications include image and speech recognition.

 Cognitive computing is a subfield of AI that strives for a natural, human-like interaction

with machines. Using AI and cognitive computing, the ultimate goal is for a machine to
simulate human processes through the ability to interpret images and speech – and
then speak coherently in response.

 Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what’s in
a picture or video. When machines can process, analyze and understand images, they
can capture images or videos in real time and interpret their surroundings.

 Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to analyze, understand

and generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural
language interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers using
normal, everyday language to perform tasks.

Additionally, several technologies enable and support AI:

 Graphical processing units are key to AI because they provide the heavy compute
power that’s required for iterative processing. Training neural networks requires big data
plus compute power.

 The Internet of Things generates massive amounts of data from connected devices,
most of it unanalyzed. Automating models with AI will allow us to use more of it.

 Advanced algorithms are being developed and combined in new ways to analyze
more data faster and at multiple levels. This intelligent processing is key to identifying
and predicting rare events, understanding complex systems and optimizing unique
scenarios.

 APIs, or application programming interfaces, are portable packages of code

that make it possible to add AI functionality to existing products and software packages.
They can add image recognition capabilities to home security systems and Q&A
capabilities that describe data, create captions and headlines, or call out interesting
patterns and insights in data.

In summary, the goal of AI is to provide software that can reason on input and explain
on output. AI will provide human-like interactions with software and offer decision
support for specific tasks, but it’s not a replacement for humans – and won’t be anytime
soon.
  MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the
ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly
programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer
programs that can access data and use it learn for themselves.

The process of learning begins with observations or data, such as examples, direct
experience, or instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make better decisions

in the future based on the examples that we provide. The primary aim is to allow the
computers learn automatically without human intervention or assistance and adjust
actions accordingly.

SOME MACHINE METHODS

MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS ARE OFTEN CATEGIZED AS SUPERVISED

LEARNING

or unsupervised.

 Supervised machine learning algorithms can apply what has been learned in
the past to new data using labeled examples to predict future events. Starting
from the analysis of a known training dataset, the learning algorithm produces an
inferred function to make predictions about the output values. The system is able
to provide targets for any new input after sufficient training. The learning
algorithm can also compare its output with the correct, intended output and find
errors in order to modify the model accordingly.

In contrast,

 unsupervised machine learning algorithms are used when the

information used to train is neither classified nor labeled. Unsupervised
learning studies how systems can infer a function to describe a hidden
structure from unlabeled data. The system doesn’t figure out the right
output, but it explores the data and can draw inferences from datasets to
describe hidden structures from unlabeled data.
  Semi-
supervised
machine
learning

algorithms fall somewhere in between supervised and unsupervised learning,

since they use both labeled and unlabeled data for training – typically a small
amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. The systems that
use this method are able to considerably improve learning accuracy. Usually,
semi-supervised learning is chosen when the acquired labeled data requires
skilled and relevant resources in order to train it / learn from it. Otherwise,
acquiringunlabeled data generally doesn’t require additional resources.

 Reinforcement machine learning algorithms is a learning method that interacts

with its environment by producing actions and discovers errors or rewards. Trial and
error search and delayed reward are the most relevant characteristics of
reinforcement learning. This method allows machines and software agents to
automatically determine the ideal behavior within a specific context in order to
maximize its performance. Simple reward feedback is required for the agent to learn
which action is best; this is known as the reinforcement signal.
Machine learning enables analysis of massive quantities of data. While it generally
delivers faster, more accurate results in order to identify profitable opportunities or
dangerous risks, it may also require additional time and resources to train it properly.
Combining machine learning with AI and cognitive technologies can make it even more
effective in processing large volumes of information
  DEEP LEARNING

 What is Deep Learning ?

 How does it work ?

The Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches computers to do what
comes naturally to humans: learn by example. Deep learning is a key technology behind
driverless cars, enabling them to recognize a stop sign, or to distinguish a pedestrian
from a lamppost. It is the key to voice control in consumer devices like phones, tablets,
 TVs, and hands-free speakers. Deep learning is getting lots of attention lately and for
good reason. It’s achieving results that were not possible before.

In deep learning, a computer model learns to perform classification tasks directly from
images, text, or sound. Deep learning models can achieve state-of-the-art accuracy,
sometimes exceeding human-level performance. Models are trained by using a large
set of labeled data and neural network architectures that contain many layers.

Most deep learning methods use neural network architectures, which is why deep
learning models are often referred to as deep neural networks.

The term “deep” usually refers to the number of hidden layers in the neural network.
Traditional neural networks only contain 2-3 hidden layers, while deep networks can
have as many as 150.

Deep learning models are trained by using large sets of labeled data and neural
network architectures that learn features directly from the data without the need for
manual feature extraction.
  NEURAL NETWORK

A neural network is a network or circuit of neurons, or in a modern sense, an artificial

neural network, composed of artificial neurons or nodes.[1] Thus a neural network is
either a biological neural network, made up of real biological neurons, or an artificial
neural network, for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems. The connections of the
biological neuron are modeled as weights. A positive weight reflects an excitatory
connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified
by a weight and summed. This activity is referred as a linear combination. Finally, an
activation function controls the amplitude of the output. For example, an acceptable
range of output is usually between 0 and 1, or it could be −1 and 1.
These artificial networks may be used for predictive modeling, adaptive control and
applications where they can be trained via a dataset. Self-learning resulting from
experience can occur within networks, which can derive conclusions from a complex
and seemingly unrelated set of information

A SIMPLE NEURAL NETWORK

  How Artificial Intelligence Is Being Used
Every industry has a high demand for AI capabilities – especially question answering
systems that can be used for legal assistance, patent searches, risk notification and
medical research. Other uses of AI include:

 HEALTH CARE

AI applications can provide personalized medicine and X-ray readings. Personal health
care assistants can act as life coaches, reminding you to take your pills, exercise or eat
healthier.

 RETAIL

AI provides virtual shopping capabilities that offer personalized recommendations and

discuss purchase options with the consumer. Stock management and site layout
technologies will also be improved with AI.

 MANUFACTURING

AI can analyze factory IoT data as it streams from connected equipment to forecast
expected load and demand using recurrent networks, a specific type of deep learning
network used with sequence data.

 BANKING

Artificial Intelligence enhances the speed, precision and effectiveness of human efforts.
In financial institutions, AI techniques can be used to identify which transactions are
likely to be fraudulent, adopt fast and accurate credit scoring, as well as automate
manually intense data management tasks.

E
m
  Robots and Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is arguably the most exciting field in robotics. It's certainly the
most controversial: Everybody agrees that a robot can work in an assembly line, but
there's no consensus on whether a robot can ever be intelligent.

Like the term "robot" itself, artificial intelligence is hard to define. Ultimate AI would be a
recreation of the human thought process -- a man-made machine with our intellectual

abilities. This would

include the ability to learn just about anything, the ability to reason, the ability to use
language and the ability to formulate original ideas. Roboticists are nowhere near
achieving this level of artificial intelligence, but they have made a lot of progress with
more limited AI. Today's AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual
ability.

 Intelligent sensors

An intelligent sensor is able to detect conditions and respond to them. Intelligent

sensors should not be confused with smart sensors, where "smart" refers to being
technologically advanced. A smart sensor may have advanced features, but it does not
have conditional functions which make it "intelligent."
An intelligent sensor is capable of managing its functions as a result of stimulus from
external functions (outside environment). This shows that an intelligent sensor has the
architecture of advanced learning, adaptation and signal processing, all in one
integrated circuit. An intelligent sensor requires specialized hardware called signal
conditioning circuitry to monitor and control itself and other appliances.

 Computerized Monitoring Systems

Computerized monitoring systems facilitate the acquisition, storage, and retrieval of

multiple vital parameters, which allow for rapid clinical decision making and more timely
patient management. However, computerized monitoring systems can only augment,
not replace, direct patient observations and care by nursing personnel. To provide the
most effective care for patients, nurses must become proficient in the use of the
advanced technology of computerized monitoring systems but also retain the
humanistic "caring" quality.
  Artificial Intelligence Automatic Control
& Development
A survey is given on new impacts of artificial intelligence on automatic control. Artificial
intelligence offers its tools to automatic control at two decision points: input and control.
Visual, voice and information pattern as inputs to control systems are treated, especially
for quality control, medical applications. A glimpse on expert systems illuminates the
possibilities of automated dispatcher and other decision making. New algorithms solving
very complex problems offer several possibilities. A short report on the intelligent robot
program of the author's group is given and as a conclusion some considerations on
artificial intelligence, control and development.
 The overview

Some AI experts predict that AI will be able to do anything that humans can but do it
better. This is a questionable assumption, but AI will surely surpass humans in specific
domains. A chess computer beating the world chess campion was the first example.

If AI were to develop to the point that it can do everything better than humans, it would
mean that it would also do better in science and technology. It may decide that it is no
longer worthwhile to develop a certain field of research - or it may decide space travel is
a waste of time as long as humans on earth are living in poverty and more than a billion
people have no access to clean drinking water.

Most scenarios about future AI are hypothetical, but AI presents us with existential
questions. It shows that where science stops, philosophy and spirituality begin.

Reference

https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence

https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html#used

https://medium.com/@srnghn/deep-learning-overview-of-neurons-and-activation-functions-1d98286cf1e4

https://www.mathworks.com/discovery/deep-learning.html#howitworks

https://developer.oracle.com/databases/neural-network-machine-learning.html

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1152096/metrics#metrics

https://science.howstuffworks.com/robot6.htm

Thank you