Lecture: Energy Systems - 2

Instructor
Prof. B. G. Fernandes

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 TRANSFORMERS
An important device used in power transmission, electronic circuits &
communication systems.
 consists of a magnetic circuit in which a time varying
‘ф’ lines link two or more coils
 coupling can be air  air core transformer
Iron  iron core transformer
core is made up of laminations to  core loss
Purpose : Transfer electric energy from one circuit to
another

Electrical Energy Magnetic Energy Electrical Energy

No electrical connection between two circuits.
 Electrically isolated
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Principle of Operation:
 magnetic circuit in which time 1

varying flux links two or more

coils
winding connected to source  Primary
winding connected to load  Secondary

Primary when connected to alternating source &

secondary is open
 no current in secondary
 AT produced by secondary = 0
  AT supplied is just sufficient to establish ‘’ in the core
 If core is highly permeable, this AT is small
( how small is this small?)
 since ‘’ is alternating  core loss
 source has to supply some power
 for the present we will neglect
 Time varying ‘’ links N1 turns & voltage (e1 /E1 ) is
induced
𝐸1 = 4.44𝑓𝜙𝑚 𝑁1 𝑚  peak value of ‘’
𝐸1 ≈ 𝑉1

 same ‘ф’ links the secondary

  𝑒2 , 𝐸2 is the voltage induced in N2
𝐸2 = 4.44𝑓𝜙𝑚 𝑁2
𝐸2 ≈ 𝑉2
 E2 & E1 are in phase
E2 N2
 
E1 N1
If N2 > N1  Step up transformer
N2 < N1  Step down transformer
Connect the load to secondary
i2 will flow
 which sets up its own flux, 2
 This 2 opposes the parent ‘’
 flux in the core tends to 
 E1 tends to 
But, V1 is held constant
V1 = E1 & ‘ф’ in the core should remain constant
 can happen when i1  such that
N1I1  N2I2  
 ‘ф’ in the core is determined by V1 alone
Induction machine
• Consider 3 coils of ‘N’ turns, displaced in space by 120°
• Let 𝑖𝑎 , 𝑖𝑏 & 𝑖𝑐 are given as

𝑖𝑎 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑠 𝑡)
2𝜋
𝑖𝑏 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 − ,
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4𝜋
𝑖𝑐 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑠 𝑡 − , where 𝜔𝑠 = 2𝜋𝑓
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• Current in each coil produces a pulsating magnetic field

• Amplitude & direction depend on the instantaneous
value of ‘I’ flowing through it
• Each phase winding produces a similar magnetic field
displaced by 120° in space from each other
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Induction machine
Magnitude and position of the resultant field can be determined as follows
• Resolve the field produced by individual coil along 𝑥 & 𝑦 axes
• Determine ∑𝑥 & ∑𝑦 components
• Resultant, 𝑅 = (∑𝑥)2 + (∑ 𝑦)2
−1 ∑𝑦
𝜃= tan , w.r.t axis of coil ‘A’
∑𝑥

∑𝑥 = 𝑁𝑖𝑎 + 𝑁𝑖𝑏 cos −120 ∑𝑦 = 0 + 𝑁𝑖𝑏 sin −120 + 𝑁𝑖𝑐 sin −240
+ 𝑁𝑖𝑐 cos −240 3 3
1 1 =− 𝑁𝑖𝑏 + 𝑁𝑖𝑐
= 𝑁𝑖𝑎 − 𝑁𝑖𝑏 − 𝑁𝑖𝑐 2 2
2 2 3
3 ⇒ ∑𝑦 = 𝑁 𝑖𝑐 − 𝑖𝑏
∵ 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑐 = 0, ⇒ ∑𝑥 = 𝑁𝑖𝑎 2
2
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𝑖𝑎, 𝑖𝑏 & 𝑖𝑐 are sinusoidal varying quantities

s t ia ib ic x y R 
0  3 3 3 3 
0 0 Im Im 0 NIm NIm
2 2 2 2 2
Im Im 3 3 3 3 
30 0
Im NIm NIm NIm
2 2 4 4 2 3
0 Im Im 3 3
90 Im NIm 0 NIm 0
2 2 2 2
0 3  3 3 3 
180 0 Im Im 0 NIm NIm
2 2 2 2 2

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Observations:
3
• Magnitude of ‘R’ is constant and equal to 𝑁𝐼𝑚 where 𝐼𝑚 is the peak
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• Input ‘I’ completes 1/4 cycle, ‘R’ rotates by 90°
• Input ‘I’ completes 1/2 cycle, ‘R’ rotates by 180°

Conclusion:
• The result of displacing 3 windings by 120° in space and displacing the
winding ‘I’ by 120° in time phase is a single revolving field of constant
magnitude
• For a given winding arrangements speed of rotation is determined by ‘𝑓’ of
input alone

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Rotor construction
squirrel cage  aluminum/ copper bars are embedded
in the rotor slots and permanently shorted at both ends
by Al/Cu end rings
 electrically closed circuit
 no additional ‘R’ can be connected

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