By Margie
Lesson: Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids
• A solution is always transparent, light passes through with no scattering from solute
particles that intermingle which are molecule in size. The solution is homogeneous and
does not settle out. A solution cannot be filtered but can be separated using the process of
distillation.
- Colligative properties
1.) Vapor Pressure
2.) Freezing Point
3.) Boiling Point
• A suspension is cloudy and heterogeneous. The particles are larger than 10,000
Angstroms which allows them to be filtered. If a suspension is allowed to stand the particles
will separate out.
• A colloid consists of particles distributed throughout a solvent w/ particle diameter
equivalent= 1 nano meter. A colloid is intermediate between a solution and a suspension and
is heterogenous. While a suspension will separate out a colloid will not. Colloids can be
distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect. Light passing through a colloidal
dispersion, such as smoky or foggy air, will be reflected by the larger particles and the light
beam will be visible. A hydrocolloid can simply be defined as a substance that forms a gel
when it comes in contact with water. Such substances include both polysaccharides and
proteins .
- Parts of colloidal dispersion
1.) dispersed phase - suspended substance
2.) dispersion medium - the substance
- Colligative properties
1.) Vapor Pressure Lowering
2.) Freezing Point Depression
3.) Boiling Point Elevation
4.) Osmotic Pressure
- Properties
1.) Tyndall effect - light scattering ability of a colloidal suspension
2.) Brownian movement - erratic motion of colloid particles in a zigzag formation
3.) Dialysis - Process of removing dissolved substances from a colloid by means
of suitable membrane
4.) Electrical Nature
5.) Color
6.) Surface Area
7.) Adsorption - adherance of particles in gaseous, liquid or dissolved to the
surface of the second phase.
- Application
1.) Precipitation of dust and smoke
2.) Soap Production
3.) Metallurgical processes or agriculture
4.) clothing
5.) Photography
6.) Tanning
7.) Cement
- Types of Colloids
TYPE OF COLLOID DISPERSED DISPERSING MEDIUM EXAMPLE
SUBSTANCE
1.) Liquid Aerosol Liquid Gas Fog,Aerosol,Spray
2.) Solid Aerosol Solid Gas Smoke,Airborne
bacteria
3.) Foam Gas Liquid Whipped cream, Soap
suds
4.) Emulsion Liquid Liquid Milk, Mayonnaise
5.) Solution Solid Liquid Paint, Clay, Gelatin
6.) Solid Foam Gas Solid Marshmallow,
Polysterene Foam
7.) Solid Emulsion Gas Solid Butter, Cheese
8.) Solid Solution Liquid Solid Ruby Glass
Lesson: Water
Physical Properties Chemical Properties
1. Liquid
1. Stable
2. Colorless
2. H20 + Metal = Oxide
3. Tasteless
3. Catalyst
4. Odorless
5. Transparent
6. Poor Conductor
7. Boils at 100 degrees Celsius
8. Freezes at 0 degrees Celsius
Method of Purifying H2O
1. Filtration - filter paper
2. Sand Filtration - sand
3. Desalination - removal of NaCl
4. Ozonolysis - an oxidising agent
5. Chlorination - chlorine
6. Sedimentation - water allowed
7. Coagulation - tawas
8. Aeration - fishpond, airspray
9. Distillation
10. Boiling - heat
Forms of Hydrates
• Washing soda - Na2CO3
• Glauber’s Salt - Na2SO4. 10H2O
• Alum - KAl (SO4) . 12H20
• Borax - Na2SO4 . 10H20
• Blue Vitriol - CuSO4 . 5H20
Lesson : Dilution
Lesson : Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction, % Weight, % Volume, Normality
Lesson : Acid, Bases, pH
Table of Indicators
Indicator Acid Base
Alizarin Yellow Yellow Red
Alizarin Red Red Pink/Purple
Methyl Orange Red Yellow
Bromthymol Blue Yellow Blue
Phenolphthalein Colorless Dark Pink
Benedict’s Solution Blue Red
Fehling’s Solution Green Red
Red Litmus Paper Red Blue
Blue Litmus Paper Red Blue
Alugbati White Pink
Camote Red Yellow
Lesson : Empirical Formula
