By Margie

Lesson: Solutions, Suspensions, Colloids

• A solution is always transparent, light passes through with no scattering from solute
particles that intermingle which are molecule in size. The solution is homogeneous and
does not settle out. A solution cannot be filtered but can be separated using the process of
distillation.

- Colligative properties

1.) Vapor Pressure

2.) Freezing Point

3.) Boiling Point

• A suspension is cloudy and heterogeneous. The particles are larger than 10,000
Angstroms which allows them to be filtered. If a suspension is allowed to stand the particles
will separate out.

• A colloid consists of particles distributed throughout a solvent w/ particle diameter

equivalent= 1 nano meter. A colloid is intermediate between a solution and a suspension and
is heterogenous. While a suspension will separate out a colloid will not. Colloids can be
distinguished from solutions using the Tyndall effect. Light passing through a colloidal
dispersion, such as smoky or foggy air, will be reflected by the larger particles and the light
beam will be visible. A hydrocolloid can simply be defined as a substance that forms a gel
when it comes in contact with water. Such substances include both polysaccharides and
proteins .

- Parts of colloidal dispersion

1.) dispersed phase - suspended substance

2.) dispersion medium - the substance

- Colligative properties

1.) Vapor Pressure Lowering

2.) Freezing Point Depression

3.) Boiling Point Elevation

4.) Osmotic Pressure

- Properties

1.) Tyndall effect - light scattering ability of a colloidal suspension

2.) Brownian movement - erratic motion of colloid particles in a zigzag formation

3.) Dialysis - Process of removing dissolved substances from a colloid by means

of suitable membrane

4.) Electrical Nature

5.) Color

6.) Surface Area

7.) Adsorption - adherance of particles in gaseous, liquid or dissolved to the

surface of the second phase.

- Application

1.) Precipitation of dust and smoke

2.) Soap Production

3.) Metallurgical processes or agriculture

4.) clothing

5.) Photography

6.) Tanning

7.) Cement

- Types of Colloids

TYPE OF COLLOID DISPERSED DISPERSING MEDIUM EXAMPLE

SUBSTANCE

1.) Liquid Aerosol Liquid Gas Fog,Aerosol,Spray

2.) Solid Aerosol Solid Gas Smoke,Airborne

bacteria

3.) Foam Gas Liquid Whipped cream, Soap

suds

4.) Emulsion Liquid Liquid Milk, Mayonnaise

5.) Solution Solid Liquid Paint, Clay, Gelatin

6.) Solid Foam Gas Solid Marshmallow,

Polysterene Foam

7.) Solid Emulsion Gas Solid Butter, Cheese

8.) Solid Solution Liquid Solid Ruby Glass

Lesson: Water

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

1. Liquid
1. Stable

2. Colorless
2. H20 + Metal = Oxide

3. Tasteless
3. Catalyst
4. Odorless

5. Transparent

6. Poor Conductor

7. Boils at 100 degrees Celsius

8. Freezes at 0 degrees Celsius

Method of Purifying H2O

1. Filtration - filter paper

2. Sand Filtration - sand

3. Desalination - removal of NaCl

4. Ozonolysis - an oxidising agent

5. Chlorination - chlorine

6. Sedimentation - water allowed

7. Coagulation - tawas

8. Aeration - fishpond, airspray

9. Distillation

10. Boiling - heat

Forms of Hydrates
• Washing soda - Na2CO3

• Glauber’s Salt - Na2SO4. 10H2O

• Alum - KAl (SO4) . 12H20

• Borax - Na2SO4 . 10H20

• Blue Vitriol - CuSO4 . 5H20

Lesson : Dilution
Lesson : Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction, % Weight, % Volume, Normality
Lesson : Acid, Bases, pH

Table of Indicators
Indicator Acid Base

Alizarin Yellow Yellow Red

Alizarin Red Red Pink/Purple

Methyl Orange Red Yellow

Bromthymol Blue Yellow Blue

Phenolphthalein Colorless Dark Pink

Benedict’s Solution Blue Red

Fehling’s Solution Green Red

Red Litmus Paper Red Blue

Blue Litmus Paper Red Blue

Alugbati White Pink

Camote Red Yellow

Lesson : Empirical Formula