ACKNOWGLEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support,
this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with this project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my principal Gerald D.
Souza Arora and physics teacher Mr. Kamal Singh, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success. His suggestions and his instructions have
served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been very
helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.

-ADITYA VERMA
 CERTIFICATE OF ACHIEVEMENT

THIS ACKNOWLEDGES THAT I ADITYA VERMA A STUDENT

OF CLASS XII SCIENECE HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
THE RESARCH ON TOPIC TRANQUILIZER UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF MR. KAMAL SINGH DURING THE YEAR
2019-20 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION CONDUCTED BY AISSCE, NEW
DELHI.

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
PRINCIPLE TEACHER

------------------------ ------------------------
 INDEX
 Introduction
 Drugs
 Classification of drugs
 Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs
 Tranquillizer
 Minor tranquilizers
 Major tranquilizers
 Organic compositions
 Effects of tranquilizer
 Bibliography

Introduction
Since antiquity, people of virtually every culture have used chemical
substances to induce sleep, relieve stress, alleviate anxiety, and manage
the crippling symptoms of severe mental illness. Although clinical
descriptions of psychotic patients—especially schizophrenics—date
back to at least 1400 B.C., prior to 1950, effective drugs for the
treatment of psychotic patients were virtually nonexistent. Reserpine,
an alkaloid, and the active ingredient of Rauwolfia serpentine, the
Indian snakeroot, was the basis of the first major tranquilizer. Reserpine
was used in the treatment of snake bites, high blood pressure, and
anxiety. Rauwolfia was long used in India for the treatment of mental
illness (especially paranoia and schizophrenia) and known to medicine
men and locals as the "insanity herb." And although the plant was well
known in India—Gandhi sometimes sipped tea made from its leaves—
Westerners paid little attention to it until an Indian physician wrote an
article about it in 1943.
After a U.S. physician named Wilkins demonstrated the positive effects
of reserpine in 1952, the drug gained instant notoriety. Reserpine
rapidly replaced induced insulin shock therapy (injecting patients with
insulin until their blood sugar levels fall so low that the they become
comatose), electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy (inducing seizures by
passing an electric current through the brain), and lobotomy (making
an incision in the lobe of the brain) as treatments for certain types of
mental illness. Moreover, knowledge about the chemistry of this
natural plant stimulated the synthesis of other similar alkaloids that
were later used as major tranquilizers.
The advent of neuroleptics is sometimes identified as a turning point in
the practice of psychiatry because it made possible for the first time the
treatment and control of mentally ill people outside an institutional
setting. In most developed countries, a large percentage of the people
suffering, or in remission, from psychosis are treated in the community.
This community-based treatment depends almost entirely on dosing
with neuroleptics. However, since their discovery, the use of
neuroleptics has fueled an ongoing debate within the mainstream
psychiatric community. This discussion arises primarily as a result of
the serious nature and unpredictability of side effects associated with
these drugs. The first sedative-hypnotic, or minor tranquilizer,
bromide, originated in the 1860s. Bromides are long-acting sedatives
that were rarely used past the turn of the nineteenth century; however,
bromide can still be found in Broom Seltzer. The bromides are gastric
irritants with a narrow safety margin and may cause a chronic toxicity
known as bromes.
Barbiturates (a class of drugs with more effective sedative-hypnotic
effects) replaced bromides in 1903. Depending on the dose, frequency,
and duration of use, however, tolerance, physical dependence, and
psychological dependence on barbiturates can occur relatively rapidly.
With the development of tolerance, the margin of safety between the
effective dose and the lethal dose becomes very narrow. That is, in
order to obtain the same level of intoxication, the tolerant abuser may
raise his or her dose to a level that can produce coma and death.

DRUGS

A drug is any substance that causes a change in an organism's

physiology or psychology when consumed. Drugs are typically
distinguished from food and substances that provide nutritional
support. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection,
smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, or dissolution
under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance,
typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living
organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also
called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat,
cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being.
Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal
plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical
drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for
chronic disorders. Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug
classes—groups of related drugs that have similar chemical structures,
the same mechanism of action (binding to the same biological target),
a related mode of action, and that are used to treat the same disease.
The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC),
the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique
ATC code, which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific
drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification
system is the Bio pharmaceutics Classification System. This classifies
drugs according to their solubility and permeability or absorption
properties. Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the
function of the central nervous system, altering perception, mood or
consciousness. These drugs are divided into different groups like:
stimulants, depressants, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics,
and hallucinogens. These psychotropic drugs have been proven useful
in treating wide range of medical conditions including mental disorders
around the world. The most widely used drugs in the world include
caffeine, nicotine and alcohol, which are also consider recreational
drugs, since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes.
Abuse of several psychoactive drugs can cause psychological or
physical addiction. It's worth noting that all drugs can have potential
side effects. Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant
psychosis. Many recreational drugs are illicit and international treaties
such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the purpose
of their prohibition.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
Drugs are mainly classified on criteria as given below
 On the bases of pharmacological effect
This classification based on pharmacological effect of the drugs. It
is useful for doctors because it provides them the whole range of
drugs available for the treatment of a particular type of problem. For
 example, analgesics have pain killing effect, antiseptic kill or arrest
the growth of microorganisms.
 On the basis of drug action
It is based on the action of a drugs on a particular biochemical
process. For example, all antihistamines inhibit the action of the
compound, histamine which causes inflammation in the body. There
are various ways in which action of histamines can be blocked.
 On the basis of chemical structure
It is based on the chemical structure of the drugs. Drugs classified in
this way share common structure feature and often have similar
pharmacological activity.
 On the basis of molecular targets
Drugs usually interact with biomolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. These are called target molecule or
drugs targets. Drugs possessing some common structural feature
may have the same mechanism of action on targets. The
classification based on molecular targets is the most useful
classification for medical chemist.

Therapeutic action of different classes of drugs

 Antacids
 Antihistamines
 Neurologically active drugs
I. Tranquilizer
II. Analgesics
 Antimicrobials
I. Antibiotics
II. Antiseptics and disinfectants
 Antifertility

Tranquillizer
Tranquilizers are agents that suppress or inhibit some aspects of
central nervous system (CNS) activity—the brain, spinal cord, and
the nerves from both—and are thus referred to as CNS depressants.
Used primarily to treat insomnia as well as a wide variety of anxiety
disorders, tranquilizers are among the most commonly prescribed—
and abused—psychiatric medications in the United States.
According to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimates, over
60 million people receive prescriptions for tranquilizers every year.
As a group, tranquilizers act mostly on the brain by affecting the
neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA).
Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that facilitate communication
between brain cells (neurons). Although the various classes of CNS
depressants work in different ways, ultimately it is through their
ability to increase GABA activity (thereby decreasing brain activity)
that they produce a drowsy or calming effect that is beneficial to
those suffering from anxiety or sleep disorders. Although a wide
variety of substances can have tranquilizing effects, historically, the
term "major tranquilizer" was applied to the category of drugs used
to treat severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. This term,
however, arose from the inaccurate belief that the major positive
action of the earliest drugs used to treat this illness was sedating and
that these drugs were on a continuum with other, less powerful,
antianxiety drugs.
However, these drugs are now more commonly—and more
accurately—called neuroleptics or antipsychotics. As opposed to
medications prescribed for sedation, the neuroleptics often produce
signs of neurological dysfunction, such as extrapyramidal effects
(involuntary movements such as Parkinson-like tremors and other
abnormal movements). The term "antipsychotics" is sometimes used
because these drugs are generally used to treat symptoms of
paranoia, psychosis, or serious distortions in the perception of
reality, such as hallucinations or delusions. The neuroleptics are not
typically drugs of abuse.
 Minor tranquilizers (sedative hypnotics/anxiolytics)

Like the neuroleptics, all of the commonly used minor

tranquilizers—with the possible exception of buspirone (Bus par)—
are CNS depressants. Unlike the neuroleptics, however, these drugs
are called sedative-hypnotics because they produce relaxation
(sedation) at lower doses and sleep (hypnosis) and eventually coma
at higher ones. The anxiolytic (antianxiety) effect is merely an early
stage of CNS depression.
The sedative-hypnotics, which include all prescription sleep
medications and nearly all antianxiety medications, are sometimes
prescribed for other conditions, such as preventing or alleviating
epileptic seizures. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly
prescribed forms of all the major and minor tranquilizers and among
the most abused. Unlike most other classes of drugs of abuse,
however, CNS depressants such as the barbiturates or the BZDs are
rarely manufactured in clandestine laboratories. Instead, legal
pharmaceutical products are usually diverted to the black market.
Several motivating factors are involved in sedative-hypnotic misuse
and abuse. Abusers may seek to

 sleep
 relieve stress
 feel euphoria or pleasurable sensations
 escape/avoidance—unpleasant sensations, tension, fear, or
anxiety
 enhance effects of other narcotic drugs or alcohol
 offset effects of stimulant drugs

Major tranquilizers (neuroleptics/antipsychotics)

The most frequently cited possible cause of mental illnesses is an
abnormal hyperactivity of the dopamine neurotransmitter system
in the brain. Neuroleptics inhibit dopamine nerve transmission in
the frontal lobes and in the limbic system—the emotion-
regulating brain structures. Inhibiting this portion of the brain
causes diffuse CNS depression and disrupts an individual's
behavior entirely—reducing psychotic thoughts, perceptions, and
agitation.

Neuroleptics are used primarily in managing the symptoms of

schizophrenia, although they are also used to treat a variety of
conditions, including autism, attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and even to alleviate severe
pain.

Neuroleptics are sometimes placed into two categories, typical

and atypical. The typical neuroleptics are those that were
marketed before 1990. The atypical or "new generation"
neuroleptics work on different neurotransmitters than the older
medications. The most common typical or conventional
neuroleptic drugs include:

 haloperidol (Haldol)
 thiothixene (Novae)
 trifluoperazine (Stalinize)
 mesoridazine (Serenity)
 thioridazine (Mallari)
 chlorpromazine (Thiazine)
 CHEMICAL/ORGANIC COMPOSITION

All of the neuroleptics are consumed in their pure form and

are rarely abused. Most of the sedative-hypnotics of abuse
are diverted from legitimate sources and remain in their
pure form. However, occasionally powdered forms of
illegal drugs (such as ketamine hydrochloride), which are
often manufactured in clandestine laboratories, are mixed
with tobacco, marijuana, or other drugs. Tranquilizers are
usually swallowed as a capsule or tablet but may be injected
into the bloodstream or muscle (intramuscularly) as a
solution as well. Some are available in rectal suppositories
and sublingual (under the tongue) forms. Illicit tranquilizers
are also snorted or taken with other drugs, alcohol, or
tobacco.

Effects of tranquilizer

 MENTAL EFFECTS
The most significant beneficial mental effects of the major
and minor tranquilizers include: anxiety reduction, mild
euphoria, panic reduction
 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Beneficial physiological effects of the major and minor
tranquilizers include: anesthesia, anticonvulsant effects,
blood vessel dilation, and decreased contractibility of the
heart, decreased hyperactivity, impulsivity, and aggression,
muscle relaxation, pain relief, reduced muscle spasms,
relaxation, sedation, slowed heart rate
 Harmful side effects
 At high doses, both the major and minor tranquilizers are
severely toxic and may cause coma, respiratory arrest,
convulsions, acute renal failure, speech impairment, or
death. However, at therapeutic doses, the neuroleptics have
been associated with more severe, long-term side effects
than the sedative-hypnotics.
 Major tranquilizers
Although long-term studies are few, the adverse side effects
of the atypical neuroleptics are thought to be less severe
than the typical agents. However, adverse side effects have
been reported with all neuroleptics. These side effects
include: agitation and confusion, cardiac symptoms,
dyskinesia of the face and tongue, extrapyramidal
symptoms, moderate respiratory depression with increased
bronchial secretions, postural hypotension, sedation, and
weight gain.

 Minor tranquilizers
Some of the most commonly reported adverse effects of the
sedative-hypnotics, particularly when used long-term,
include: blurred and double vision, compromised
mechanical performance, depression, dizziness,
hallucinations, hostility, impaired mental alertness,
thinking, and memory, paradoxical reactions, especially in
children, adults with brain disease, and the elderly, rebound
anxiety or insomnia.

 Long-term health effects

Both the neuroleptics and the sedative-hypnotics may cause
severe, long-term adverse health effects, depending on the
dosage and how long the drugs are in use. Long-term, the
most serious side effect of neuroleptics is tardive dyskinesia
(TD), a movement disorder that can affect any of the
voluntary muscles. The disorder, which strikes usually after
six months to two years of treatment, occurs in about 20%
to 35% of patients treated with neuroleptics. This incurable
condition is most severe in young men and most common
in elderly women. Tardive dyskinesia affects the muscles of
the mouth and face and causes lip smacking, teeth grinding,
rolling or protrusion of the tongue, tics, and diaphragmatic
(chest and abdominal) movements that may impair
breathing.

All of the major tranquilizers have been implicated in the

development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a life-
threatening disorder that affects multiple organ systems and
may result in death in up to 20% of individuals, especially
if the symptoms (including extreme muscle rigidity, rapid
heart rate, fever, high blood pressure, incontinence,
delirium, stupor, are not recognized immediately. The
neuroleptics also have the potential to cause brain damage
as a result of impairment to the frontal lobes and limbic
system. Typical changes are apathy, loss of memory and
concentration, and loss of deeper feelings and tenderness.
 Bibliography

 Google.in
 NCERT book part 2
 NCERT book part 1
 www. Scribd.com