WEL COME

Presented by
Ningaraj S Belagall
L-2015-A-17-D
1 PAU, Ludhiana
 OUTLINE

 History of insect hormones

 Hormone release sites in insects
 Endocrine glands
1. PTG
2. CC
3. CA
4. Epitracheal glands
5. Neurosecretory cells
 Insect hormones
1. Steroid hormones
2. Peptide hormones

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 History of insect hormones

 What is HORMONE ?

Greek word means ‘I EXCITE’.

•It is defined as Chemicals produced in a gland that

are released into the blood and have their effect
somewhere else in the animal.

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Bataillon (1894) -First evidence of insect hormones
Kopec 1917 Bert and Scharrere 1930

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 Wigglesworth’s decapitation Experiment

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 Hormone release sites in insects

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 Endocrine system

 It is the system of glands without any duct, each of which

secretes different types of hormone directly into the
haemolymph to regulate the various function of body

 The word endocrine Two Greek words

Endo-inside
Crinis-to secrete

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 ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN
INSECTS
Prothoracic glands------Produce Ecdysone

Corpora allata-------------Produces JH

Corpora cardiaca---------Stores and releases brain

hormones. Also produces and releases some peptides such
as Adipokinetic Hormones
 Midgut endocrine cells----Produce various peptides
Epitrachea glands------Produce the ecdysis triggering
hormone in Lepidoptera
Neurosecretory cells- Neurosecretion or brain hormones

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 Prothoracic glands(PG)
•Firs experimental proof about the importance
tProthoracic
of Glands was provided by a Japanese
worker, Fukuda in 1940 working with silkworm.

Paired gland present in ventro lateral part of prothorax of

larva
Also called as Pericardial or Ecdysial Gland
Degenerated in adults
Secretes the moulting hormone ECDYSONE
Neurosecretory cells (NSC) activate prothoracic glands to
secrete ECDYSONE

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ECDYSTEROID
SButenandt & Karlson in Most of
1954 for the first time insects
extracted steroid hormone
ecdysone in crystalline form Some
from Bombyx Lepidopteran
larvae
α-Ecdysone and β- Ecdysone

1.Ecdysone is the most

common ecdysteroid In Honey bees
and Heteroptera
produced in insects.

2. High doses of β- In Diptera

released from
Ecdysone cause death the
Ovaries and
in insects due to toxic stimulates the
effect it may undergo fat body to
produce
abnormal
10 moulting. Vitellogenin.
 Prothoracic gland
A. Blattaria
B. Hemiptera
C. Lepidoptera
D. Hymemoptera

Lepidoptera

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Wells 1954 and herman and Gilbert 1966
 Corpora cardiaca
 A pair of organs often closely associated with the aorta
and situated immediately behind the brain
absent in Collembola

 Functions:
Store and release hormones from the neurosecretory
cells of the brain
Also produces and releases some peptides such as
adipokinetic hormones
It controls heart beat and regulate trehalose level in
haemolymph
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 Corpora allata
 JANET1899 discovered

 Ectodermal, Glandular bodies

 Paired organ, one on either side of the esophagus

 May be fused to form a single median organ as in higher Diptera

 In Thysanura and Phasmida, CA are hollow balls of cells, with gland cells
forming the walls
 In hemimetabolous insects, it contain large numbers of small glandular
cells but large and few in number in holometabolous insects
Functions
 Juvenile hormone

 Regulates metamorphosis
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 Yolk synthesis and deposition in the oocytes of adults
 Location and structure of the corpora allata and corpora cardiiaca
in (A) a mosquito, (B) a cockroach, and (C) a hemipteran .
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 Ring gland of cyclorrhaphous diptera
• In larvae, the ring gland surrounds the aorta just
above the brain
• CA, CC and prothoracic glands all fused together.
This structure is known as Weismann's ring
• The ring gland is connected to the brain by a pair of
nerves

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 Epitracheal glands
 Only found in Lepidoptera
 In Manduca, each epitracheal gland is a group of three or
four gland cells attached to a trachea near each spiracle
 One of the cells increases in size prior to ecdysis and
regressing again after ecdysis
 Source of ecdysis triggering hormone, eclosion in
lepidoptera

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 Neurosecretory cells
 Ganglia of the central nervous system
 The areas at which secretions of neurosecretory cells are
released into the hemolymph are called neurohemal areas
 The secretions of neurosecretory cells are usually
neuropeptides, but in some cases they are known to be
biogenic amines
1. Brain Variable in position
Medial to the corpora pedunculata

2. Pars intercerebralis
 Variable in number,Desert locust (Schistocerca)- 500
and Apis- 4-5

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• Endocrine activity of neurosecretory cells

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 Neurosecretory
Neurosecretorycells
cellsas
aswell
wellas
asneurohemal
neurohemalorgans
organsininlarval
larvallepidoptera
lepidoptera
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Truman and Copenhaver 1989
 Types of insect hormone
Steroid hormone
Molting hormone
Juvenile hormone
Peptide hormone
PTTH/Brain hormone
Eclosion
Bursicon
Allatropin & allatostatin
Diuretic hormone
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 Role of hormones in insect biology
1. Regulation of molting
2. Determination of form at metamorphosis
3. Effects on polymorphism
4. Regulation of diapause
5. Involvement in reproduction
6. Regulation of metabolic activities and general body
functions
7. Regulation of behavior
8. Regulation of preprogrammed cell death

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 Brain hormone/PTTH
• Source: Neurosecretary cells in the brain
• Chemical nature: Proteinaceous
• The first insect hormone to be discovered
• PTTH acts on the prothoracic glands (PTGs) to regulate the
synthesis of ecdysteroids
• Williams (late 1940s - early 1950s) demonstrated the
relationship of PTTH and PGs
• Control of PTTH release
• environmental stimuli such as photoperiod, temperature
• nervous stimuli such as stretch receptors
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 Mode of action

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24
  Calcium is an important second messenger
1 A signal molecule binds 2 Phospholipase C cleaves a 3 DAG functions as
to a receptor, leading to plasma membrane phospholipid a second messenger
activation of phospholipase C. called PIP2 into DAG and IP3. in other pathways.

EXTRA-
Signal molecule
CELLULAR
(first messenger)
FLUID
G protein

DAG
GTP

G-protein-linked PIP2
receptor Phospholipase C
IP3
(second messenger)

IP3-gated
calcium channel

Endoplasmic Various
Cellular
reticulum (ER) Ca
2+ proteins
response
activated
Ca2+
(second
messenger)

4 IP3 quickly diffuses through 5 Calcium ions flow out of 6 The calcium ions
the cytosol and binds to an IP3– the ER (down their con- activate the next
gated calcium channel in the ER centration gradient), raising protein in one or more
25 membrane, causing it to open. the Ca2+ level in the cytosol. signaling pathways.
 PTTH, Adenyl cyclase
ATP cAMP

RNA synthesis cAMP-dependant

protein kinase

Enzyme activation

Cholesterol PTG ECDYSONE

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MHs/Ecdysones/Ecdysterones/PTG hormones
• Hachlow (1931) showed an organ in the thorax was also
necessary for molting and metamorphosis
• Fakuda in 1940 working with Bombyx mori larvae and
subsequently Williams experimenting with giant silkmoth,
Hyalophora cecropia demonstrated that a pair of glands
in the thorax i.e. prothoracic glands were essential for
moulting
• Further, it was proved that brain and PTG act as an
endocrine system with the brain releasing a tropic
hormone that stimulates the PTG to produce a second
hormone which is responsible for the initiation of
development

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MHs/Ecdysones/Ecdysterones/PTG hormones

Source
–PTG and ovaries of mosquitoes and locusts

–Butenandt & Karlson (1954) purified 25 mg of the

crystalline hormone, ecdysone after processing 500 Kg
pupae of Bombyx mori in the factory of Hoffmann-La-
Roche
–In 1965 this hormone was chemically characterized as “
2β, 3 β, 14α, 22 R, 25-pentahydroxy-5β-cholest-7-en-6-
one” , i.e. α - Ecdysone. A second compound, 20-
hydroxyecdysone (β-ecdysone or ecdysterone) was
also found in Bombyx pupae.

Butenandt & Karlson (1954)

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 Structure of ecdysteroids

Diptera
Honeybee and heteroptera
29
Chapman 2013
 Synthesis of ecdysteroids

30 Rewitz et al 2006
 Synthesis of ecdysteroids from cholesterol in
lepidopterans

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 Model originally proposed by Ashburner (1974) for the action of
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ecdysteroids in the Drosophila salivary gland
 Juvenile hormones / Corpora alllata hormone /
Inhibitory hormone / Status Quo hormone / Neotenin
 Wigglesworth (1934) : Parabiosis
experiments

Joining decapitated last instar Rhodnius larvae Penultimate or earlier larvae

Moulted into larva or larval-adult intermediate

 By transplanting various organs into

decapitated insects, Wigglesworth
demonstrated that corpora allata were the
source of this inhibitory hormone
 JHs belong to sesquiterpenes
• JHs have multiple effects during the life of
an insect, especially involvement in
– Metamorphosis
– Diapause
– Reproduction

33 – Metabolism
 Historical background of JH
 1956 First recognized

 1965 discovery “Paper factor”

 1967 Chemical structure of JH determined

 JH- “Third Generation Pesticide”

 Six natural occurring JHs at present

• (JH0, JHI, JHII, 4-methyl JHI, JHIII, JHIII - bisepoxide)

 1973 First JHA registered “Methoprene”

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 History of JHs characterization
• Roller and co-worker (1966) were the pioneer to identify
the first JH i.e. JH-1 (C-18 analogue) from cecropia oil
i.e.
• Methyl-10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2-trans-6- trans-
tridecadienoate

• Subsequently, JH-II (C-17 analogue), JH-III (C-16

analogue), and two JHs from the Maduca sexta embryos
i.e. JH-0 (C-19 analogue) and 4-methyl JH-1 were
isolated and characterized

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 Juvenile hormones structure
• Methoprene (Altosid) is a JH analogue
and is used in insect control and
experiments

• Hydroprene and kinoprene are JH

analogues and are used in insect control

• JH I is found mainly in the Lepidoptera

• JH III was discovered by Dr. Yin

• Found mainly in the Cyclorrhaphous
dipterans.

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 Paper factor

Beginning of idea for using hormone

analogs to control insects-Zoecon started

Normal case

Paper factor case

37 William and Slama 1966

 Other juvenoids
Fenoxycarb - Fruit Pests.
Pyriproxyfen - Sucking Pests
Diofenolan - Lepidopteran Pests.
NC-196 - BPH of Rice.
•JH treated immature insects fail to moult, died soon after ecdysis,
fail to reproduce and develop in b/w larva & pupa Pupa & adult or
larvae & adult.
Corpora allata Healthy
PRECOCENE-from the
common Bedding plant, (Before Precocene injection)
Ageratum houstonianum

Infected
Corpora allata

(After Precocene injection)

Antihormones
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CA in adult Phormia regina
 Synthesis of JHS

39
Belles et al 2005
 Contd..

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 Degradation of juvenile hormones

Hydrolysis
Hydration

41 Chapman 2013
 Contd..

Simpson and Douglas 2013

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 Mode of action of steroid hormone

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 Action of JHs
 Two types of action
 Morphogenetic
 Gonadotropic

Morphogenetic
 Status Quo Effect : Presence of JH prevents
activation of new gene sets i.e. JH does not prevents
RNA synthesis but rather is directing the type of RNA
synthesis

 Maintenance of larval tissue

 Pigmentation of larvae: Prevents melaninization

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 Gonadotropic action of JHs
• Pioneer work – Wigglesworth – Rhodnius
– Removal of head at neck (thereby removing corpora allata)

No egg development
– Parabiosis of a decapitated female to an adult with intact CA
or
Implanatation of active CA

Ovarian maturation
• Effects of JHs
• Oocyte growth
• Vitellogenin (yolk protein) synthesis
• Vitellogenin uptake into the oocytes

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46
Nijhout 1975
 Role of hormones in insect diapause

Stage Endocrine basis

Embryonic Diapause hormone in
mother

Larval High JH level

Pupal Lack of PTTH

Adult Lack of JH

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 Diuretic hormone (DH)
Water balance
Source: abdominal ganglia, brain, CC
Proctolin
Muscular contraction
Source: ganglia of the CNS
Pheromone-biosynthesis-activating
neuropeptides (PBAN)
Regulate sex pheromone biosynthesis
Source: ganglia of the CNS
Eclosion hormone (EH)
Ecdysis and eclosion
Source: CC

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 Adipokinetic hormone (AKH)
Mobilization of lipids from fat body to hemolymph in
locust
Increase of blood hemolymph trehalose levels in
several insects
Stimulation of heart beat frequency in cockroaches
Inhibition of protein synthesis in locust and cricket
Inhibition of fatty acid and RNA synthesis in locust fat
body
Source: CC

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 Allatotropin & Allatostatin
Allatotropin-stimulates CA to release JH

Allatostatin –stimulates CA to inhibit the release of

JH
Both are released by NSC & regulate the JH

secertion

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 • Ecdysis-triggering hormone
– Stimulate muscle contraction and heartbeat
– Activate eclosion hormone release
– Source: epitracheal glands

• Diapause hormone
• Bombyx mori female regulates the entry
of developing egg into an embryonic
51 diapause
 Bursicon
 Neurosecretory hormone that controls tanning or
sclerotization and mechanical properties of the cuticle
during and after a molt
 Found in most ganglia of the CNS

SCLEROTIZATION IN FLY PUPAE

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 Chloride-transport stimulating hormone
In Desert Locust, rectum of insect is an important
organ, which regulates the ionic balance. It is
stimulated by the hormone from Corpora Cardiaca, the
Chloride-Transport Stimulating Hormone(CTSH)
Neurohormone -D
Material isolated from CC of Caracius morosus called
Neurohormone–D which increasing the frequency of
amplitude of Heart Beat, stimulating colour change in
Caracius

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 Summary
Brain

PTTH

Prothoracic gland
JH

Ecdysteroids Low JH

Early larva Later larva Pupa Adult

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 Thank you

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