TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

2.0 OBJECTIVE 2

3.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES 2

4.0 THEORY 3

5.0 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT 3

6.0 PROCEDURE 4-5

7.0 DATA 6

7.1 CALCULATION 7–8

8.0 QUESTIONS 9

9.0 DISCUSSION 11

10.0 CONCLUSION 12

11.0 REFERENCE 12
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Pelton Wheel Turbine is an impulse or a constant pressure water turbine. In this

case water head is very high. Pelton wheel consists of a wheel called rotor. The rotor of
the turbine consists of a circular disc with a number of double spoon shaped buckets
evenly distributed over the periphery. The water is the supplied from the reservoir. This
type of turbine available hydraulic energy of the water is converted into the kinetic energy
at atmospheric pressure by means of the nozzle. Each nozzle directs the jet along a tangent
to the circle through the centers of the buckets. Each bucket consists of a splitter which
divides the incoming jet in to two equal portions and after flowing round the smooth inner
surface of the bucket the water leaves with a relative velocity almost opposite in direction
to the original jet. The high speed water jets running the pelton wheel turbine are obtained
by expanding the high pressure water through nozzles to the atmospheric pressure. The
high pressure water can be obtained from any water body situated at some height or
streams of water flowing down the hills. The change in momentum of the water jet in
passing over the buckets exerts tangential force on the wheel causing it to rotate. For that,
change in momentum of the water stream should be maximum possible thus converts the
hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy by means of the shaft rotation.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To determine the characteristics of Pelton Turbine operation by using several speed.

3.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the and of the course, student should be able to apply the knowledge and skill they
have learned to:
a. Understand the basic operating system of the Pelton Tubine
b. Understand the factors which influence the efficiency of Turbine.

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4.0 THEORY

A Pelton Turbine characteristic operation curve can be derived by using the same
method as a pump. It is because the velocity is usually assumed as an independent parameter
when the plotting of power, efficiency, torque and discharge are carried out. Mechanical
Power, Pm (watt) = Rotation (  ,Nm)  Circular velocity (  , rad/sec). Where, T = Force (N)
2radius / min
 Radius (m)(Nm) and   (rad/s) where, 1 revolution is equal to 2  radius.
60 sec/ min
Meanwhile, Water Power, Pw  gHQ where,  is water density (100 kg/m3), g is gravity

constant (9.81 m/s2), H is head at inlet point (m) and Q is flowrate (m3/s). Wheel efficiency,

Pm
%   100 . To convert the unit of ‘rpm’ to ‘radians per minute’ is given by, x rpm = ( x
Pw
revolution/min)=( x × 2  radian)/min.

5.0 APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS

1. Hydraulic bench

2. Pelton turbine and friction band and weight hanger

3. Stop watch

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6.0 PROCEDURE

No Steps Diagram

Switch on the power to generate the hydraulic

1. Pump
bench pump and the water from the storage tank switch
will pump up to the turbine.
Electric
power
switch

The flow control valve was opened to ensure the

2.
water flowing to the turbine. Flow
control
valve

The tension gauge was not applied for the first

3.
reading so that there are no loading and the
pressure
value is zero. tension
gauge
gauge
was not
applied
After the water flow was shooting up to the
4.
turbine and make the turbine rotating, the water
pressure
pressure valve was adjusted until the turbine valve
adjuster
produce the shrill or load sound and the reading
of pressure gauge was recorded.

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 After that, the turbine rotation speed was tension
5.
measured by digital tachometer LCD RPM gauge
was not
motor speed in rpm unit and the reading was applied
Digital
recorded.
tachometer
(rpm reader)

Then, the water outflow drainage was block or

6.
closed by the drainage cover and letting the Hydraulic
bench
water flow gathered in the hydraulic bench tank. tank

After that, the water level in the tank was set up Measuring
7. tank level
for the constant value such as 10 litres. Then, indicator
start the stopwatch when the measuring tank
level indicator start reach the 0 value and until
the water level reach 10 litres. The time taken Time taken
reading by
was recorded. stop watch

The step 1 to 7 was repeated with different

8.
loading applied to the turbine with friction band friction
and weight hanger starting from 0.5 KN, 1.0 KN, band and
weight
1.5 KN, 2.0 KN, 2.5KN to 6.0 KN at weight hanger
gauge 1 (W1) and the reading at weight gauge 2 (W1 & W2)

(W2) was recorded.

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 7.0 DATA

RPM 8730.0 7633.3 7683.0 6879.0 6757.0 6696.7 6242.6 6181.6 5278.9 4707.7 3361.2 2273.5

(rad/s) 914.20 799.36 804.56 720.37 707.59 701.28 653.72 647.34 552.81 492.99 351.98 238.08

W1 (N)
0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

W2 (N)
0 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.5 7 7.5 8.5 10.4

W2 –W1
(N)
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 1.6 1.5 2.5 2.5 3 4.4

Drum
Radius
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
x10-3m

Rotation
 (Nm) 0 0 0.015 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.016 0.015 0.025 0.025 0.030 0.044

Pm(W) 0 0
12.07 7.20 10.61 14.03 10.46 9.71 13.82 12.32 10.56 10.48

Volume (l) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Volume 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
(m³)

Time(s) 45.79 45.66 45.14 43.10 43.37 41.18 40.16 39.18 37.06 35.29 34.60 33.25

Flowrate 2.184 2.181 2.215 2.320 2.305 2.428 2.490 2.512 2.698 2.834 2.890 3.008
(m3/s) × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4 × 10−4

Pressure 17 16 16.9 16 15.5 15 14 13 12 11.5 11 10.5

(mH2O)

Pw (W) 36.37 34.77 36.72 36.41 35.05 35.73 34.20 32.04 31.76 31.97 31.19 30.98

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Efficiency
 (%)
0 0 32.87 19.77 30.27 39.27 30.58 30.31 43.51 38.54 33.85 33.83

7.1 CALCULATION

1. RPM = 7683.0

2𝜋
 = RPM x
60

2𝜋
= 7683.0 X 60

= 804.56 rad/s
2. W2 – W1 (N)

W1 = 1.5
W2 = 2

2 – 1.5 = 0.5 N

3. Rotation, (Nm)

Drum Radius = 30 x 10−3

(Nm) = W2 – W1 (N) x Drum Radius

= 0.5 x 30 x 10−3

= 0.015 Nm

4. Pm (W)

Pm = x 

 804.56 x 0.015

= 12.07 W

5. Volume (m3)

1 m3 = 1000 liter

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 10 liter = 10 / 1000
= 0.010 m3

Flowrate (m3/s) (x10-4)

volume (m3) = 0.010 m3

Time (s) = 45.14 s

Q = volume (m3) / time (s)

= 0.010 / 45.14
= 2.215 x 10−4 m3/s

6. Pw (W)

H = 16.9

Q = 2.215 x 10−4

Pw = pgHQ

= 1000 x 9.81 x 16.9 x2.215 x 10−4

= 36.72 W

7. Efficiency (%)

Pm = 12.07

Pw = 36.72
= (Pm / Pw) x 100

= (12.07 / 36.72) x 100

= 32.87

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8.0 QUESTIONS

1. Plot the graph :

a. the rotation power curve

b. efficiency curve
c. discharge versus motor speed

2. Give a comment on the graph obtained.

For the graph of rotation power curve, we can see when angular velocity
increases, eventually the rotational torque has a decreases. Although irregularity
makes it seemed not exactly inversely proportional, but theoretically it should
show an inversely proportional relationship between angular velocity and
rotational torque. This also can be proven by the equation of mechanical power
which is Pm = τ x ω.

For the graph of efficiency curve, we noticed that the shape of the graph
would be similar to that of a bell if the two points at the sharp heads were omitted.
This means the efficiency of Pelton turbine is low when the angular velocity is close
to zero as depicted at start.

For the graph of discharge versus motor speed, we observed an irregular

trend between the angular velocity and flow rate. Thus, it perhaps depicts
inaccurate result was obtained since discharge depicted by flow rate versus motor
speed depicted by angular velocity should portray regular trend, decreasing.

3. Calculate the velocity where the maximum power is reached. Give your comment
based on the level of maximum efficiency.

Velocity, v = Radius, r X Angular velocity, ω

Maximum output power for experimental result of Pelton Turbine, Pmax = 35.73W

Angular velocity of the total experiment, ω = 238.08 rad/s

v=rω
= 30 x 10−3 x 35.73
= 10.72

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4. State FIVE (5) safety factors that have been taken in the experiment.

Five safety factors have been taken in the experiment:

a) Avoid taking parallax reading

b) Make sure all the equipments (e.g. stopwatch, Pelton machine, and
tachometer) are in good condition before starting the experiment.
c) Make sure there is enough water in reserve tank so that the flow rate is
constant.
d) When using tachometer to take read of the rotation, the tachometer is hold
until a stabled range of reading could be seen and the average value is
taken.
e) It is the best if the reading is taken by the same person.
f) Replace the brake if it is ineffective.

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9.0 DISCUSSION

The water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. Nozzles direct forceful
streams of water against a series of spoon-shaped buckets mounted around the edge of a
wheel. As water flows into the bucket, the direction of the water velocity changes to follow
the contour of the bucket. When the water-jet contacts the bucket, the water exerts pressure
on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a "u-turn" and flows out the other side
of the bucket at low velocity. In the process, the water's momentum is transferred to the
turbine. This "impulse" does work on the turbine. For maximum power and efficiency, the
turbine system is designed such that the water-jet velocity is twice the velocity of the
bucket.
A very small percentage of the water's original kinetic energy will still remain in the
water; however, this allows the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled, (see
conservation of mass), thus allowing the water flow to continue uninterrupted. Often two
buckets are mounted side-by-side, thus splitting the water jet in half . This balances the
side-load forces on the wheel, and helps to ensure smooth, efficient momentum transfer of
the fluid jet to the turbine wheel. Because water and most liquids are nearly incompressible,
almost all of the available energy is extracted in the first stage of the hydraulic turbine.
Therefore, Pelton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that operate with
compressible fluid.

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10.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the characteristics of Pelton Turbine operation by using several

speed. There are several speeds that influence the characteristics of Pelton Turbine
besides the power of turbine, rotation and the flow rate. It is also influence the efficiency
of turbine. From the graph, value of the maximum power is reached at 1520 RPM. During
4612.5 RPM the motor efficiency is also at its optimum level, which is 140.74%.

11.0 REFERENCE

i. www.jfccivilengineer.com/turbines.htm. Accessed on 27 November 2011

ii. Mifflin, Boston, MA.White, F.M. (1994). Fluid Mechanics, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill,
Inc., New York, NY.
iii. R. E. Featherstone, C. Naluri. (1995.) Civil Engineering Hydraulics. Bodmin,
Cornwall: Blackwell Science

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