Gte1.01 - Engine Gas Turbine Fundamentals PDF

ENGINE GAS TURBINE 1
ALD 20203
UNIKL MIAT
BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

SUBJECT OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION / FUNDAMENTAL
• HISTORY OF TURBINE ENGINE
• TYPES OF ENGINE
• GAS TURBINE ENGINE
• ENGINE PERFORMANCE
• COMPONENTS
• OPERATING PRINCIPLE
• MAINTENANCE PRACTICE
• PRACTICAL

OBJECTIVE
• AT THE END OF THIS SUBJECT, STUDENT MUST
ABLE TO:
– Differentiate between Piston Engine and Gas
Turbine Engine
– Understand the need and usage of Gas Turbine
Engine as jet propulsion
– Understand Newton’s Law and relate to Jet
Propulsion
– Understand basic principle of Gas Turbine Engine
– Identify type of Propulsion and type of Gas
Turbine Engine
INTRODUCTION - TYPE OF ENGINES
• RECIPROCATING / • GAS TURBINE
PISTON ENGINE ENGINE
• INTAKE
• COMPRESSION
• COMBUSTION
• EXHAUST
• SAME AREA BUT • SAME TIME BUT

DIFFERENT TIME DIFFERENT AREA

INTRODUCTION - TYPE OF ENGINES
• RECIPROCATING / • GAS TURBINE
PISTON ENGINE ENGINE

INTRODUCTION – GTE
• STARTED DURING 2ND WORLD WAR
• REPLACING RECIPROCATING ENGINE
REPLACING PISTON
WHY ? ENGINE
REQUIRED SPEED
RELIABLE
 SHIPPING INDUSTRIES EFFICIENCY
 POWER GENERATION
 MODERN VEHICLES LESS MAINTENANCE
 MODERN MILITARY

SHIPPING INDUSTRY

GAS TURBINE POWER GENERATOR

MODERN VEHICLES

MODERN VEHICLES

MILITARY AIRCRAFT

COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

INTRODUCTION
SIR ISAAC NEWTON NEWTON’S LAW
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

A BODY AT REST TENDS TO REMAIN AT REST AND A
BODY IN MOTION TENDS TO REMAIN IN MOTION
EXCEPT THERE IS EXTERNAL FORCES
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
FORCE IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF
MASS AND ACCELERATION
F=MxA
NEWTON’S THIRD LAW

FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL AND
OPPOSITE REACTION
INTRODUCTION
• APPLYING NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
– FOR EVERY ACTION EQUAL REACTION
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
– ACCELERATION = ACTION
– FORWARD MOVEMENT = REACTION
– EXAMPLE :
SQUID TAKES WATER INTO THE BODY – EXPELS
IN FORM OF JET & PROPEL TO MOVE FORWARD
BALLOON MOVES FORWARD WHEN THE OPENING IS OPENED

INTRODUCTION
SQUID
RE
AC
TIO
AC N
TIO
N
• JET PROPULSION = Thrust produced by passing a jet

of matter (typically air or water) in the opposite
direction to the direction of motion
HISTORY OF JET PROPULSION
• 250 BC • HERO (WRITER & MATHEMATICIAN)
CREATE AEOLIPILE (REACTION TOY)
• 1900 • DR. SANFORD MOSS (GE CO.) RESEARCH OF
TURBO-SUPERCHARGER
• 1930 – • FRANK WHITTLE (England) PATENT JET
1941 ENGINE & FIRST FLIGHT GLOSTER
MODEL E28/39 (1000lbs. Thrust; 400 mph)
• HANS VON OHAIN (Germany) BUILT JET
• 1939 ENGINE INSTALLED IN HEINKEL HE-178
WITH SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT (1100lbs. Thrust)
• 1942 • GE BUILT GE-1A ENGINE (Centrifugal Comp.;
1650lbs. Thrust) BELL XP-59 AIRACOMET
AEOLIPILE & APPLICATION

TYPES OF JET PROPULSION
ROCKET RAMJET PULSEJET GAS TURBINE
approaching the sound barrier. The white halo formed by condensed water droplets is
thought to result from a drop in air pressure around the aircraft at transonic speeds
• NONAIRBREATHING ENGINE THAT CARRIES ITS OWN
FUEL & OXYGEN FOR BURNING
• 2 TYPES OF ROCKET :
SOLID PROPELLENT LIQUID-FUEL
• SOLID FUEL MIXED WITH AN

OXIDIZER & FORMED INTO A • FUEL & AN OXIDIZING AGENT
SPECIFIC SHAPE THAT PROMOTE SUCH AS LIQUID OXYGEN
OPTIMUM BURNING RATE • 2 LIQUIDS TANKS WHEN MIXED
• USED THE REACTION IS SO VIOLENT
 PROPEL MILITARY AIRCRAFT THAT TREMENDOUS AMOUNT
 ADDITIONAL TAKE-OFF THRUST HEAT GENERATED
OF HEAVILY LOADED AIRCRAFT

SOLID ROCKET
L R
I O
Q C
U K
I E
D T

• AN ATHODYD; OR AERO-THERMODYNAMIC DUCT
• AIR BREATHING ENGINE WITH NO MOVING PART
• RAMJET MUST MOVE FORWARD AT HIGH VELOCITY TO
PRODUCE THRUST NO ROTATING COMPRESSOR
TO DRAW AIR INTO ENGINE

• MOSTLY USE IN MILITARY SECTORS AS FIGHTER JET
ENGINE, MISILE AND ALSO IN COMMERCIAL AVIATION
• THE JET IS ACCELERATED TO A HIGH INITIAL VELOCITY
SO THAT RAMJET CAN TAKE OVER TO SUSTAIN FLIGHT

• COMPARISON OF RAMJET AND TURBINE ENGINE

• RAMJET AIRCRAFTS :

 SIMILAR TO RAMJET EXCEPT AIR INTAKE DUCT
EQUIPPED WITH A SERIES OF SHUTTER VALVES THAT
ARE SPRING LOADED TO OPEN POSITION
 AIR DRAWN THROUGH OPEN VALVES COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
AIR PRESSURE SHUTTER
INCREASES & VALVES FORCED
HEATED BY
MOVES REARWARDS CLOSE; AIR
BURNING FUEL
AS THRUST EXPAND
PRODUCE THRUST PRIOR TO
 USEFUL THAN RAMJET BEING ACCELERATED TO HIGH
FORWARD SPEED


GAS TURBINE ENGINE
TURBOJET TURBOFAN
TURBOPROP TURBOSHAFT

TURBOJET TURBOPROP TURBOSHAFT TURBOFAN

• BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES – STRAIGHT FORWARD
5
1 3 EXPANDING AIR SPINS TURBINES
AIR ENTER AIR + FUEL + IGNITION = DRIVES COMPRESSOR
AIR EXIT AT
HIGHER
VELOCITY
THAN INTAKE
= THRUST
2 4
AIR COMPRESSED BURNING FUEL = HEAT GENERATED
AIR EXPAND & FLOW TO REAR

• EPR = ENGINE PRESSURE RATIO
TURBINE
INLET AIR
DISCHARGE
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
• EPR GAUGE READINGS ARE AN INDICATION OF
AMOUNT OF THRUST BEING PRODUCED FOR GIVEN
POWER LEVER SETTING COMPRESSOR
INLET
• EPR PROBES (TOTAL PRESSURE PICKUPS)
AFT LAST STAGE
– MEASURE AIR PRESSURE TURBINE
• EPR READINGS USE AS VERIFICATION OF POWER
SETTINGS FOR TAKE-OFF, CLIMB & CRUISE
• EPR READINGS AFFECTED PRESSURE ALTITUDE
& DEPENDANT OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE



• A GAS TURBINE ENGINE THAT DELIVERS POWER TO
PROPELLER
• SIMILAR TO TURBOJET BUT POWER PRODUCED BY
ENGINE DELIVERED TO REDUCTION GEAR SYSTEM THAT
SPINS PROPELLER

IMPORTANT BECAUSE
REDUCTION
= OPTIMUM PROPELLER
GEARBOX
PERFORMANCE IS ACHIEVED AT
MUCH SLOWER SPEEDS THAN
ENGINE’S OPERATING RPM

• TURBOPROP USED EXTENSIVELY IN BUSINESS AND
COMMUTER TYPE AIRCRAFT BECAUSE:
COMBINATION OF JET POWER AND
PROPELLER EFFICIENCY PROVIDES GOOD
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AT
SPEED 300 – 400 MPH
• PROVIDE THE BEST SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION OF

ANY GAS TURBINE ENGINE




• GAS TURBINE ENGINE THAT DELIVERS POWER TO A
SHAFT THAT CAN DRIVE SOMETHING ELSE
• DIFFERENT :
TURBOJET TURBOSHAFT
ENERGY PRODUCED BY ENERGY PRODUCED BY
EXPANDING GASES USED EXPANDING GASES USED
FOR THRUST TO DRIVE TURBINE
• MANY HELICOPTERS USE TURBOSHAFT
• WIDELY USED AS AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU) &
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS TO DRIVE ELECTRICAL
GENERATORS & SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
• OUTPUT OF TURBOPROP OR TURBOSHAFT ENGINE IS
MEASURED BY SHAFT HORSEPOWER RATHER THAN
THRUST



• CONSISTS OF MULTI-BLADED DUCTED PROPELLER
DRIVEN BY A GAS TURBINE ENGINE
• DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE A COMPROMISE BETWEEN
THE BEST FEATURES OF TURBOJET AND TURBOPROP
• 2 TYPES :
FORWARD
FAN ENGINE
AFT FAN
ENGINE




• 3 MAIN TERMS :
1. THRUST RATIO
 COMPARISON OF THE THRUST PRODUCED BY THE
FAN TO THE THRUST PRODUCED BY THE CORE
EXHAUST
V1 V2
EXHAUST
INTAKE

2. BYPASS RATIO
 RATIO OF INCOMING AIR THAT BYPASSES THE CORE
TO THE AMOUNT OF AIR THAT PASSES THROUGH THE
ENGINE CORE
 DEVIDED INTO 3 CLASSIFICATION:
LOW BYPASS MEDIUM BYPASS HIGH BYPASS
1:1 2:1@ 4:1@

3:1 GREATER
 HIGH BYPASS - 80% THRUST FROM FAN AND
20% FROM EXHAUST
• IN A DUCTED FAN ENGINE, THE BYPASS AIR IS
DUCTED ALONG THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE ENGINE

3. FAN PRESSURE RATIO
 RATIO OF AIR PRESSURE LEAVING THE FAN TO THE AIR
PRESSURE ENTERING THE FAN
A
F1 F2
• UNDUCTED FAN ENGINE
 NEW ENGINES ARE DESIGNATED ULTRA HIGH BYPASS
(UHB) PROPFAN AND UNDUCTED FAN ENGINE (UDF)
 UTILIZES TITANIUM, LIGHTWEIGHT STAINLESS STEEL AND
COMPOSITE MATERIAL
 THE USE OF COMPOSITE BLADE REDUCES WEIGHT AND
ALLOWS SAFE OPERATION AT TIP SPEED HIGHER THAN
CONVENTIONAL BLADES
 ANOTHER DESIGN ENCASES THE PROPFAN IN A
CONVENTIONAL COWL-TYPE INLET WHICH CAN ACHIEVE
MACH 0.9 THAT KNOWN AS DUCTED ULTRA HIGH BYPASS
ENGINE



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ENGINE GAS TURBINE 1

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

• SAME AREA BUT • SAME TIME BUT

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW

BALLOON MOVES FORWARD WHEN THE OPENING IS OPENED

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

• JET PROPULSION = Thrust produced by passing a jet

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

• SOLID FUEL MIXED WITH AN

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

GAS TURBINE ENGINE

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

AIR EXPAND & FLOW TO REAR

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

• PROVIDE THE BEST SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION OF

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

LOW BYPASS MEDIUM BYPASS HIGH BYPASS

1:1 2:1@ 4:1@

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

BY MUHAMAD SYAZWAN MAT GHANI

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